Social Media and Romantic Relationships

This assignment delves into the complex relationship between social media and romantic partnerships. It examines various aspects such as the impact of Facebook relationship status updates on relationship characteristics, attachment styles and their connection to Facebook-related jealousy, the influence of Facebook addiction on young adult relationships, and the role of video chat in maintaining intimacy in long-distance relationships. The papers also explore how social media use by both partners can contribute to relationship problems and the association between body image satisfaction, Instagram use, and negative romantic outcomes. Finally, the assignment considers the moderating effects of relationship satisfaction on personality development within romantic partnerships.

Running head: COMMNUNICATION RESEARCH METHODS (ALTERNATIVE METHODS)
Communication Research Method
Alternative Methods
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................2
Article 1:.........................................................................................................................2
Reference:..................................................................................................................2
Article review:............................................................................................................2
Alternative Methods Proposal:...................................................................................4
Article 2:.........................................................................................................................5
Reference:..................................................................................................................5
Article review:............................................................................................................5
Alternative Methods Proposal:...................................................................................6
Article 3..........................................................................................................................7
Reference:..................................................................................................................7
Article review:............................................................................................................8
References:...................................................................................................................12

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Introduction
The aim of this report is to turn all the pages of the relationship between the partners
that are being affected or causing difference due to the interaction wit6yh Facebook. The
involvement of the partners in the Facebook and making posts, status about relationship, and
many others aspect and how they could affect the thinking of the partners that are indulge in
this new social media technology. For this, three articles have been chosen and explained
below that could be helpful in making the topic clearer that how Facebook is affecting the
lives of the individuals who are in relationship and connected to each other with Facebook.
Facebook is one of the most viral and more accessible social media website in all over the
world. Almost every user who is connected to the internet is connected to the Facebook. This
might bring difference between the decision-making of the individuals by looking after and
following the activities of the partner on the Facebook. Three articles are interrelated to each
other as all the research method that have been proposed are based on the survey made
among the Facebook users who are in relationship for a certain period of time. Including the
strengths and limitations of the articles, alternate method has been proposed in order to
eliminate those limitations and emphasis has been provided on how to improve the
information gathering system. These methods would have taken the research to a different
level with more efficient and effective results.
Article 1:
Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and
relationship satisfaction.

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Reference:
Elphinston, RA and Noller, P, 2011, Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the
implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior,
and Social Networking, 14(11), pp.631-635.
Article review:
This article presents research on exploring the extent up to which the involvement of
an individual influences the relationship satisfaction via the expression and experience of
romantic jealousy and seeks to find out the potential for Facebook intrusions (Elphinston &
Noller 2011, p632). The article aims at extending the existing research by exploring the
involvement of young people with Facebook considering the facts related to romantic
relationships between the users.
Methods use for finding the answers to question in this article was a survey among
342 undergraduate students of a university of Australia. They were recruited by e method
using the psychology’s first-year participant pool by offering partial course credit. Among
them 90 to 95 percent of the participants and their partners were connected via Facebook
(Elphinston & Noller 2011, p.633). A questionnaire had been provided to all the participants,
which includes 110 men and 195 women. The mean length of current relationship of the
participants was 16.44 months as per the answers received from the questionnaire survey and
ranged from 2 months to 6 years. The majority numbers of participants were only dating. The
development of a measure of Facebook intrusion (FIQ) was required for this study as per the
authors (Elphinston & Noller 2011).
In the questionnaire, total eight-item measures of Facebook had been proposed based
on the behavioral addiction components and mobile phone involvement, which was research
of other writers (Marshall et al. 2013). Particularly, items reflected the core elements of

