Comparative Study of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Indian and UK

Comparative study of chronic
kidney disease patients in
Indian and UK

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
AIM AND OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................3
Aim of the project...................................................................................................................3
Objectives of the project.........................................................................................................3
Questions of the project..........................................................................................................4
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................4
Literature review..............................................................................................................................5
The basic understanding about chronic kidney disease..........................................................5
The diagnosis and treatment methods used for patient suffering from chronic kidney disease
................................................................................................................................................6
The comparison between lipid abnormalities of chronic kidney disease patients in India and
UK..........................................................................................................................................7
The changes in clinical process and technology occurs in terms of kidney chronic disease. 9
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................10
Types of investigation..........................................................................................................10
Proposed plan.......................................................................................................................10
Theoretical frameworks of change.......................................................................................11
Research design....................................................................................................................13
Research approach................................................................................................................14
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................14
Data collection methods.......................................................................................................15
Method of sampling..............................................................................................................15
Data Analysis........................................................................................................................16
Ethical considerations...........................................................................................................16
IMPACT OF CHANGE.................................................................................................................17
REFLECTIVE COMMENTARY..................................................................................................18
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21
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INTRODUCTION
Chronic kidney disease refers to the medical condition of longstanding disease of kidneys
that leads to renal failure. It includes the situation when the kidneys functioning become
interrupted and they failed to filter the waste as well as excess fluid from the blood (Prakash and
Sharma, 2014). However, the abnormality of kidney functioning is responsible for spreading
toxins in human body which develop several health problem of in a human being. It includes the
fact that chronic kidney has number of stages like high or normal GRF, mild CKD, moderate
CKD, severe CKD and end stage of CKD. It is necessary for people to immediately gain
treatment by registered physician to get quick treatment otherwise complicated conditions
occurs. It becomes difficult for care professionals to deal with severe chronic kidney disease
condition because patient becomes weak and strong doses as well as clinical procedures will not
easily control the entire situation (Akbarsha, 2019).
Chronic kidney disease has number of symptoms such as vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue
& weakness, sleep problems, changes in urination, reduced mental sharpness, muscle twitches &
cramps, swelling of feet & ankles, chest pain, persistent itching, shortness of breath, high blood
pressure and nausea. It is observed that kidney plays an important role to filter the waste and
helps in extracting the waste and toxins from the body. Basically, kidney problems are
responsible for developing diseases or infections in other parts of the body (Romagnani and et.
al., 2017). If unfiltered fluids will move throughout the body then it will develop problem in
different areas of human body. However, if these issues were not treated at initial level then it
may acquire severe health condition. It includes that chronic kidney diseases include kidney
damage condition they may acquire worst situation. Moreover, it has been analysed that there
number of other health problems such as high blood pressure, heart disease, heredity of kidney
problem, old age and diabetes which are responsible for causing chronic kidney disease.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim of the project
“To evaluate the comparative study of lipid abnormalities of chronic kidney disease
patient in India and United Kingdom.”
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Objectives of the project
 To identify the basic understanding about chronic kidney disease.
 To analyse the diagnosis and treatment methods used for patient suffering from chronic
kidney disease.
 To evaluate the comparison between lipid abnormalities of chronic kidney disease
patients in India and UK.
 To examine the changes in clinical process and technology occurs in terms of kidney
chronic disease.
Questions of the project
 How to identify the basic understanding about chronic kidney disease?
 What are the diagnosis and treatment methods used for patient suffering from chronic
kidney disease?
 How to evaluate the comparison between lipid abnormalities of chronic kidney disease
patients in India and UK?
 What are the ways to examine the changes in clinical process and technology occurs in
terms of kidney chronic disease?
BACKGROUND
The chronic kidney disease is known to be a severe health problem which should be treated
immediately to maintain appropriate health condition. In context of this project, it is based on the
research aim to evaluate the comparative study of lipid abnormalities of chronic kidney disease
patient in India and United Kingdom. It includes to carry out investigation in regards to lipid
abnormalities related to chronic kidney disease patient in two countries (Khandelwal and et. al.,
2016). This project will focus on the basic understanding about chronic kidney disease including
its symptoms and causes in proper manner. It will also includes the method of diagnosis and
treatment to deliver appropriate care services for making patient healthy. It includes to conduct
diagnosis in order to evaluate actual problem and its causes according to which effective care
plan can be prepared for betterment of a diseased person (Koye and et. al., 2018). The evaluation
of comparison between lipid abnormalities of chronic kidney disease patient in India and United
Kingdom is explained below. It consist the other research objective to examine the changes in
clinical process and technology occurs to deal with kidney chronic disease are mentioned here.
