Project Management: Challenges and Trends

This assignment delves into the multifaceted field of project management. It requires a comprehensive review of academic literature focusing on major challenges and emerging trends in this domain. Students are expected to analyze various aspects of project management, including complex projects, emotional intelligence, innovation, and the impact of technological advancements. The analysis should draw upon scholarly articles and provide critical insights into the evolution and future directions of project management.

Running head: COMPLEXITIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Complexities in Project Management
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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COMPLEXITIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction
The paper mainly focuses on the concepts of complex project management. It is
identified that in this paper, proper explanation on the causes, environments as well as properties
of project management are elaborated. The paper reflects on the utilization of project
management tools and techniques for managing various types of complex projects. Proper
reviews on different project cases are critically analyzed. According to Ahern, Leavy and Byrne
(2014), complexity is generally utilized in order to illustrate projects that are quite difficult to
execute as per the understanding of the project team members. The complexity of the projects
creates negative impact on the progress of the project and it enhances time as well as budget of
the project. There are number of causes of complexities within the project and the causes of the
complexities mainly include unhelpful behavior, failure to appreciate systemicity, simplistic
project management as well as over-ambitious strategic management (Schwalbe 2015).The paper
focuses on the design as well as construction of T-REX project that faces complexities in
managing the project. The paper elaborates the causes, environment as well as properties of
complexities that are mainly associated with the T-REX project (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg
2013). The T-REX case study suggests that proper environment awareness program is needed in
complex project so that the project environment will properly execute the project. The properties
of project states that if a project manager faces difficulty in executing the project due to any of
the technical or management related issues then the project is considered to be complex.
On the other hand, the paper reflects on the Arrow construction company that manages
project complexities by using appropriate project management tools and techniques. The use of
proper tools and techniques are quite important for resolving the complexities that the
construction company faces. The tools of the project are generally identified as per the nature of

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COMPLEXITIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
the project so that they must suit with the project complexity (Bing.com 2018). The perception of
project complexity is greatly influenced due to the experience as well as personal capabilities of
the key stakeholders who are mainly involved in the project for making proper judgment in
context to the project (Kerzner 2017). The project also highlights on the nature as well as degree
of the projects in order to analyze the importance of appropriate project nature. The paper
discusses that proper analysis on project nature is generally necessary in order to identify the
expected level of complication at the starting of the project so that the project stakeholders can
be able to control as well as monitor the project effectively.
2. Discussion
2a) Causes, environments and properties of complex projects
i) Introduction and Summary
According to Fleming and Koppelman (2016), understanding complexity in project
management is considered significant for the project managers due to the differences that is
mainly associated with the goal attainment as well as decision making processes. It is identified
that projects have become much more complex due to number of increasing factors like turbulent
environment, large amount of required resources, as well as due to large number of diversity in
the actors of the project. The significance of project complexity in the process of project
management can be properly acknowledged with the help of factors that includes planning,
coordination as well as control. In addition to this, it is stated by Svejvig and Andersen (2015)
that every project has its unique problems however, the challenge of the project is amplified in
context to complex environment and thus proper environmental awareness by project managers
is needed during complex situations. Furthermore, it is opined by Verzuh (2015) that complexity

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is generally relative to the understanding of an individual. It is suggested that complexity is one
of the property that is always encountered in activities at the frontiers of knowledge and
technology of the individual who are generally involved with the project.
ii) Evidence and examples
Causes, environments and properties of complex projects with proper evidence and
examples
The design build of T-REX project is considered complex. It is identified that the project
manager needs to integrate the construction as well as design of multi modal project that is very
much complex. With the selection of design, build method the project was completed by the
contractors two years ahead of the schedule (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). However, it is
analyzed that the project has lots of parts as well as interconnections. The contractor faces lot of
difficulties in executing all the parts of the projects and their interconnections in a very much less
time in comparison to the estimated time.
The causes of complexity within the project of T-REX are elaborated below:
Unhelpful behavior: According to Svejvig and Andersen (2015), complexity in the T-
REX projects mainly occurs as people with different interest, cultures, loyalties as well as
interactions are put together in order to deliver a specific project or program. It is identified that
people are not always rational in context to a specific decision, which helps in making their
behavior liable to get involved and difficult to predict. For example, the unhelpful behaviors of
the team member’s delays decisions making process and interfere with the design and
construction of T-REX project.