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behavior and addiction, and internal consistency was high. Adding to this, methods led the
authors to a finding that, Facebook intrusion was associated with the time spent on Facebook.
Evidences supported the eight-item close-dimensional FIQ. Based on predictions the authors
discovered that, Facebook intrusion was associated to the relationship dissatisfaction via
surveillance behaviors and experiences of cognitive jealousy (Clayton, Nagurney & Smith
2013). This implies that Facebook intrusion appears only due to negatively impact on the
relationship satisfaction because of the experiences of romantic jealousy in the relationship.
Strength of this article can be described, as the authors were able to find out the
answers they were seeking to find out. This article clarifies that the Facebook intrusion is a
new phenomenon that can be a result due to the relationship dissatisfaction, which is because
if individuals connected via Facebook also experience the jealousy in their romantic
relationships (WarberKatie 2014). The implications of this result of the proposed study are
extensive, specifically for those who are in romantic relationships and the majority of young
generation are Facebook members.
Limitations of this paper were that the FIQ provided only one time-efficient method
of gathering information that was related to the Facebook intrusion. Another limitation was
that the generalizability of results drawn from the findings was limited because of the
university sample presented by the authors about the Prediction of Relationship
Satisfaction.
Alternative Methods Proposal:
An alternative approach can be proposed in order to find the answers of the questions
authors were seeking to find in the above article as, Facebook intrusion in younger
individuals. This would have cover the most population facing this situation as, these
individuals are growing up with the advanced and latest online technologies (Koc & Gulyagci

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2013). In correlational with the nature of these data as, the longitudinal studies could have
resulted in exploring how Facebook intrusion is managed and developed over time.
Alternative method would look at the impact of level of the Facebook intrusion to an
individual’s relationship with the level of the satisfaction of partner. This could have helped
in overcoming the limitations that were identified in the above article and would have helped
in gaining more accurate and efficient results. Above article presents, the underlying
mechanisms involved in the research methods but for alternate method it, is required to
investigate the correlation of Facebook intrusion like attachment anxiety and Facebook
jealousy. As it is well known that attachment anxiety are strongly linked to romantic jealousy.
This leads to a great concern that the characteristics of attachment anxiety appeared to be
mirror addictive tendencies towards connecting to the Facebook, in other words, “possible
fear of abandonment and sensitivity to rejection from others and together may contribute to
romantic jealousy”. The proposed alternate method could help in exploring the extent to
which a relationship with low or high involvement of the partner with the Facebook buffers
against or helps in increasing the impact of such use on the romantic relationships of the
partners.
This alternate method will need access to the profile of different partners that are in
relationship and connected via Facebook. This access could led to several ethical issues
related to the privacy of the Facebook users. Reading personal message could led to expose
of several personal information that the individual might not wanted to expose to other than
themselves.
Strength of this alternate method can be proposed as this will help in possibly
eliminating the limitations that drawback the authors in the above article and would cover the
maximum population. Large number of participants could result in better conclusion about
the research and this will be better in all the aspects for the research questions (Nizburg &

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Farber 2013). There could be certain limits to this alternate method as, there will be not any
record of the users, who have already deactivated their accounts due to intrusion. This will
cover only the users who are recently active on the Facebook.
Article 2:
“Are we Facebook official?” Implications of dating partners' Facebook use and
profiles for intimate relationship satisfaction.
Reference:
Papp, LM, Danielewicz, J and Cayemberg, C, 2012, “Are we Facebook official?”
Implications of dating partners' Facebook use and profiles for intimate relationship
satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), pp.85-90.
Article review:
This article presents research on elucidating correlates of Facebook use for the
individuals connected via Facebook and their relationships and seeks to find out the role of
Facebook in dyadic outcomes of the partners.
With respect to the question, authors applied some research methods to dig out the
answers, which include participants and procedures method in which a group of dating
couples were recruited from a medium sized town in the Middle West (Papp, Danielewicz &
Cayemberg 2012). There was an opportunity given to couples for participating in a study of
‘‘the connections between close relationships and everyday feelings and behaviors”, by an
advertising company Flyers. For this research method, couples were required to be dating for
a minimum span of one month in order to increase the likelihood that the study would be
capturing relationship processes of exclusive and stable relationships (Papp, Danielewicz &
Cayemberg 2012).

