Social Innovation and Industry: Analysis of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project and Its Complexity

The report discusses the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) project, its background, and the complexity involved. It examines the techniques and tools used, analyzes the causes and properties of the project, and explores the complexities and uncertainties associated with it. The report also highlights the significance of the GERD project for Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan and addresses the challenges in managing water resources. Experts were consulted for risk assessment using brainstorming sessions.

Running head: SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
Complex Project Management
(The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam)
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note

1SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
Executive Summary
One of the most important construction project, the designing of the “Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance Dam” has been developed on the water of the River Nile at Ethiopia. Further,
the project is been owned by “Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation”. This particular report
demonstrates that the background of the “Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam” project while
evaluating the overall causes. Furthermore, this project identified the various techniques and
tools utilised for the development of the dam. Various journals and literatures have been
reviewed for identifying the literature and professional significance of the project. In addition
to that the project also identifies the intellectual performances and logics that are used for
determining the complexity of the tasks related to project.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................3
2. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and complexity in its project..................................3
3. Evaluating properties, environments, causes of the projects.................................................5
4. Discussion on techniques and tools used in the project.........................................................8
5. Complexity analysis...............................................................................................................9
5.1. Qualitative analysis.............................................................................................9
5.2. Quantitative analysis.........................................................................................11
6. The incorporation project cases and arguments and complexities6.1. Understanding
complexity level.......................................................................................................................12
6.2. Type of complexity...........................................................................................13
6.3. 5 factors of complexity......................................................................................15
7. Critical review and inclusion of professional and academic literature and application to The
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam..........................................................................................16
8. Conclusion:..........................................................................................................................19
9. References............................................................................................................................21

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1. Introduction
The Millennium Dam, one of the most popular dam, is most popularly known as
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam or GERD (Mondal et al. 2017). The GERD is situated
over the River Nile located in the Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia. The project is being
developed currently under the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO).
The reservoir and dam of the GERD has been proven beneficial to various nations
including Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan. From the ages, it has been identified that the water
from the River Niles holds a significant importance to Egypt (Kebede 2015). This has long
prevented the development of the dam over the river. In addition to that, the nation is
dependent on the river for their water requirements for ages. In 2012, Tripartite Committee
was formed in order to promote the awareness and advantages of the ongoing GERD project
over Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan (Demissie and Solomon 2016).
This particular reports aims at devaluating the characteristics, environmental impacts,
background of the “Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam”. In addition to that the reports also
highlights the various complications identified during the construction and various tools and
techniques used for the GERD project.
2. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and explanation of the
complexity in its project
In 2011, the entire construction of the GERD was initiated at Ethiopia. GERD project,
known as one of the most controversial project was initiated in the place called Guba located
in Africa (Carr 2017). Apart from the time duration, design and scope of the project, the
financial factor has become a significant concern related to the GERD project development.
Furthermore, during the time of filling the reservoir of the GERD project, there has been

4SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
significant concern regarding the non-technical, stakeholder and political issues due to the
decreased water share available from the river to the concern nations. This increased the
issues regarding water securities at Egypt and Sudan.
The various water disputes associated with the GERD project has complicated the
project development to significant level. The disputes identified during the project has
complicated the project and increased the complexity of the system along with the
stakeholders associated with the project (Tesfaye, Wolanios, and Brouwer 2016). The
uncertainty of the project was identified as one of the major complexity impacting the
project. The complexity increased based on how the network and system been responding to
the stress around the entire GERD project (Zhang et al. 2015). This resulted in the seldom
changes in the needs, flow, new development priorities and the increased number of
population. The construction of the GERD project over the River Niles has resulted din the
increased complexity of the managing and various resources associated with the project. This
complexity has been identified mostly among the competing stakeholders and the riparian
states. In addition to that, various uncertainties increased due to the unpredictable impact and
feedback obtained from various processes, institutions and actors (Anwar, D., 2017).
This has allowed in diagnosing the nature and source of complications taking place in
various locations over the River Nile. Various contingent element and contextual factors have
been playing its roles on GERD project. The detailed analysis has been able to identify the
various interventions points that helps in resolving the conflicts associated with the GERD
project. Therefore, in the GERD project, the non-technical elements, legislations politics,
scope, cost, stakeholders, future risks, policies and design has contributed towards the
increased complexity of the GERD project that aligned with the various context related to
PPMP20014.

5SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
3. Analysis of the properties, different environments, causes behind the
projects:
The ongoing GERD project identified as one of the biggest hydroelectric power plant,
has been planned to complete in the near future. The GERD reservoir has taken its place
among the various biggest reservoirs current located in Africa. The GERD project aim is
improving the management of water that has been conventionally done for developing the
infrastructure, cultural, social and political complexities (Tuka, Leidhold and Mamo 2017). In
addition to that, the reservoir constructed for the GERD project is proposed to store
approximately 70 billion cubic meter water (Kelebe and Olorunnisola 2016). The
approximate water storage has been estimated to correspond according to the outflow of the
river for throughout the year as taken from the Aswan high dam. Therefore the energy to be
produced from the GERD project is significant and expected to be an important factor for
reducing poverty, and increasing the food and economy along the Ethiopia and Nile Basin.
However, the GERD project has been considered as one of the important political
statement. The proposal for the GERD dam has re-written the hydropolitical map in one
stroke located over the Nile River (Reis et al. 2016). The GERD project is often considered in
one word as the Renaissance of the Ethiopian nationalism. Various researchers have stated
the GERD project as the hydro solidarity while contrasting the nationalism ideas. This
contrasting ideas has been used for enabling the fair utilisation of the issues related to the
global management of water. Various researchers have claimed that this has allowed the
upliftment of the socioeconomic and sustainable environment. In this report, the detailed
occurrence of the various risks and uncertainties associated with the GERD project has been
identified and evaluated (Abebe 2018). Furthermore, the report tends to deals with the
interconnection between the various uncertainties in the Nile basin and evaluated.
Identification of the most effective and probable results from the uncertainties have been

6SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
difficult for the GERD project due the lack of forecasting possibilities for the different
impacts and interaction between the human behaviour and water supply in the Nile Basin.
The impact of the climate change over the Nile Basin has been reviewed by the
intergovernmental panel association for the Nile region. The detailed review showed 30%
rise to 80% decline (Chen 2018).
This impact can be significantly illustrated while investigating the modelling effect of
the climate change along the Nile Basin. Furthermore, due to the lack of predictability
anticipating the future flow of the water on the Nile River was not possible. In addition to
that, the factors depending and affecting the security of the water of the Nile River has not
been identified.
The difference of concepts of nationalism and hydrosolidarity has been evaluated in
the section below based in the three well defined scale. The three elements of the scale
includes the interstate policies, state policies and the daily policies. This helps in
understanding the various element on the Nile Basin as identified with the hydropolitical map
(Wolde-Ghiorgis and Bekele 2015). There includes several drawbacks of the integration of
the conventional water resources includes various complexities related to the management of
water. Various researcher have provided example of the Nile Basin in the scale of
nationalism and hydro solidarity.
During April 2011, the construction of the GERD project was initiated. In order to
manage the water transboundary, various attempts were made on Nile. The entire financial
expense for the construction of the GERD dam was funded instead of foreign finance
dependency. During the initial stage of construction a strong opposition was faced by
Ethiopia for the dam construction from Egypt (Kumar and Gaddada 2015). A genocidal war
was initiated with more that 80 million people for violating the water quota from Nile River

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along Egypt. Nevertheless, the continuous effort of Ethiopia was witnessed by Egypt in order
to create the GERD project over river Nile.
During 2013, the politicians of Egypt have declared military action for preventing the
construction of dam against Ethiopia. The idea of dam construction over the River Nile has
created significant threat for accessing water from the river along Egypt. The instability has
grown among the various stakeholders depending on River Nile for water. In spite of the first
accord being reached to the GERD, the criteria and agreement on the process of sharing the
water from Nile among the riparian states still remained unanswered. Furthermore, it has
been identified that the lack of evaluation of the different affect of the dam on Nile has create
several barriers in concluding an agreement to control its impact over Nile basin.
The GERD proponents showed that the construction project has significant impact
over the water supply throughout Egypt. Further, the dam construction has allowed Sudan to
eradicate more supply of water at downstream Egypt specially during the concentrated rainy
seasons. In addition to that, it has been identified that the current infrastructure of Sudan has
impacted the storage capacity of the irrigation water (Cheru 2016). Analysis of the advantage
have been threatening the water allotment at Egypt. It has been identified that Egypt has been
utilising a certain portion of water that has been allocated for Sudan. The reason for this has
been identified as the lack of water storage capability of Sudan. In addition to that the local
scale impact of the dam at Ethiopia and Sudan has not been compromised. This has created
the GERD ramifications and the current negotiations in order to manage the water allocated
to different nations. The lack of proper proportion of water supply has created complicated
system with respect to differentiations between different inputs and outputs. The nature of the
modifications made regarding the construction of the GERD project has been developed
based on specific context.

