Comparison of VAS Results at Rest and During Breath for Three Groups

The aim of this research study was to investigate the comparison between VAS results at rest and during breath for three groups; 1, 2 and 3. To make such comparisons, descriptive statistics and independent samples t tests were employed. We tried to answer the research question on whether there existed differences in VAS results at rest and during breath among the three groups under study.

Introduction.
The aim of this research study was to investigate the comparison between VAS results at rest and
during breath for three groups; 1, 2 and 3. To make such comparisons, descriptive statistics and
independent samples t tests were employed.
We tried to answer the research question on whether there existed differences in VAS results at
rest and during breath among the three groups under study.
The hypothesis that guided our study was;
H 0 :Thereis no difference ∈VAS results at rest∧during breath amongthe three groups .
H 1:There is difference∈VAS results at rest ∧during breath among thethree gro ups .

Descriptive statistics
Comparison between VAS score means at Q 15 min
The figure below shows the comparison between VAS score means at rest and during breath for
groups 1, 2 and 3 for Q 15 minutes. The results show that group 2 has the highest means for VAS
at rest and during breath, followed by group 1 then group 3.
Comparison between VAS score means at Q 30 min
The results in the figure show that group 2 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 1 then group 3.
VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB
1 2 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Comparison between VAS score
means
group
mean

V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B
1 2 3
0.1
0.8 0.7
2
0
0.25
Group
mean
Comparison between VAS score means at Q 45 min
The results in the figure show that group 2 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 1 then group 3.
V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B
1 2 3
0.05
0.4 0.5
1.75
0
0.2
Mean
group
Mean

Comparison between VAS score means at Q 60 min
VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB
1 2 3
0.2
0.55 0.45
1.75
0.15
0.5
Mean
Mean
The results in the figure show that group 2 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 1 then group 3.
Comparison between VAS score means at Q 2 Hrs.
V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B
1 2 3
0.05
0.6
0.1
1
0.05
0.3
Mean
The results in the figure show that group 2 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 1 then group 3.

Comparison between VAS score means at Q 4 Hrs.
The results in the figure show that group 1 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 2 then group 3.
VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB
1 2 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Mean
Comparison between VAS score means at Q 8 Hrs.
The results in the figure show that group 2 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 1 then group 3.
VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB
1 2 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Mean

Comparison between VAS score means at Q 12 Hrs.
The results in the figure show that group 2 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 1 then group 3.
VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB VAS rest VAS DB
1 2 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Mean
Comparison between VAS score means at Q 18 Hrs.
The results in the figure show that group 1 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 2 then group 3.
V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B
1 2 3
0.25
1.15
0.1
0.6
0 0.1
Mean

Comparison between VAS score means at Q 24 Hrs.
The results in the figure show that group 1 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 2 then group 3.
V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B
1 2 3
0.15
1.2
0.35
0.9
0.25
0.8
Mean
Comparison between VAS score means at Q 24 Hrs.
The results in the figure show that group 1 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by group 2 then group 3.
V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B
1 2 3
0.16
1.47
0.15
0.75
0.1
0.6
Mean

Comparison between VAS score means at Q 24 Hrs.
The results in the figure show that group 1 has the highest means for VAS at rest and during
breath, followed by groups 2 and 3.
V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B V A S r e s t V A S D B
1 2 3
0.25
1.25
0.05
0.35
0.05
0.35
Mean

Inferential statistics
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 15 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Differen
ce
Std.
Error
Differen
ce
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal
variances
assumed
10.484 .003
-
5.72
4
38 .000 -1.200 .210 -1.624 -.776
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
5.72
4
29.1
53 .000 -1.200 .210 -1.629 -.771
VAS
DB
Equal
variances
assumed
3.240 .080
-
6.97
4
38 .000 -1.600 .229 -2.064 -1.136
Equal
variances not
assumed
-
6.97
4
34.4
70 .000 -1.600 .229 -2.066 -1.134
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values=0.000 which are less than 0.05 implying
that we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for group 1 and group 2. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that
there exists significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 1 and group 2.

Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 15 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Differenc
e
Std. Error
Differenc
e
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 17.453 .000 1.798 38 .080 .200 .111 -.025 .425
Equal variances
not assumed 1.798 28.04
6 .083 .200 .111 -.028 .428
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 2.850 .100 .213 38 .833 .050 .235 -.425 .525
Equal variances
not assumed .213 35.59
1 .833 .050 .235 -.426 .526
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 3. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that there
exists no significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 1 and group 2.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 15 Min
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values=0.000 which are less than 0.05 implying
that we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for group 2 and group 3. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that
there exists significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 2 and group 3.

Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Differenc
e
Std. Error
Differenc
e
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 37.417 .000 7.320 38 .000 1.400 .191 1.013 1.787
Equal variances
not assumed 7.320 21.77
3 .000 1.400 .191 1.003 1.797
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .027 .871 8.432 38 .000 1.650 .196 1.254 2.046
Equal variances
not assumed 8.432 37.83
9 .000 1.650 .196 1.254 2.046
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 30 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Differenc
e
Std. Error
Differenc
e
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 28.928 .000 -3.126 38 .003 -.600 .192 -.989 -.211
Equal variances
not assumed -3.126 24.48
7 .005 -.600 .192 -.996 -.204
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 1.000 .324 -5.339 38 .000 -1.200 .225 -1.655 -.745
Equal variances
not assumed -5.339 37.93
4 .000 -1.200 .225 -1.655 -.745

Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are less than 0.05 implying that
we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and during
breathing for groups 1 and 2. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that there exists
significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 1 and group 2 during the time
period Q 30 min.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 30 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 10.688 .002 1.453 38 .154 .100 .069 -.039 .239
Equal variances
not assumed 1.453 19.00
0 .163 .100 .069 -.044 .244
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 3.365 .074 2.979 38 .005 .550 .185 .176 .924
Equal variances
not assumed 2.979 32.28
2 .005 .550 .185 .174 .926
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 implying that we fail to reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 2.
VAS during breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for
groups 1 and 2. We therefore conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean
results between groups 1 and 2 during breathing.

Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 30 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 77.583 .000 3.907 38 .000 .700 .179 .337 1.063
Equal variances
not assumed 3.907 19.00
0 .001 .700 .179 .325 1.075
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .031 .862 9.200 38 .000 1.750 .190 1.365 2.135
Equal variances
not assumed 9.200 31.49
3 .000 1.750 .190 1.362 2.138
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are less than 0.05 implying that
we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and during
breathing for groups 2 and 3. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that there exists
significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 2 and group 3 during the time
period Q 30 min.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 45 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper

VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 37.715 .000 -2.781 38 .008 -.450 .162 -.778 -.122
Equal variances
not assumed -2.781 22.96
7 .011 -.450 .162 -.785 -.115
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .011 .916 -5.805 38 .000 -1.350 .233 -1.821 -.879
Equal variances
not assumed -5.805 37.23
3 .000 -1.350 .233 -1.821 -.879
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are less than 0.05 implying that
we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and during
breathing for groups 1 and 2. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that there exists
significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 1 and group 2 during the time
period Q 45 min.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 45 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 76.000 .000 3.249 38 .002 .500 .154 .188 .812
Equal variances
not assumed 3.249 19.00
0 .004 .500 .154 .178 .822
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 3.929 .055 7.815 38 .000 1.550 .198 1.148 1.952
Equal variances
not assumed 7.815 28.63
4 .000 1.550 .198 1.144 1.956

Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are less than 0.05 implying that
we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and during
breathing for groups 2 and 3. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that there exists
significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 2 and group 3 during the time
period Q 45 min.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 45 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 4.457 .041 1.000 38 .324 .050 .050 -.051 .151
Equal variances
not assumed 1.000 19.00
0 .330 .050 .050 -.055 .155
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 5.948 .020 1.125 38 .267 .200 .178 -.160 .560
Equal variances
not assumed 1.125 31.20
4 .269 .200 .178 -.162 .562
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 3 during the time period Q 45 min.

Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 60 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Differenc
e
Std. Error
Differenc
e
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 3.262 .079 -1.213 38 .233 -.250 .206 -.667 .167
Equal variances
not assumed -1.213 33.72
5 .234 -.250 .206 -.669 .169
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 2.771 .104 -2.671 38 .011 -1.200 .449 -2.109 -.291
Equal variances
not assumed -2.671 22.74
9 .014 -1.200 .449 -2.130 -.270
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 implying that we fail to reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 2.
VAS during breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for
groups 1 and 2. We therefore conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean
results between groups 1 and 2 during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 60 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference

Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed .664 .420 .350 38 .728 .050 .143 -.239 .339
Equal variances
not assumed .350 34.02
2 .728 .050 .143 -.240 .340
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 1.056 .311 .282 38 .780 .050 .177 -.309 .409
Equal variances
not assumed .282 37.01
4 .780 .050 .177 -.309 .409
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are equal to 0.05 implying that we
fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 3 during the time period Q 60 min.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 60 Min
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 7.728 .008 1.592 38 .120 .300 .188 -.082 .682
Equal variances
not assumed 1.592 27.39
4 .123 .300 .188 -.086 .686
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 3.340 .075 2.818 38 .008 1.250 .444 .352 2.148
Equal variances
not assumed 2.818 21.71
0 .010 1.250 .444 .329 2.171
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 implying that we fail to reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 2 and 3.

VAS during breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for
groups 2 and 3. We therefore conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean
results between groups 2 and 3 during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 2 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 1.429 .239 -.588 38 .560 -.050 .085 -.222 .122
Equal variances
not assumed -.588 34.686 .561 -.050 .085 -.223 .123
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .199 .658 -1.633 38 .111 -.400 .245 -.896 .096
Equal variances
not assumed -1.633 37.895 .111 -.400 .245 -.896 .096
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 2 during the time period Q 2 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 2 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed .000 1.000 .000 38 1.000 .000 .071 -.143 .143
Equal variances
not assumed .000 38.000 1.000 .000 .071 -.143 .143
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 7.930 .008 1.510 38 .139 .300 .199 -.102 .702
Equal variances
not assumed 1.510 31.836 .141 .300 .199 -.105 .705
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 3 during the time period Q 2 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 2 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 1.429 .239 .588 38 .560 .050 .085 -.122 .222
Equal variances
not assumed .588 34.686 .561 .050 .085 -.123 .223
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed
2.250 .142 3.390 38 .002 .700 .206 .282 1.118

Equal variances
not assumed 3.390 30.849 .002 .700 .206 .279 1.121
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 implying that we fail to reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 2 and 3.
VAS during breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for
groups 2 and 3, and conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results
between groups 2 and 3 during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 4 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed .890 .351 .467 38 .643 .050 .107 -.167 .267
Equal variances
not assumed .467 36.903 .643 .050 .107 -.167 .267
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .009 .925 .211 38 .834 .050 .237 -.430 .530
Equal variances
not assumed .211 37.995 .834 .050 .237 -.430 .530
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 2 during the time period Q 4 Hrs.

Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 4 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 19.776 .000 1.831 38 .075 .150 .082 -.016 .316
Equal variances
not assumed 1.831 19.000 .083 .150 .082 -.021 .321
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 12.725 .001 2.366 38 .023 .450 .190 .065 .835
Equal variances
not assumed 2.366 29.555 .025 .450 .190 .061 .839
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 implying that we fail to reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 3.
VAS during breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for
groups 1 and 3, and conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results
between groups 1 and 3 during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 4 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper

VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 10.688 .002 1.453 38 .154 .100 .069 -.039 .239
Equal variances
not assumed 1.453 19.000 .163 .100 .069 -.044 .244
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 13.558 .001 2.084 38 .044 .400 .192 .011 .789
Equal variances
not assumed 2.084 29.351 .046 .400 .192 .008 .792
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 implying that we fail to reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 2 and 3.
VAS during breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for
groups 2 and 3, and conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results
between groups 2 and 3 during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 8 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed .669 .419 -.406 38 .687 -.050 .123 -.299 .199
Equal variances
not assumed -.406 37.521 .687 -.050 .123 -.299 .199
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 1.528 .224 -1.324 38 .193 -.300 .227 -.759 .159
Equal variances
not assumed -1.324 35.105 .194 -.300 .227 -.760 .160

Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 2 during the time period Q 8 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 8 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 4.818 .034 1.042 38 .304 .100 .096 -.094 .294
Equal variances
not assumed 1.042 31.431 .305 .100 .096 -.096 .296
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 1.705 .199 .853 38 .399 .150 .176 -.206 .506
Equal variances
not assumed .853 36.769 .399 .150 .176 -.206 .506
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 3 during the time period Q 8 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 8 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference

Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 10.012 .003 1.435 38 .159 .150 .105 -.062 .362
Equal variances
not assumed 1.435 29.368 .162 .150 .105 -.064 .364
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 4.350 .044 2.106 38 .042 .450 .214 .017 .883
Equal variances
not assumed 2.106 31.679 .043 .450 .214 .015 .885
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 implying that we fail to reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 2 and 3.
VAS during breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for
groups 2 and 3, and conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results
between groups 2 and 3 during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 12 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Differenc
e
Std. Error
Differenc
e
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 18.456 .000 -1.897 38 .065 -.300 .158 -.620 .020
Equal variances
not assumed -1.897 23.17
1 .070 -.300 .158 -.627 .027
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .915 .345 -.603 38 .550 -.150 .249 -.654 .354
Equal variances
not assumed -.603 36.90
8 .550 -.150 .249 -.654 .354

Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 3 during the time period Q 12 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 12 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 4.457 .041 1.000 38 .324 .050 .050 -.051 .151
Equal variances
not assumed 1.000 19.000 .330 .050 .050 -.055 .155
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 3.821 .058 2.349 38 .024 .450 .192 .062 .838
Equal variances
not assumed 2.349 32.807 .025 .450 .192 .060 .840
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 3. VAS during
breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for groups 1 and 3, and
conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results between groups 1 and 3
during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 12 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference

Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 34.481 .000 2.333 38 .025 .350 .150 .046 .654
Equal variances
not assumed 2.333 19.000 .031 .350 .150 .036 .664
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 8.333 .006 2.757 38 .009 .600 .218 .159 1.041
Equal variances
not assumed 2.757 29.585 .010 .600 .218 .155 1.045
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are less than 0.05 implying that
we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and during
breathing for groups 2 and 3. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that there exists
significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 2 and group 3 during the time
period Q 12 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 18 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 6.915 .012 1.241 38 .222 .150 .121 -.095 .395
Equal variances
not assumed 1.241 33.824 .223 .150 .121 -.096 .396
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .849 .363 2.129 38 .040 .550 .258 .027 1.073
Equal variances
not assumed 2.129 37.186 .040 .550 .258 .027 1.073
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 2. VAS during

breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for groups 1 and 2, and
conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results between groups 1 and 2
during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 18 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 57.000 .000 2.517 38 .016 .250 .099 .049 .451
Equal variances
not assumed 2.517 19.00
0 .021 .250 .099 .042 .458
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 32.532 .000 5.062 38 .000 1.050 .207 .630 1.470
Equal variances
not assumed 5.062 23.63
0 .000 1.050 .207 .622 1.478
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are less than 0.05 implying that
we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and during
breathing for groups 1 and 3. At rest and during breath, we therefore conclude that there exists
significant difference in the VAS mean results between group 1 and group 3 during the time
period Q 12 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 18 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 10.688 .002 1.453 38 .154 .100 .069 -.039 .239
Equal variances
not assumed 1.453 19.000 .163 .100 .069 -.044 .244
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 27.022 .000 2.746 38 .009 .500 .182 .131 .869
Equal variances
not assumed 2.746 25.162 .011 .500 .182 .125 .875
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 2 and 3. VAS during
breathing has a p-value which is less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results during breathing for groups 2 and 3, and
conclude that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results between groups 2 and 3
during breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 24 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 9.162 .004 -1.463 38 .152 -.200 .137 -.477 .077
Equal variances
not assumed -1.463 35.206 .152 -.200 .137 -.477 .077
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed
.675 .416 1.086 38 .284 .300 .276 -.259 .859