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Failure to appreciate systemicity: As the project manager of T-REX project faces
difficulty in breaking the project successfully into number of constituents then the entire project
as a whole will become complex for the team members.
Simplistic Project management: In T-REX project, one of the mental models that is
bought by the project managers is that they faces difficulty in understanding the appropriate tools
and techniques that are helpful for the management of the project and as result number of
complexities occur within the project (Verzuh 2015). For example, a simplistic model of risk
management is not used then it is quite difficult to manage the risks that are mainly associated
with the project
The challenges that the contractor of T-REX project faces in completing the numerous
parts as well as interconnections two years before the estimated deadline by utilizing design
build method can be amplified in context to complex environments. In order to work effectively
for making the project successful, the project managers needs to start environmental awareness
program so that they can manage the project challenges within the complex environment
effectively (Browning 2014). The PMI mainly identifies six main conditions that help in
enhancing the chances of project successes within a complex environment. The conditions
mainly include leadership, portfolio management, proper collaboration, performance
measurements as well as aligning various structures of the organization (Locatelli, Mancini and
Romano 2014). In addition to this, it is also very much necessary to understand the complex
environment of the project by scanning it appropriately with the help of SWOT analysis.
It is stated by Klein, Biesenthal and Dehlin (2015), that nearly all large as well as small
projects help in exhibiting characteristics of complexity. It is identified that in T-REX projects,

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the challenges for management stem from various assumptions must be made before the
planning of the project. The main properties of complex project are that it is mainly relative to
the understanding of the individuals (Heagney 2016). It is analyzed that the project which are
complex, creates problems for the team members in understanding however there is limits to the
understanding of the people who are involved with the project and as a result complexity is
considered as a characteristics of project. The tools and techniques of project management are
utilized for reducing the complexities of the project.
iii) Conclusion
It is can be concluded that the design and construction project of T-REX faces lot of
complexities in completing the project before the estimated time by utilizing design build
method. The steps or reasons of complexities in the projects are properly illustrated. It is
analyzed that in order to resolve the project related challenges, the organizations need to utilize
environment awareness program so that the challenges of the project can be easily resolved in
spite of the complex environment of the organization. In addition to this, it is very much
necessary to analyze the properties of complexities quite effectively so that the level of
complexity can be identified easily.
2b) Tools and techniques for managing complex projects
i) Introduction and Summary
It is stated by Conforto et al. (2014) that traditional project management approaches
mainly assumes that the context of the project are unchanging and thus the key factors that are in
spite of their complexities are reducible to various unambiguous elements for control and
management. While the assumptions have simplified the entire task, it is identified that that the

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COMPLEXITIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
tools and techniques does not work within the project then the project is considered complex
(Hornstein 2015). The various tools for complex projects helps in drawing the latest research in
different areas of project management, system thinking as well as complexity theory for
providing a proper reference to understand as well as manage the complexities of programmes as
well as projects. The tools as well as techniques that are utilized in the project are helpful for the
project manager so that they can easily manage complex projects.
ii) Evidence
The Arrow Construction Australia is one of the construction companies that engage in
ground rebuilding when earthquakes devastated Christchurch (Bing.com 2018). It is identified
that by braving harsh conditions as well as limited months of daylight, the company properly
refurbished Scott base in Antarctica. It is analyzed that management of complex projects takes
much more than coordination of steel as well as concrete (McKenna and Baume 2015). The gap
that exists between the boardroom as well as construction site can be resolved by managing
proper tools as well as techniques of project management. The project is heavily time
constrained that in order to complete the project within time in spite of the complexities, the
project manager utilizes the tools and techniques that are helpful in resolving the project
complexities quite effectively. The tools and techniques that are utilized are as follows:
Risk management: It is stated by Mir and Pinnington (2014) that within the
environment of project there is always a chance of occurring adverse conditions, which mainly
causes the project to fail or fail to meet various objectives of the project. However, having proper
risk management tool helps in determining the project risk with their level of impact so that the
risks as well as challenges associated with the project can be resolved quite effectively. In