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Based on the research methods, findings indicated that the people view the profiles of
their partners in order to find information about their relationship. This might result in
conflicts over the display pictures of the profile, which was expected to be the significant
cause on relational consequences (Saslow et al. 2013). Further explaining authors stated that
the Facebook disagreements hold unique impacts for the relationship functioning, which
requires general relationship conflicts’, which was taken in account for the research method,
so the authors also included verbal conflict as a covariate. These results helped in stating that
Facebook disagreements are problematic for relational well-being for the partners connected
via Facebook, similar to the tapping broader relationship themes like power, jealousy, and
commitment (Papp, Danielewicz & Cayemberg 2012). The results also pointed towards the
differential pathways for the conflicts between intimate relationship concerned to the use of
various technology and behaviors are attached to the outcomes on relationship, and perhaps
can lead to relationship termination or rejection for women versus men (Fox & Warber
2013).
Despite of the achievements in findings there were certain limitations to the
researched method as Firstly; results were based on the convenience sample that might not
have generalized beyond young and educated, committed in the relationships. Thus, the
predicted result was not able to know whether any of the couples had disagreements over the
display profile pictures of others, and, if it is so, whether the disagreements between the
partners helped in explaining variance in the functioning of the relationship (Hand et al.
2013). Nevertheless, this study’s findings support continued investigation of the role of
technology in the well-being of individuals and their close relationships. The methods used in
the paper was able to predict the associations between the relationship functioning point to
interplay and relationship features on between both the partners, but it did not allowed
authors to determine whether one of the process precedes the other.

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Alternative Methods Proposal:
Alternative method can be proposed in order to express the answers for the questions
that the authors were seeking to find on the above article. This alternate method will be based
on process-oriented and will need longitudinal designs to explicate the processes by which
Facebook profile and use options are associated with the functioning of intimate relationship
between the partners connected via Facebook (Kreeps, Fletcher & Griffiths 2016). Although,
the results expressed in the above article encourages the continued study of profile picture
and relationship status as a correlation between the relationship functioning of the partners,
the study made in the above article collected ratings of disagreements of the partners
regarding relationship status of the Facebook users (Crystal & Hancock 2013). Moreover, the
role of latest online technology in the partner’s relationships could be helpful in
encompassing many other Facebook options and behaviors like wall posts, including the
usage of cyberspaces and other devices like texting, Skype and many more. This method will
enrich the involvement of all the users who are in relationship and connected via Facebook
irrespective of the age (Lai et al. 2016, p.550). Relationship is matter that needs to be
concerned with the elders who are in relationship for long time. Restricting research with
ages could limit the participants but in order to make research broader each age group with
different groups could result in making broader research and predict more effective and
efficient results for the raised agenda (Neustaedter & Greenberg 2012).
No doubt looking after the personal message of the individuals will lead to ethical
issues, as there might be possibility of the misuse or misplace of the information that will be
collected in order to make the research successful. There will be certain limitations to this
alternate method, as most of the elders are not connected with the Facebook. As, Facebook
has been most spread social media website, but it is latest and new online technology and

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could be even complex for the elders (Blachnio, Przepiorka & Pantic 2015 ). This will again
not cover the whole population that might face problems in relationships.
Article 3
Do we look happy? Perceptions of romantic relationship quality on Facebook.
Reference:
Emery, LF, Muise, A, Alpert, E and LE, B, 2015, Do we look happy? Perceptions of
romantic relationship quality on Facebook. Personal Relationships, 22(1), pp.1-7.
Article review:
This article presents research on impression formation and self-disclosure to
perceptions of the romantic relationships ad seeks to find out how people form impressions of
romantic relationship of others (Emery et al. 2015, p.2). In other words, the question can be
stated as, does the visibility of the relationship affect the perception of observers of that
relationship? In order to find the answers of the proposed questions authors tested two
predictions firstly, “people with more visible relationships on Facebook will be perceived as
having high relationship quality and being likable”. Secondly, “People who share intimate
details about their relationships on Facebook will be perceived as having high relationship
quality but being unlikable”.
Methods that were used for the clarification on the topic were first, Participants and
procedure, in which 108 heterosexual couples were the participants that were recruited from
a small Canadian university between the age 19 and 31 and had been those who were dating
for 2 to 73 months (Emery et al. 2015, p.3). All the participants that were recruited were
current Facebook users and both the partners were agreed to provide the access to their