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4. Demonstration of the techniques and tools that are used in the project
The identification and evaluation of the underlying complexity is one of the vital
phase of the GERD construction project. It has been identified that the outcome complexity
evaluation has significant impact on the determining the success of the GERD. In case, any
particular risks as missed at one step, the risks are not taken into consideration for the next
upcoming stages. Brainstorming is one of the significant tools that are utilised for identifying
the risks associated with the group members and subject experts (Kahsay et al. 2015). In
order to determine and evaluate the risks associated with the GERD project, an invitation was
made for participating in the project to forty subject expert. Apart from that, ten distinct
experts were associated with various focus groups and sessions for brainstorming the risks.
The group of experts included various engineers with water resource management and
irrigation background. Various experts were associated with the institution of Zagazig
University along with the ministry of water resources and irrigation (Kebede and Mitsufuji
2017). The experts were selected from Egypt. Moreover, the expertise ranged from five to
fifteen years on the corresponding field of study (Wheeler et al. 2016). Furthermore, 10 % of
the entire experts have found their experience that has been over more than 5 years long
while 20 % of the experts have experience more than 10 years in the respective field (Nalepa,
Gianotti, and Bauer 2017). During the brainstorming session following the risks identified:
 Impacting the climate of Egypt;
 An error in designing and construction results in collapsing of GERD;
 Years shortened for filling the reservoir;
 Steady Decline of Nile River fisheries;
 Increased capacity of various reservoir beyond GERD;
 Wide spread of disease and ill effects on human health along Egypt;
 Earthquake and volcanoes lead to the collapse of GERD;

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 Impacting the distribution of population over Egypt;
 Reduction in the annual water supply on Egypt (Legese et al. 2018);
 Impact through the Nile River navigation;
 Shortage of Ground water in Egypt;
 Desertification of land and agricultural regions in Egypt;
 Decreasing quality of the Nile River;
 Decrease in the electricity quantity developed from AHD;
5. Complexity analysis
After the successful identification of the complexities, the next step is to evaluate the
impact of the identified risks based on their impact scale and probability of occurrence. The
complexities associated with the construction of the GERD have been analysed and evaluated
on the basis of the possibility of the occurrence and the level of impact on the riparian states
along the river Nile (Khan and Singh 2017). In the section below the analysis of the
complexity has been done with the help of the several steps as discussed in the section below:
5.1. Qualitative analysis
The evaluation of the risks based on the qualitative assessment helps in identifying the
complexity value of the identified risks associated with the project. The qualitative analysis
of the risks has been done based in the probability of the risks and the effect of the
occurrence. For this particular purpose the Delphi technique has been utilised for evaluating
the probability and the complexity of the identified risks based on the opinion of the different
experts associated with the project (Bernard and Torero 2015). This particular concept of the
risks assessment differentiates with the brainstorming session as the participates are never
associated in a particular place for rating and developing the assessment.

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The rank identified for the different risks are obtained from the basis of a set of
questionnaire that are provided to the experts for evaluation. The experts associated with the
project are asked to rate the risks impact and probability for determining the complexities of
the identified risks associated with Egypt (Bos, Chaplin and Mamun 2018). The following
tables depicts the results obtained from the qualitative analysis of the risks identified as
associated with the GERD project.
Complexi
ty Code
Complexity Average
probability
Average
impact
Complexi
ty score
R1 Impacting the climate of Egypt 5 300.00% 5
R2 An error in designing and construction
results in collapsing of GERD;
3 400.00% 4
R3 Years shortened for filling the reservoir 3 300.00% 3
R4 Steady Decline of Nile River fisheries; 5 500.00% 5
R5 Increased capacity of various reservoir
beyond GERD;
4 400.00% 2
R6 Wide spread of disease and ill effects on
human health along Egypt
3 300.00% 3
R7 Earthquake and volcanoes lead to the
collapse of GERD
4 400.00% 4
R8 Impacting the distribution of population
over Egypt
3 300.00% 2
R9 Reduction in the annual water supply on
Egypt
4 400.00% 3
R10 Impact through the Nile River navigation 5 500.00% 5
R11 Shortage of Ground water in Egypt 4 400.00% 4
R12 Desertification of land and agricultural
regions in Egypt
2 200.00% 4
R13 Decreasing quality of the Nile River 2 200.00% 2
R14 Decrease in the electricity quantity
developed from AHD
4 400.00% 3
The analysis of the qualitative risks are done in two significant steps. During the first
step, the experts associated with the risk analysis are asked to determine the possibility of
occurrence and level of impact of the identified risks (Guta and Börner 2017). The table
developed in the section above is used or determining the average possibility of the risks
occurrence obtained from the results gained from each experts.