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addition to this, the project managers must involve in scenario planning in order to identify the
uncertainties as well as risks that are associated with the project. It is analyzed that scenario
planning is not about determining the future but it is about exploring the future of the project.
Budgeting process: According to Sudlow et al. (2015), budget is considered as a
forecast or a quantified plan of action. It is identified that proper quantified plan of action assists
in itemizing income as well as expenditure of the project. Budgetary planning is considered as a
tool that assists in creating project budget as one of the part of project planning process. In order
to produce the project budget, it is necessary to prepare a budget manual as well as budget
committee so that proper planning; resource utilization, motivation as well as integration within
the project can be performed properly.
Critical path analysis: It is identified that critical path is utilized as a technique for good
visual communication as well as planning for effective management of time. It is identified that
critical path analysis helps in clearly displaying the interdependent relationships that generally
existed between various activities as well as tasks that generally needs to be completed (Riol and
Thuillier 2015). The critical path analysis helps in enabling proper effective resource planning
which does not allow resources to move directly substitutable between various tasks.
Gantt charts: It is stated by Fisher, Pillemer and Amabile (2017) that Gantt chart is
considered as a project management tool, which is considered as a horizontal bar that is utilized
for scheduling the entire project effectively. The Gantt chart can be utilized for planning the
timescale of the entire project, which generally can be used for estimating various resources
effectively. The Gantt charts are generally used for planning, coordinating as well as tracking
various tasks that are mainly associated with the project. The Gantt charts are found to be very

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much effective for small projects and it is helpful for resolving issues as well as challenges
related with the project.
Work breakdown structure: The work breakdown structure is considered as an
important tool that helps in planning effectively for breaking the key tasks of the projects into
number of small units that are manageable. It generally assists in producing detailed list of tasks
that helps in reducing project complexity and further assists in providing proper method of
costing, scheduling as well as resource planning for a project (Mok, Shen and Yang 2015). It is
analyzed that during a project, proper financial control can be properly achieved by actual
expenditure. The WBS helps improving the resource planning as well as efficiency of the
resources so that the project related issues can be managed effectively.
iii) Conclusion
It can be concluded that Arrow Construction Australia helps in resolving the
complexities of the project by utilizing proper tools and techniques by the project managers. It is
identified that proper tools and techniques like risk management, budgeting process, critical path
analysis, and Gantt chart as well as work breakdown structure. The paper elaborates the
significance of the project management tools that are used by the project managers in order to
resolve the complexities that are mainly related with the project.
2c) Degree and nature of project cases discussed
i) Introduction and Summary
According to Heldman (2015), analysis of project, complexities are very much helpful in
evaluating risks in real projects. The nature of project complexities can be determined in terms of

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time, cost, team composition, flexibility, violation of requirement, strategic importance, level of
organizational change as well as level of proper IT complexities. On the other hand, degree of
project complexity can be determined by analyzing the complexities of the project and the
related factors that causes complexities within the project. The degree of project complexity
assists in measuring the difficulty of executing a complex production process appropriately. It is
stated by Klakegg (2016) that project complexity helps in measuring the difficulty of executing a
complex process, which is considered complicated in an intricate operational network for
forming proper workflow. It is identified that it is completed within proper stipulated cost, time
as well as quality for achieving required function without creating conflict number of parties who
are generally involved within the entire process.
ii) Evidence
According to Baptista et al. (2016), the nature of construction as well as design of the
project T-REX is found to be complex. It is identified that project that is selected is one of the
transportation expansion project that is generally known as T-REX project that is mainly
constructed through Colorado area. It mainly consists of 17 miles of highway expansion. It is
analyzed that by utilizing design build traditional design bid method, the project would require
around 7 years to complete the project however in order to minimize the time the contractors
utilizes design build method (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). It is analyzed that the
required time for the project reduces but the entire team with the project manager’s faces number
of complexities due to number of interconnections as well as parts within the project. The main
complexity is to complete the entire project successfully before the estimated time. It is
identified by Rezvani et al. (2016) that in order to reduce project related complexities the project
managers needs to analyze the organizational environment and the causes of the complexities.