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Facebook accounts and were offered $10 for their participation. Another method was the
Participants and design, which includes 114 undergraduate Facebook users at a college in
North-Eastern United States of the ages between 17 and 22 years by offering course credits
for the participation in this method (Emery et al. 2015).
Practicing these methods lead to the findings that were consistent with research
suggestions, which states that people who display “couple objects” mainly, photos of the
couple had reported higher relationship qualities, and the excessive self-disclosure affects the
likability, as well as with theory and research on impression formation (Coyne, McDaniel &
Stockdale 2017). This method was not much appropriate in order to find the stated questions.
There were certain limitations to the study, which were firstly, the ideal test of their
hypotheses would involve a big sample of Facebook users those were rating a broad sample
of profiles of Facebook users (Mukherjee & Chakraborty 2016 p.649). Considering practical
results authors had selected a multi-method approach from the samples of real individuals
who were in relationships and a broad sample of Facebook users rate the profiles, which were
fictional. Another limitation of the research was the use of single-item measures for variables,
which were dependent. The authors chose above measures in their first study in order to
ensure that they were in the right way as possible and able to facilitate agreement between the
coders (Ridgway and Clayton). In second study, authors selected single-item measures in
order to reduce the burden of participants, given many numbers of profiles that these
participants were rating.
Alternative Methods Proposal:
An attempt to overcome the limitations identified on the above article in order to
replicate the author’s findings with the validated scales. The findings made in the above
research may differ in variant manner depending on different observers as, prospective
employee, a stranger, and a long-time friend. They all might have different reactions on the

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relationship visibility on Facebook. This method will include reviews from different social
websites other than Facebook (Lane, Piercy and Carr 2016). This alternate method will
consider similar websites like Whatsapp and others in which similar activities takes place.
These also include status and profile photos posting about the individual that might have
resulted in different manner for the findings of the above research. This would cover large
population to be interacted and get involved in this research in order to make the research
successful (South et al. 2016). A questionnaire link can be attached to a message and
forwarded it to such mobile messaging apps would have results in getting more results about
the relationships that are affecting because of the social media interaction which are leading
to unwanted incidents. Nowadays mobile messaging application has become trend and every
user that are and or were connected to the Facebook are connected to such mobile messaging
applications and feel more comfortable to answer the asked questions on these applications.
Questionnaire will be subdivided based on the groups and different questions will be
mentioned as per the age for the individuals as in a relationship age matters for every
individual in perceptive with the emotions and belief (Steers et al. 2016).
This method will be helpful in getting more responses and will be easy to come at a
particular conclusion, which will be whether the use of Facebook as a medium to interact
with partners and other friends is beneficial or not for a happy relationship between the
partners (Nongpong & Charoensukmongkol 2016). The limitation of this method will be that
the users will be asked to be loyal without any offerings and which could result in
irresponsive results but this could also be eliminated by excluding all the responses that have
same answers in every question of the questionnaire.
This method will have certain ethical issues as the personal information provided by
the individuals will be exposed for the research, which is no-doubt a good cause, but an
individual might oppose this (WarberKatie 2014). The information that are being saved might

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be misplaced or misused by certain unauthorized user as the data will be saving on the
internet, which is not a safe place for now (Kochendorfer and Kerns 2017).

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References:
Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A. and Pantic, I., 2015. Internet use, Facebook intrusion, and
depression: results of a cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry, 30(6), pp.681-684.
Clayton, R.B., Nagurney, A. and Smith, J.R., 2013. Cheating, breakup, and divorce: Is
Facebook use to blame?.
Coyne, S.M., McDaniel, B.T. and Stockdale, L.A., 2017. “Do you dare to compare?”
Associations between maternal social comparisons on social networking sites and parenting,
mental health, and romantic relationship outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 70,
pp.335-340.
Crystal Jiang, L. and Hancock, J.T., 2013. Absence makes the communication grow fonder:
Geographic separation, interpersonal media, and intimacy in dating relationships. Journal of
Communication, 63(3), pp.556-577.
Elphinston, RA and Noller, P, 2011, Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications
for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 14(11), pp.631-635.
Emery, LF, Muise, A, Alpert, E and LE, B, 2015, Do we look happy? Perceptions of
romantic relationship quality on Facebook. Personal Relationships, 22(1), pp.1-7.
Fox, J. and Warber, K.M., 2013. Romantic relationship development in the age of Facebook:
An exploratory study of emerging adults' perceptions, motives, and behaviors.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(1), pp.3-7.