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Literature review
Literature review can be described as a process in which different research articles of
similar research topic has been studied. It includes carrying out effective review of articles by
analysing viewpoints of different authors. However, this process can be considered as to gather
appropriate data in order to conduct investigation in order to gain desired findings (Koye and et.
al., 2018). The literature review is an efficient procedure related to investigation which involves
the criterion of enumerating, describing, summarising, objectively evaluating as well as
clarifying the previous research articles. Moreover, it includes the utilisation of survey books,
scholarly articles and other relevant sources in respect of collecting appropriate information. This
literature review will focus on the aim of evaluating lipid abnormalities of chronic kidney disease
patients by considering respective objectives (Habeeba and et. al., 2020).
The basic understanding about chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease can be defined as a medical condition when kidney damage occurs
and it acquire wrist situation. As per view given by Edelstein (2016), t includes the condition of
occurring abnormalities in functioning of kidneys due to which diseases have started to occur in
human body. Basically, it has been analysed that kidney cannot able to carry out its functions of
filtering all the waste and toxins and facilitate to relive the same form the body. The chronic
kidney disease are responsible for developing different types of symptoms such as fatigue, loss
of appetite, nausea, vomiting, sleep problems, muscle twitches, swelling of feet & ankles,
persistent itching and chest pain. However, has been identified that several health problem are
responsible for causing chronic kidney disease including, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, high blood
pressure and glomerulonephritis which is known as an inflammation of kidney’s filtering units
i.e. glomeruli. However, includes other cause such as intestinal nephritis that is an inflammation
of kidney’s tubules as well as surrounding structured and polycystic kidney disease. However, it
includes the condition of prolonged obstruction of urinary tract from conditions like enlarged
prostate, kidney stones and some type of cancer facilitate occurrence of kidney problem. In
addition to this, it has been analysed that vesicoureteral reflux which is condition causing urine
to back up into the kidneys and recurrent kidney infection also called as pyelonephritis are
responsible for causing chronic kidney diseases. It is necessary for an individual to improve their
lifestyle and consult immediately to doctor while having symptoms of any health problem in
order to remain well-being by avoiding severe diseases (Hopewell, Haynes and Baigent, 2018).
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On the other hand, it is observed that chronic kidney diseases may acquire by people
having problems of health like diabetes, hypertension, polycystic diseases etc. In the same way,
the chronic kidneys are accountable to have number of risk factors in relation of health condition
of people. Basically, it includes the risk of facilitating occurrence of various kinds of severe
diseases such as high blood pressure, heart & blood vessel disease, smoking, obesity, family
history of kidney disease, abnormal kidney structure. According to the opinion of Impellizzeri
and et. al. (2014), it has been analysed that people may overcome from the kidney problem but
the shape & size id kidney get changed due to which their functioning get modified for the life
long duration. Meanwhile, the older age is also known as potential risk factors that increase
chance of occurring chronic kidney problems (Tallman and et. al., 2018). Apart from this, it has
been analysed that chronic kidney disease is accountable to have their impact on almost every
part of human body and relevant complications consist certain conditions it includes fluid
retention, sudden increase in levels of potassium in body, cardiovascular problems, weak bones
& increased risk of bone fractures and anaemia. However, it consist the other problems including
reduced sex drive, erectile dysfunction or decreased fertility, damage in central nervous system,
reduced immune responses, pericarditis, increased risk of pregnancy complications and
irreversible mange to kidneys. Moreover, it is necessary for patient with kidney disease are
required to immediate consult with doctor in order to gain more effective as well as efficient
treatment to become wellbeing by ignoring relevant complications.
The diagnosis and treatment methods used for patient suffering from chronic kidney disease
The diagnosis plays an important role in terms of evaluating symptoms and actual causes
behind specific health problems. As mentioned by Baumgaertel, Kraemer and Berlit (2014), it
includes the criterion of identifying the cause of particular diseases and its stage according to
effective care services can be delivered for wellbeing of an individual. Basically, it includes that
chronic kidney disease and its impact on human body is required to be examined by clinical
practitioners to terms of providing medications to overall wellness of an individual. This problem
is responsible to be occurring in number of stages which are required to be diagnosed in
appropriate manner. Initially, the stage 1 includes that GFR rate is normal and evidence of
kidney disease has been detected. Secondly, the stage 2 consist the situation in which GFR rate is
lower than 90 millilitres and evidence of kidney disease has been detected (Anderson and et. al.,
2019). Thirdly, the stage 3 includes the GFR rate is lower than 60 millilitres regardless of
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