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The steps that are before the project manager for reducing project complexity is resolve
it, reduce it or live with it. In addition to this, one of the significant steps for minimizing the
complexities of the project is by making the project complexities less severe so that they will
create less impact on the project (Lu et al. 2015). It is analyzed that the nature as well as degree
of project complexities can be identified with the help of proper tools. The tools that helps in
addressing the degree of complexity includes earned vale, soft thinking tools as well as problem
structuring tools. The tools are quite helpful in exhibiting proper structural complexity, which is
generally applied in large number of project (Martens and Carvalho 2017). Furthermore the
nature of the projects can be reviewed by utilizing tools that generally includes tools for mapping
complexities, system anatomy tools as well as time linked semi structures.
On the other hand, it is opined by Bing.com (2018) that the Arrow Construction
Australia faces lot of complexities in moving with ground rebuilding when earthquakes
devastated Christchurch. It is identified that by braving harsh conditions as well as limited
months of daylight, the company properly refurbished Scott base in Antarctica. In order to
complete the project successfully, the project managers of the company utilizes proper tools as
well as techniques that are quite helpful in managing the complexities of the project (Kassem et
al. 2015). It is analyzed that the degree of complexity within the project is analyzed properly by
reviewing its nature successfully. The utilization of proper project management tools and
techniques are helpful in resolving the complexities of the project effectively as per the degree of
complexity within the project.
The degree of complexity within the project is considered significant as it helps in
providing proper information about project recognition, internalization as well as future changes.
The project uses number of tools that suits the nature of project complexities in order to resolve

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it. It is opined by Lientz and Rea (2016) that one of the emerging tool that helps in classifying
projects have generally proved to be very much useful in helping number of key stakeholders for
recognizing the complications within the project. Being properly identifying the nature of
complexity, the expected level of complication at the starting of each phase of the project
generally assists the project stakeholders to control as well as monitor the project depending on
the nature of the project complexity (Rezvani et al. 2016). Furthermore, another tool, which is
named as time, linked semi structures are generally collected from the project observation. As
per the observation, performance is considered as one of the critical driver in the environment of
project, which is generally interlinked with various creative team activities.
iii) Conclusion
It can be concluded that both the degree as well as nature of projects are analyzed in
order to identify appropriate tools that are helpful in resolving the project complications as per
their nature as well as complexities. It is analyzed that the project uses different tools as per their
nature and complexities. The project nature and degree can be reviewed by analyzing the project
successfully. It is analyzed proper analysis is required in order to adopt steps or tools that are
helpful in resolving project conflict that are mainly associated with the project. Both the case
studies are analyzed appropriately and as a result proper steps for resolving their complications
are provided successfully.
3. Overall Discussion
The entire paper discusses about the project complexities that are mainly faces while
involving within the project. The complexity theory of the project mainly helps in understanding
the social behaviors of both the network of people as well as team who are generally involved

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within the project. It is stated by Martens and Carvalho (2017) that complexity within the
project is generally considered relative to the understanding of an individual and as there are
certain limits of understanding thus complexity within the project is considered as one of the
characteristic. It is analyzed that many of the organization generally develop proper means for
assessing the complexity of the project. It is opined by Floricel et al. (2014) that a project
manager also faces number of behavioral complexity however their own response can create
number of additional complexity within the projects. It is analyzed by the management as well
as senior practitioners of the project that complexity of the project mainly helps in influencing
both schedule as well as cost estimates of the project.
In this paper causes, environments as well as properties of complex projects are
elaborated. It is analyzed that for designing as well as constructing T-REX project, the project
managers as well as contractors faces number of challenges as issues. The paper analyzes the
causes of project complexities and the reasons include unhelpful behavior, failure to appreciate
systemicity, simplistic project management as well as over-ambitious strategic management (San
Cristobal 2017). It is analyzed that complexity within the T-REX project occurs as the team
members of the project are from different cultures as well as interests and as a result they faces
difficulty in providing proper rational decision on the project. The project manager of the T-REX
project faces number of behavioral complexity however their response on that behavior creates
additional complexity. It is identified that responding to number of disruption by taking number
of decisions generally seek for recovering the original planned schedule which generally can
create feedback loop with numerous unintended consequences (Braglia and Frosolini 2014). The
over ambitious strategic management also helps in enhancing complexity in business as well as
projects. In addition to this, it is found that the properties as well as environment of the project

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must be properly analyzed in order to implement proper environmental awareness program for
the project managers as well as team members of the project so that they can be able to resolve
the project complexities quite effectively (Eskerod, Huemann and Savage 2015).
On the other hand, it is identified that the use of proper project management tools and
techniques within the project by the project managers helps in playing an important role in
project management. It is identified that Arrow Construction Australia, which is one of the
construction company, refurbished Scott base in Antarctica by braving different harsh conditions
as well as limited months of daylight. This is only possible due to proper management by the
project managers as well as contractors of the project (Shenhar et al. 2016).The tools and
techniques that are utilized by the management of the company include risk management, Gantt
chart, work breakdown structure, budgeting process as well as critical path analysis. The
utilization of proper tools and techniques is done by recognizing the type of project complexity.
It is stated by Martinsuo and Hoverfalt (2018) that different kinds of complexity generally
requires different approaches of project management and thus it is very much useful to recognize
various types of project complexities for selecting the appropriate approaches as well as tools
and techniques in order to manage the project effectively. It is identified that strategies for
managing various kinds of complexity is generally exhibited by various projects as various parts
of the project generally vary enormously.
In addition to this, it is analyzed that determination of proper nature as well as degree is
very much necessary to determine the level of complexity that is affecting the progress of the
project. The nature as well as degree of complexity is generally identified by reviewing the
projects effectively. It is opined by Bentahar and Cameron (2015) that the degree of project
complexity is found to be important as it generally affects project internalization, future changes

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COMPLEXITIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
as well as project recognition (Tzortzopoulos, Zhang and Formoso 2016). One of the significant
tools that are mainly used within the project in order to classify them for recognizing the
complications those are mainly associated with the project. After proper identification, nature as
well as expected level of complications within the project can be improved at the project
initiation phase in order to monitor as well as control the complexities that are mainly associated
with the project (Eskerod, Huemann and Savage 2015). The paper also focuses on the ways in
which the practitioners as well as organizations respond towards project complexities. In order to
manage complex projects it is very much necessary to resolve the problems like integration
challenges, interactional uncertainty as well as improper project team.
4. Conclusion
It can be concluded from the entire assignment that the complexities that occur within
the project must be resolved appropriately by using appropriate approaches as well as tools so
that the project managers can be able to complete the project effectively. In this paper, causes,
environments as well as properties of project complexities are generally illustrated in order to
analyze the reasons of complexities within the project. It is analyzed that proper analysis is done
on the design as well as construction of T-REX project in order to know the reasons behind the
complexities of the project. The project manager founds that proper environmental awareness
program is very much required in order to execute the complex project effectively. In addition to
this the paper also focuses on the Arrow construction company that resolves its complexities by
utilizing proper project management tools and techniques. The selection of project management
tools as well as approaches is done by the project manager as per the level of project complexity.
It is analyzed that the tools and techniques that are used includes risk management, Gantt chart,

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COMPLEXITIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
work breakdown structure, budgeting process as well as critical path analysis. All this tools and
approaches are helpful in mitigating the complexities that the Arrow construction company
faces. In addition to this, the paper also focuses on the nature as well as on the degree of project
management. It is analyzed that proper analysis of project nature as well as degree is necessary
in order to make sure the levels of complexities that going is to affect the project. Furthermore,
the paper discusses proper method of identifying nature as well as degree of project for
determining the complications so that they can be monitored as well as controlled before the
initiation phase of the project. The entire paper also reflects on the ways that is mainly used by
the stakeholders as well as practitioners of the project in order to respond successfully to
different project related complexities. Additionally, it is identified that for managing complex
projects it is very much important to resolve the problems like integration challenges,
interactional uncertainty as well as issues related with the project team.

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