Tourism and Travel: A Research Review

This assignment requires a comprehensive literature review on various aspects of tourism and travel. Students are expected to analyze the influence of space travel and culture, climate change policies on air travel, the relationship between travel and learning, internet usage in tourism, and the overall impact of tourism on economies and environments. They must also consider tourism planning, management, and the complex network it creates.

Travel and tourism sector

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Historical development of travel and tourism sector............................................................1
1.2 Structure of travel and tourism sector...................................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Function of government and international agencies in Travel and tourism sector...............3
2.2 Influences of national and local economic policies..............................................................4
2.3 Implications of political change in different countries.........................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Factors affecting demand of tourism in London...................................................................5
3.2 changes in the supply of products and services....................................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
4.1 Positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts of tourism...................7
4.2 Ways to minimize negative impacts and maximise positive impacts...................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Countries around the world are deriving the different sources of Income. One of the
fastest growing industry in the world is Travel and tourism. It has been widened to the significant
extent due to the movement of people at different places for many purposes such as for
recreational activities, business purpose, education, medical and many others. Countries are
continuously developing their places to attract visitors from around the globe. UK has been the
recognized as the prominent destination due to the plethora of spectacular places, range of
activities to offer, blending festivals, culture, majestic history and scenic beauty of coastal
regions (Abu and et.al, 2012). Present report is prepared to elucidate the travel and tourism in
United Kingdom and South England. Report throws light on different components of UK travel
and tourism sector such as historical developments, structure and impact of government and
internal organisations. Further, it discusses factors affecting demand and supply of tourism in
London and the environmental, social and economic impact of tourism.
TASK 1
1.1 Historical development of travel and tourism sector
Travel and tourism sector first got flourished in European region with the beginning of
informal tours and trips. The major transition came in the travel and tourism sector due to the
starting of Grand Tour. It was the first formal tour which has facilitated the elite people of United
Kingdom to provide holiday tours. Industrial revolution took place in 19th centuary has made the
movement of people easier and faster (Bălan, Balaure and Vegheş, 2009). Gradual development
has made the recognition of the industry as the prominent one by the time of 20th century with the
advancement of many components such as travel agencies and tour operators such as cox and
kings, TUI, Thomas cook and many others. Significant changes have been seen in different
components of travel and tourism sector such as in technology, social conditions, infrastructure,
future possibilities, freedom of movement and many others.
Freedom of movement: Earlier confined to the movement for the purpose of holy visits, the
movement was occurred on foot to the places (Barrett, 2012). Hence, the tour were about 2-3
months long and time consuming. But at present the movement has become easy with the
development of transport system and trips became more frequent and faster.

Technology: Technological advancement has made dwindled the boundaries between places and
has made the people closer and connected (Beggs, Ross and Goodwin, 2008). Development in
communication has been the reason of increased networking. Availability of facilities under one
roof and on internet has changed the scenario and working style. Such as customers and visitors
are facilitated to perform all the required functions within the fraction of time like ticket booking,
surveying about the places and the related information, seeking financial services, interacting
with service providers and many others.
Social conditions: There has been changed seen in the perception of people about travel and
tourism. Earlier people's visits were confined to the sacred places which was for religious
reasons but at present purposes of visits increased such as for medical, business, education and
recreation.
Infrastructure: Infrastructural development has made the places more attractive and safe. Such
as in UK people from around the world come to see the master piece of infrastructure built in the
form of majestic buildings and monuments (Bell and Parker, 2009).
Future possibilities: In UK, there are some future growth possibilities which can foster the
development of industry such as better promotion, greater involvement of government and
legislation, imbibing sustainability in the process adopted and making it more environment
friendly.
1.2 Structure of travel and tourism sector
UK being the recognised destination for travellers, travel and tourism sector work in the
comprehensive manner with the inculcation of several components and groups. The major
division is done as the government, tour operators and travel agencies; transportation and
attractions.
Government: With the share of significant amount in the GDP(Gross Domestic Product) of the
country, Government is involved in this sector in the prominent manner. There is the department
for culture, media and sports (DCMS) and Ministry of tourism which is responsible to enhance
the productivity and profitability of the sector (Dwyer and Forsyth, 2008). On the basis of
customer's demand and present market scenario they frame strategies and policies to attract
leisure and business visitors at the place and also secure the hosting of major events.
Tour operators and travel agents: the private organisations such as tour operators play vital role
in promoting the place to the people living in different corners of the world. They provide

services to the visitors to facilitate them with entertainment activities, financial services,
accommodation, food and many others. They make the availability in the wide range of choices
to satiate the needs of customers (Falk and et.al, 2012). Travel agents are individuals or group of
people who provide the advises and suggestions to the customers on the basis of their
requirements. These suggestions are based on the choices, budgets, suitability and availability.
Transport: Transport in the country connects different parts in one thread. The technological
advancements took place in the region has made the movement of people from one place to the
other in the very easier manner. For the purpose there are wide range of options available for the
visitors. Air travel has been the prominent option used by the travellers. Suitable for both the
international and domestic visits it has the major share. Further, road transport is highly
developed that facilitates people for domestic travelling. Lastly, cruise travel is the lucrative
option for the visitors as many cities are available on coastal regions such as Bournemouth and
others that attracts visitors at the place.
Attractions: The central part of the travel and tourism sector in United Kingdom is the attractions
which captures the attention of steam of people from different countries. United kingdom is the
treasure trove of spectacular places. Country is rich in both types of attraction that are man made
and natural attractions. There are many places to visit in UK such as intriguing museums,
impressive forts and monuments, historic houses, churches and cathedrals, fascinating beaches,
adventurous wildlife, coastal beauty many others (Garín-Muñoz and Pérez-Amaral, 2011).
TASK 2
2.1 Function of government and international agencies in Travel and tourism sector
In order to uplift the condition of travel and tourism sector of the country, government,
government and government sponsored bodies has the major role to play.
Government: Department for culture, media and sports (DCMS) is following the structured and
systematic approach to boost the growth of the sector and earn profitability. In that regard,
committee on tourism that is “Culture, media and sports committee” is prepared for the purpose.
It lays different program such as for attracting funds, promotion of the place, increasing sector's
efficiency and minimizing the errors.
Government sponsored body: Consortium of independent tours is an organisation that works
under the control of government is focussed on raising the standards of services provided to the

patrons. It focusses on setting the benchmark for the quality of wide range of services provided
to travellers and on keeping a check on it. There are many organisations working that monitors
the different components associated with the working of travel and tourism sector in London
such as for bringing connectivity among all.
International organisation: There are many international organisations which are working in
this industry (Miguéns and Mendes, 2008). The industry has been grown to the significant level
affecting many other areas hence, organisation has laid some norms to reduce the negative
impact and enhance the positive impacts. For instance, World tourism organisation encourages
the sustainability of the operations conducted in the sector. Such as decreasing the poverty in the
countries, encouraging the employment of the people and increasing the sustainability.
2.2 Influences of national and local economic policies
National and local policies framed by the government and legislative bodies enhances the
condition and productivity of the sectors in different ways.
Budget allotment: The amount of finances made available to the industry has the vital role to
play in the development of sector. Such as larger share enables the country to promote the place
in different ways adopting wide range of techniques and methodology. Further, the efficiency
level in other ways is also increased. It makes the marketing more influential and impact-ful.
Tariffs: Tariffs has the major role to place in travel and tourism sector in different ways. Such as
if rebates and relaxations are provided in the funding, it encourages investments on both the
domestic and international level (Pezzullo, 2009). It is the major source of earning for the
companies and groups to expand their venture. On the other hand, for the producers if taxes and
tariffs are more for the services provided by them such as occupancy tax, luxury tax and other
related.
Laws and regulations: The formalities that are supposed to be fulfilled at the entry level is the
major factor affecting demand of tourist in the nation. If there are less restrictions at the entry
level the visitor's count will be more. Further, laws and regulations framed determine the ease of
business in the region. In that regard different agreements and treaties are signed to enhance the
productivity and efficiency of the services provided to them.
Monetary policies: The bank rates and changes in other economic determinants are responsible
for the determination of investment levels in the country. Availability of money or its circulation

affects the spending level of consumers. Such as when interest rates are low, people's spending is
more which increases the demand in tourism.
2.3 Implications of political change in different countries
Political conditions prevailing in the country has the significant influence in attracting the
number of visitors at the place. In the recent past it is seen that in order to capture the attention of
people from around the world different steps have been taken by the government of all the
nations (Serenko and Stach, 2009). On the other hand, apart from voluntary changes there are
some situations that occur in different countries which hinders the growth. In this way it can be
said that there are both positive and negative impacts of such political changes. In countries such
as India, and United Kingdom, Government has the high degree of intervening in showcasing the
country's offerings to the world. Regions such as Dubai, Morocco and Egypt have liberalised the
laws and regulations for the easy entry of visitors. In contrast, with it, countries like Jordan,
Syria, Iraq and Iran are facing problems in the process of attracting people at their places due to
the occurring of so much of political disturbances and instability. It threatens the safety and
security of travellers (Thrane and Farstad, 2011). While there are countries which play as an
active player in the market that is promoting the place through different ways such as
advertisements, publications in internals and national magazines, issuing the government releases
and other related that enables the people to know about place.
TASK 3
3.1 Factors affecting demand of tourism in London
London, the most populous city of London and is the most visited city in the world with
over 65 million visits. There are many reasons that has attracted the people to the place for
different purposes that is recreation and leisure, education, infrastructure, political factors,
technological advancements, legal reasons and others. London is rich in every field such as art,
research and development, professional services and commerce, entertainment, health care,
education and transport (Uzama, 2009). Satiating the demand of customers, it has become the
global city and is the financial centres. There are many factors that affects the tourists demand at
the place.
Political factors: Political factors refers to the intervention and control of the government power
in the operations conducted at the place. The government of the city frames policies and

programmes with respect to the attraction of visitors. In that regard different efforts have been
taken such as that of liberalising the laws and regulations for tourists entry, visas, airport
formalities. Wide range of regional destination management authorities are directly linked with
the up gradation of the quality of services provided at the region.
Economic Factors: London is the most important location for finance and is recognised as the
financial centre. London having the significant share in the transaction held around world in
terms of monetary value. It provides the immense growth opportunities to the business entities
and service seekers (Hall, 2008). Headquarters of world's renowned companies are located at
London. In this regard it attracts the business visits at the place in the considerable manner.
Having strengths in all the fields and sector such as entertainment, hospitality, technology, retail,
finance, real estate, it fulfils the purposes of all people in many aspects. Hence, it is seen that
London is having the highest passenger traffic at the airport system.
Technological factors: London has been recognised as the city with the highest degree of
technological readiness. It is the pioneer of introducing number of technologies to the world in
different field such as architectural master piece, advanced transport system such as in the form
of underground railway system, places for the research and development and many others.
Social Factors: It is the most populous city in the world with the availability of wide range of
diversity in all aspects. This versatility and diversity attracts people in the aspiration to explore.
There are many reasons due which people are attracted towards the place such as presence of
number of spectacular places, occurring of many national and international events every year,
celebration of all kinds of festivals in utmost levels. It is the home of numerous places to visit
including world heritage sites (Harrison, 2006). People's perception are changing with the
passage of time and inclination towards the city is increasing.
3.2 changes in the supply of products and services
With the aim to satiate the needs and changing demands of the visitors around the world,
there has been significant change seen in the manner in which products and services are supplied
to the visitors. There are few basic components of travel and tourism sector in which transition
has been identified such as range of products, service quality, producer-consumer connectivity.
Range of products: The scenario is changing with the very fast pace, hence to establish the
prominent position in market, tour operators and other related agencies are offering the wide
range of options in products. For instance, for accommodation different facilities are offered

such as villas, cottages, hotels, and many, in food and beverage sector there is the availability of
different cuisines. In addition to it different entertainment options are available such as games,
adventure, recreation and many (Mak, 2004).
Service quality: Special focus has been laid to provide the optimum level of quality to the
customers such as through providing them training and development programs to bring
adaptability with the advancement in the technology and the changing choices and preferences of
customers.
Producer-consumer connectivity: In order to seek the customer's opinions and views different
methods are adopted such as building website with good user interface to enable the customers
know about offerings of the organisations, having continuous connectivity with the customers
through calls, emails and social media (Mason, 2008).
TASK 4
4.1 Positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts of tourism
Tourism has both the positive and negative impacts on the place with the differences in
degrees of influence in all the aspects that are economic, environmental and social.
Positive impact
On economic terms, it is paying the lucrative results to the place such as it enables the
estimated cross border spending of 20.23 billion dollars in a year. Further, it has major role to
play in improving the economic determinants such as employment rate that is it provides
employment to around 3500000 people. In this it improves the social condition with the
increment in social interactions with the visitors from different corners of the world. On
environmental grounds, tourism encourages the government, non profit organisations and general
people to preserve and conserve the natural assets of the country.
Negative Impact
Along with positive impacts, significantly affects the place in the negative manner and
imparts harm to the place. Such as on economic level, if it creates the inflow of money at the
place, there is also the flow of money outside the country due to the countrymen visiting other
places (Veal, 2006). On social level, due to influences and commercialisation, the authenticity of
the customs and rituals get lost considerably. With the increase in travellers and vistors at the

place, the environment of the place deteriorate with the increase in pollution and damage to
historical places.
4.2 Ways to minimize negative impacts and maximise positive impacts
There are some ways with which the impacts of tourism can be rationalised that is the
enhancing the positive impacts and minimizing the negative impacts (Wagen and Goonetilleke,
2007).
Positive impact
Tourism activities in the nation can be enhanced through the greater involvement of the
government and other legislative bodies in the process of promoting the country's attractions
such as through advertisements on televisions, newspapers, radios, magazines and official
documents. Social development can be increased through laying down relaxations and rebates in
investments to attract tourism for education, medical services and other related.
Negative impact
There are some ways through which the negative impacts can be minimized in the
context of tourism such as imposing laws and regulations to restrict the quota on employing
people from other nations, conducting programs to increase the awareness about preservation of
nation's assets (Structure of tourism in Britain, 2016).
CONCLUSION
Present report prepared to elucidate the different components of travel and tourism sector
in the country. In United Kingdom, there is the long history of travel and tourism that is from the
grand tour to the contemporary times that has the different modern techniques that is
infrastructure, transport, communication and many others. It has the systematic structure of
sector in different levels. From the study it can be articulated that London and United Kingdom
as a whole experiences the influence of economic policies and organisations such as government
and international bodies.

REFERENCES
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Bell, D. and Parker, M., 2009. Space travel and culture: from Apollo to space tourism. Blackwell
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Online
Structure of tourism in Britain. 2016. [Online]. Available
through:<https://www.visitbritain.org/structure-tourism-britain>. [Accessed on 2nd May
2016].