Equal variances
not assumed 1.086 36.727 .285 .300 .276 -.260 .860
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 2 during the time period Q 24 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 24 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 2.502 .122 -.777 38 .442 -.100 .129 -.361 .161
Equal variances
not assumed -.777 36.670 .442 -.100 .129 -.361 .161
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .072 .790 1.414 38 .165 .400 .283 -.173 .973
Equal variances
not assumed 1.414 37.353 .166 .400 .283 -.173 .973
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 1 and 3 during the time period Q 24 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 24 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 1.805 .187 .677 38 .503 .100 .148 -.199 .399
Equal variances
not assumed .677 37.650 .503 .100 .148 -.199 .399
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .460 .502 .390 38 .699 .100 .256 -.419 .619
Equal variances
not assumed .390 37.881 .699 .100 .256 -.419 .619
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 2 and 3 during the time period Q 24 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 36 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed .018 .895 .067 37 .947 .008 .119 -.233 .248
Equal variances
not assumed .066 36.793 .947 .008 .119 -.233 .249
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 2.678 .110 2.670 37 .011 .724 .271 .174 1.273
Equal variances
not assumed 2.650 33.181 .012 .724 .273 .168 1.279

VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 2. VAS during
breathing has a p-value less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between VAS results during breathing for groups 1 and 2, and conclude
that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results between groups 1 and 2 during
breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 36 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 1.140 .293 .528 37 .600 .058 .110 -.164 .280
Equal variances
not assumed .526 34.89
4 .602 .058 .110 -.166 .281
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 3.135 .085 3.283 37 .002 .874 .266 .334 1.413
Equal variances
not assumed 3.254 32.22
9 .003 .874 .269 .327 1.420
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 3. VAS during
breathing has a p-value less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between VAS results during breathing for groups 1 and 3, and conclude

that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results between groups 1 and 3 during
breathing.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 36 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed .890 .351 .467 38 .643 .050 .107 -.167 .267
Equal variances
not assumed .467 36.903 .643 .050 .107 -.167 .267
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .000 1.000 .679 38 .501 .150 .221 -.297 .597
Equal variances
not assumed .679 37.901 .501 .150 .221 -.297 .597
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 2 and 3 during the time period Q 36 Hrs.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 2 at rest and during breath at Q 48 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Differenc
e
Std. Error
Differenc
e
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed
17.453 .000 1.798 38 .080 .200 .111 -.025 .425

Equal variances
not assumed 1.798 28.04
6 .083 .200 .111 -.028 .428
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 27.549 .000 3.559 38 .001 .900 .253 .388 1.412
Equal variances
not assumed 3.559 27.31
3 .001 .900 .253 .381 1.419
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 2. VAS during
breathing has a p-value less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between VAS results during breathing for groups 1 and 2, and conclude
that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results between groups 1 and 2 during
breathing.
Comparison between results of group 1 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 48 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed 17.453 .000 1.798 38 .080 .200 .111 -.025 .425
Equal variances
not assumed 1.798 28.046 .083 .200 .111 -.028 .428
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed 27.549 .000 3.559 38 .001 .900 .253 .388 1.412
Equal variances
not assumed 3.559 27.313 .001 .900 .253 .381 1.419
VAS at rest has a p-value which is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference between VAS results at rest for groups 1 and 3. VAS during

breathing has a p-value less than 0.05 implying that we reject the null hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between VAS results during breathing for groups 1 and 3, and conclude
that there exists significant difference of VAS mean results between groups 1 and 3 during
breathing.
Comparison between results of group 2 and group 3 at rest and during breath at Q 48 Hrs.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAS
rest
Equal variances
assumed .000 1.000 .000 38 1.000 .000 .071 -.143 .143
Equal variances
not assumed .000 38.00
0 1.000 .000 .071 -.143 .143
VAS
DB
Equal variances
assumed .000 1.000 .000 38 1.000 .000 .155 -.313 .313
Equal variances
not assumed .000 38.00
0 1.000 .000 .155 -.313 .313
Both VAS at rest and VAS during breath have p-values which are greater than 0.05 implying that
we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the VAS at rest and
during breathing for groups 2 and 3 during the time period Q 48 Hrs.