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Hand, M.M., Thomas, D., Buboltz, W.C., Deemer, E.D. and Buyanjargal, M., 2013.
Facebook and romantic relationships: Intimacy and couple satisfaction associated with online
social network use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(1), pp.8-13.
Koc, M. and Gulyagci, S., 2013. Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: the
role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), pp.279-284.
Kreps, D.G.P., Fletcher, G. and Griffiths, M., 2016. Human choice and computers: an ever
more intimate relationship. In Technology and Intimacy: Choice or Coercion 12th IFIP TC 9
International Conference on Human Choice and Computers, HCC12 2016 Salford, UK,
September 7–9, 2016 Proceedings (Vol. 474, pp. 9-21). Springer.
Lai, A.Y., Ip, M.S., Lam, J.C., Weaver, T.E. and Fong, D.Y., 2016. A pathway underlying
the impact of CPAP adherence on intimate relationship with bed partner in men with
obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep and Breathing, 20(2), pp.543-551.
Lane, B.L., Piercy, C.W. and Carr, C.T., 2016. Making it Facebook official: The warranting
value of online relationship status disclosures on relational characteristics. Computers in
Human Behavior, 56, pp.1-8.
Marshall, T.C., Bejanyan, K., Di Castro, G. and Lee, R.A., 2013. Attachment styles as
predictors of Facebook‐related jealousy and surveillance in romantic relationships. Personal
Relationships, 20(1), pp.1-22.
Mukherjee, T. and Chakraborty, M., 2016. Facebook Addiction And Its Influence On The
Romantic Relationship Of Young Adults-a Study From India. International Journal of
Psychology, 51, p.649.

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Neustaedter, C. and Greenberg, S., 2012, May. Intimacy in long-distance relationships over
video chat. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems (pp. 753-762). ACM.
Nitzburg, G.C. and Farber, B.A., 2013. Putting up emotional (Facebook) walls? Attachment
status and emerging adults’ experiences of social networking sites. Journal of clinical
psychology, 69(11), pp.1183-1190.
Nongpong, S. and Charoensukmongkol, P., 2016. I Don’t Care Much as Long as I Am Also
on Facebook: Impacts of Social Media Use of Both Partners on Romantic Relationship
Problems. The Family Journal, 24(4), pp.351-358.
Papp, LM, Danielewicz, J and Cayemberg, C, 2012, “Are we Facebook official?”
Implications of dating partners' Facebook use and profiles for intimate relationship
satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), pp.85-90.
Ridgway, J.L. and Clayton, R.B., 2016. Instagram unfiltered: Exploring associations of body
image satisfaction, Instagram# selfie posting, and negative romantic relationship outcomes.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(1), pp.2-7.
Saslow, L.R., Muise, A., Impett, E.A. and Dubin, M., 2013. Can you see how happy we are?
Facebook images and relationship satisfaction. Social Psychological and Personality Science,
4(4), pp.411-418.
South, S.C., Krueger, R.F., Elkins, I.J., Iacono, W.G. and McGue, M., 2016. Romantic
relationship satisfaction moderates the etiology of adult personality. Behavior genetics, 46(1),
pp.124-142.

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Steers, M.L.N., Øverup, C.S., Brunson, J.A. and Acitelli, L.K., 2016. Love online: How
relationship awareness on Facebook relates to relationship quality among college students.
Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(3), p.203.
WarberKatie, M., 2014. Social networking sites in romantic relationships: Attachment,
uncertainty, and partner surveillance on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking.
WarberKatie, M., 2014. Social networking sites in romantic relationships: Attachment,
uncertainty, and partner surveillance on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking.