Computer Networks: Encapsulation, Switched Network, PPP, Modulation

Computer Networks 1
Computer Networks
Name of Student:
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Computer Networks 2
Question One
Encapsulation
Structure of components
Explanation of every step
When a computing device transmits information through a network to another computing
device, the data undergoes via a process named as encapsulation and is enfolded with
protocol information at every layer of OSI. Every layer converses with peer layer only. To

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exchange and communicate, every layer uses PDUs. PDUs hold and control data attached to
information at every OSI layer.
Encapsulation steps
1. Client information is transformed to data for transmission on a network.
2. Data is then converted to sections, a reliable connection is established amongst
transmitting and receiving nodes.
3. The sections are changed to packets, and the logical address is put in the header so
that every packet is able to be routed via an internetwork.
4. Datagrams/Packets are changed to frames for communication on local network. MAC
addresses are deployed to identify nodes uniquely on the local network section.
5. Frames are changed to bits, the digital clocking and encoding scheme is deployed.
De-capsulation
Decapsulation refers to the opposite method of encapsulation and it takes place when
information is received on the destination computing device. As data goes up from the lower

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layer to the upper layers of Transmission Control Protocol/IP protocol, every layer unravels
the identical header and uses info enclosed in header to convey the datagram to the next
network application in the waiting for the info (Alexander-Webber et al, 2016).
Question two
Initial Diagram
Diagram after host F sends a frame