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During the second step of the analysis with the Delphi Technique, the results obtained
from the first step of the effect and probability determination and sent to each of the expert
associated with the GERD project. During the second step of the process, the experts helps in
reviewing the possibility and possible impact of the risks as identified for determining the
appropriate complexity of each risks identified in the GERD project.
5.2. Quantitative analysis
After the successful analysis of the qualitative risks as identified from the section
above, the quantitative analysis of the risks are being done. The identified risks are being
ranked after determining the priority depending on the entire impact of the project. For this
entire analysis, the “Expected Value” or EV method are utilised (Woldeab et al. 2018). The
application of the Expected Value analysis helps in determining the decreased in the impact
of the risk along with the increase in the number of years.
In the GERD project, the risks have been identified regarding the filling of the
reservoir beyond the scope of the GERD project. It has been identified because the water
discharge reduction, along with the significant reduction in the water level from 0.40 to 0.75
meter. In addition to that the outflow of the water discharge has been identified to the decline
with the rate of 90% to 80% (Hill et al. 2017). Furthermore, during the discharge of water,
the water level reduces to 0.60 m while the decline discharge results to 66%. With the
decreased velocity of the water flow in the Nile River, it has been identified that the increase
in the process of sedimentation on the Nile basin that significantly impacts the water surface
profile of the river. Furthermore, the increased amount of sedimentation on the river basin.
This is expected to be affecting the pump stations and the quality of the drinking water
obtained from Nile (Tawfik 2016). The worst case scenario has been identified has the lakes
associated and related with the GERD project to be filled within the span of next three years.

12SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
Multiple values of multiplications are obtained with the measured values with the probability
occurrence and the level of impacts of the identified risks.
6. The inclusion of the project cases and different arguments and
complexities
6.1. Understanding complexity level
The complexity of a project can be evaluated based on the identified benchmark for
the position (Park and Kwon 2016). The level of complexities associated with any risks are
used to determine the scope of responsibility, autonomy level and the level of duties
associated to the team members. The complexity level analysis has been developed based on
the incumbent and position. For this project, the risks have been segregated based on the
three major complexity levels namely independent level, entry level, and specialist level for
the leading the team discussed in the section below:
Level 1: Entry and learning level:
The learning and entry level has been defined for evaluating the routine duties
associated with a position. In this case, the incumbent has assumed the liabilities in related to
the class of the job (Ramu et al, 2016). This has been directly related to the work autonomy
and the routine that are restricted by the immediate supervisors of the activities.
Level 2: Independent level:
The independent level are often used for indicating different situations where the
incumbent activities and required independently. The tasks are performed with incumbency
in particular areas including designing, analysis and technical support (Girma 2016). This
helps in identifying the recommendations required for resolving the complications associated
with the project. It has been identified that the people in higher positions have superior

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responsibilities based on the regular tasks. Further, these regular activities are conducted
based on the judgement, review and supervision of the immediate supervisors associated with
the project (Stein, Pahl-Wostl and Barron 2018).
Level 3: Specialist level or team leader level:
This particular level for the team leader is further subdivided into two major parts that
are differentiated by supervision, coordination and planning for the team members associated
with the project. Furthermore, it has been identified that the management of the team were
responsible for more than half of the activities required for completion of the project.
6.2. Type of complexity
The various types of complexities associated with the project are demonstrated in the
section below:
Measurement complexity:
The complexity related to the measurement of the project are associated with the
various attributed including the project schedule, duration, cost and size of the project. In
addition to that, it has been identified that the authorization of the activities, visibility, risks
and technology readiness of the project contributed towards the project complexity (Mishra
and Kahssay 2015). Furthermore, the identification of the complexity is best determined from
the planning phrase and are often revised and reviewed during the next stages of the project.
This helps in determining the baseline of the undertaken project. Furthermore, identification
of the measurement complexity helps in eliminating the unplanned criteria associated with
the initial documentation and planning of the project (Barnes, Golumbeanu and Diaw 2016).
This helps in identifying the level of efficiency during the project closure execution and
planning of the project.

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Technological complexity:
The technical complexity are used for identifying the interrelationship and elements
associated with any system in the project. In a technological system there are two systems
interacts with each other including patents and institutional system like organisations,
industries and economies (Alemayehu 2015). In case of an innovative project, the significant
concern related to the knowledge system. It has been identified that patent structures consists
of various codified knowledge helps in identifying and representing the different industrial
products associated with a project. The varying level of complexity in the codified
knowledge after and before the knowledge transformation.
In the case of transformation after, the tactic knowledge transforms the explicit
knowledge and transformation codified for patents. In addition to that it has been identified
that the transformation to the codified knowledge from the tactic knowledge with the help of
previous knowledge and loner processes used within the industry (Degefu, He and Zhao
2015). The complete tactics of the knowledge reflects the overall quantity of the undertaken
project.
Organizational complexity:
The organisational complexity is used for determining the entities that helps in
differentiate themselves within the project. The organisational complexity helps in
identifying the various resources associated with the project including project divisions and
teams (Banerjee et al. 2017). The increased size in the organisations significantly increases
the complexity of the project. This occurs when the different stakeholders including
customers, suppliers, regulators, investors, media and competitors are present. The increased
complexity in the projects are often found in division, subsidiaries and joint ventures. The

15SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
organisational complexity arises when different team members are associated to complete the
entire tasks with multiple stages.
6.3. 5 factors of complexity
Time The time associated with the project increases with the increased
duration required for the completion of the project. The increased
timeframe for the project could result in the increased resources,
management and likelihood of complexities (Dawar and Ndlovu
2017). This impact the baseline and the requirement of the project
for achieving the project objective.
Human resources The human resources associated with the project increases
with the increase in the project complexity and the inherit risks. The
project planning needs to be done considering the required personnel
is available for the completion of the project (Nair 2016).
Investment
portfolio
management
The estimated amount of cost required for the project is proportional
to the average organizational cost.
Scope Scope is considered as one of the inherent complexity. The scope of
the project increases due to the increment of the funding agencies or
increased sponsoring.
Cost Cost is considered as one of the inherent complexity. The cost risks
associated often increase with the increased size of the undertaken
project.

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Figure 1: “Complexity radar for The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam”
(Source: Kwakwa and Alhassan 2017, pp.477-491)
7. The review and incoporation of professional and different academic
literature and its application to “Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam”
As identified in the journal article “Managing Project Complexity Part 1” by Kitty B,
Stein, Pahl-Wostl and Barron (2018) showed that the leaders associated with the management
of the complex projects is done according to the standards of CPM (complex project
management standards) in Australia. According to the “Queensland University of
Technology” (QUT) the CMP of “Defense Materiel Organization of Australian Government”
Cost
Investment
portfolio
managemen
t
Human
resources
Time
Scope

17SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
DMO the complex projects are identified with different elements. Furthermore, it has been
identified that the complex projects are identified with various characteristics including
uncertainty, ambiguity, dynamic interfaces, external impacts and political impacts. The
complex projects are identified with the time utilised for the technology cycle used within the
project. As per Degefu, He and Zhao (2015), the complex projects are identified not by the
solutions but y their impact.
The details in the number of variable and the interfaces are used for determining the
complexity of the project. Furthermore, the lack of awareness about the specific events,
casualties cases significant ambiguity and uncertainties towards the unpredictable nature of
the dynamic rate of change among the existing interconnections, various interdependencies
and interrelationships between the change and the social structure as identified by Petersen-
Perlman, Dawar and Ndlovu (2017)
The same concept is applicable for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam for
developing the proposal and business case of the am during the development of the project.
According to Fantini and Puddu 2016) the study includes the conceptualizing and architecting
of the initiating, solution and planning of the major phases identified and developed for the
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. In addition to that, this particular framework has been
utilised for analysing the level of complexity thinking as required for the GERD project.
Kelebe and Olorunnisola (2016) claimed that this helps in determining the complexity model
of GERD project. Allocating an appropriate leader to the project is essential for
commensurate the level of complexity in the GERD project. In addition to that, the
identification of the appropriate approach helps in managing dimensions and complexity of
the project.

18SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
The ways through the help of which the project managers can prepare to manage the
complex project:
It is essential for the project managers to concentrate on the daily development
activities. Bernard and Torero (2015) identified that the personal growth and development of
the project manager are essential for the project as well as the future of any organization. In
order to prepare for the complicated project, the project managers need to follow several
steps and procedure. The steps often includes the detailed mentoring, processing and
advanced training required for a particular project. PMI's Talent Triangle can be utilised for
the GERD project that helps the managers for attaining different competencies on various
levels.
Furthermore, there remains various successful project irrespective of the different
complexities in the current world. The complexities of the project impacts the business while
altering the culture, communication methods, business processes, project methodologies,
business strategies, organization structure and governance. In addition to that Tawfik (2016)
argued that it is essential for every organisation to adapt to change from the conventional
process towards various new and advanced leadership model. Collaborations are essential for
the team members for assisting the mangers to includes values within the complex projects.
The following mode is considered for the development and the construction of the GERD
project. The initial team associated with the project consisted of four to six members who are
highly experienced, skilled and multi-disciplined. The central leadership team associate for
the project have shared the liabilities and the expertise required for the construction of the
GERD project. Therefore, it has been identified that the complexity of the project are mostly
determined based on the conventional processes and leadership followed for the
development. The application of the appropriate tools and leadership quality has the ability to
ease up any complexity of the project.

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Acceding to Kebede (2015), the most vital skills that were essential for the GERD
project includes the managerial skills required project completion including collaboration,
adaptability, adaptability, communication, expertise and leadership. In order to successfully
complete the GERD project the project manager needs to adapt and evolve according to the
needs and requirement of the situation as well as the project. Bos, Chaplin and Mamun
(2018) showed that is essential for the project team for adjust with the management skills and
situation for completing the project. Fantini and Puddu (2016) have identified communication
as the most vital skill of the project manager required for effectively convincing the ideas,
issues, vision and goals of the project while presenting and developing the necessary
documents (Fantini and Puddu 2016). This enables in creating a significant elation between
the client and team. The lack of trust between the team members associated with the GERD
project would result in the failure of the project. Therefore, it is essential for the team to
collaborate with each others and overcome the complexities associated with the project.
8. Conclusion:
The detailed analysis developed in this paper helps in developing a strong argument
that determines the intellectual performance of the complexities associated with the GERD
project. Initially the paper helps in identified the risks associated with the modular level of
the GERD construction project. Secondly, it has been identified that the meta-cognitive skills
and the cognitive flexibility are the major requirement for controlling the dynamic and
complex design of the GERD project. Thirdly it has been identified that the instructional
design along with the theories needs to be created in order to match the various cognitive
attribute that are essential for the successful development and completion of the activities for
the GERD project. In addition to that, the theoretical foundation required for the GERD
construction have been developed under the human cognition model and empiricism for
identifying and analysing the implausibility risk associated with the project. Apart from that,

20SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
the human cognition model has been able to ignore the irrelevance complexities and ill
structured environment from impacting the project. Lastly, it must be remembered that the
significant balance of smart leadership and the overall expertise and enabled the development
of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project. The leadership process that has been
adapted for this project has been able to motivate, guide and direct the team in order to
deliver the best performance while enabling the team to contribute towards achieving the
vision of the project. The development of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam showed that
the skills, expertise and the leadership qualities required for successful completion of a
project are obtained with the experience and never be taught. The Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance Dam project have provided real life experiences and practices for developing
overtime projects. Acquiring the essential skills and experience has allowed the team
associated with the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam to successfully identify and evaluate
the impact of the risks associated with the project and successfully navigate the water
throughout the riverine nation.

21SOCIAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
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Utility Enterprise: the case of construction projects in Universal Electric Access
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Anwar, D., 2017. Role of International Management Contract in Corporate Strategic Goal
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Banerjee, S.G., Malik, K., Tipping, A., Besnard, J. and Nash, J., 2017. Double Dividend:
Power and Agriculture Nexus in sub-Saharan Africa.
Barnes, D.F., Golumbeanu, R. and Diaw, I., 2016. Beyond electricity access: output-based
aid and rural electrification in Ethiopia.
Bernard, T. and Torero, M., 2015. Social interaction effects and connection to electricity:
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