Marketing Concepts and Applications

This assignment delves into fundamental marketing concepts such as the marketing mix (4 Ps), market segmentation, and the evolving landscape of social marketing. It examines various aspects of marketing theory and practice, drawing upon academic literature and real-world examples. The document also touches upon the importance of innovation in marketing, particularly within industries like pharmaceuticals. Additionally, it explores how concepts like political marketing and agile marketing apply to different business contexts.

MARKETING PRINCIPLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Explaining varied elements from marketing process ......................................................1
1.2 Benefit and cost of marketing orientation .......................................................................3
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Assessing the impact of macro and micro environmental factors on the marketing decision
of Zara ...................................................................................................................................4
2.4 Impact of buyer behavior on marketing activities of Zara ..............................................6
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................6
3.1 and 3.2 Developing the product to sustain competitive advantages and arranging the
product distribution ...............................................................................................................6
3.3 and 3.4 Setting the prices as per market condition and selecting suitable mean of
promotion ..............................................................................................................................7
2.2 and 2.3 Segmentation criteria and targeting strategy ......................................................7
3.5 Extended marketing mix ..................................................................................................8
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................8
4.3 Difference between international and domestic marketing .............................................8
4.1 Marketing mix for two segments .....................................................................................9
4.2 Difference between marketing the product to business than Zara customers .................9
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11

Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Elements of marketing process.................................................................................1
Illustration 2: PESTEL analysis.......................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION
Marketing consists of different type of activities which enables the manager of
organizations with regard to identify the specific needs and demands of its respective customers
in an effective way (Concept of marketing, 2015). For the firm, it is very important that it must
gather full-fledged information about its customers. This is because, by complying with the
given type of activity enterprises can maintain the satisfaction of its buyers. Thereby, they can
perform significant improvement in their sales and profits in an effective way. This report is
based on the case study of Zara which is Spanish based clothing retailer. The report will provide
explanation all the concepts which are associated with marketing field.
TASK 1
1.1 Explaining varied elements from marketing process
Marketing is being regarded as the core function of business operation because this
function helps in spreading information about the produced product among respective buyers
(Rosenbloom and Dimitrova, 2011). In addition to this, with the help of given function only
managers of firms will be able to carry out their efforts with regard to perform significant
improvement in the sales and profits of the enterprise. In this regard, different elements of
marketing process is assessed and it is explained in below:
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 Market analysis: It is being regarded as first elements of marketing process in which
manager of firm conduct environmental analysis with an aim to gather the information
about its customers. For example, in the given steps Zara assembles the information
about the tastes and preferences of its customers. On the basis of this information, they
will organize their production operation. Marketing strategy: Here, on the basis of assessed information manager of Zara
formulate different marketing tactics such as segmentation and target market selection.
Here, products are segmented on the basis of tastes and preferences of buyers. For
example, on conducting the market analysis it has been assessed by the manager of Zara
that its buyers are demanding cloths which are being made from cotton fabric (Poolton
and et.al., 2006). In order to fulfill the given needs of buyers, Zara can take help from the
expert cloth designer team. On the basis of given tastes of buyers, cited firm will make
the decision about the segmentation of customers. In this regard, it will make the decision
that whether the cloths made from such fabric will be produced by for all buyers which
belongs to different age group. Marketing mix: In this section, Zara will formulate the marketing mix on the basis of
assessed needs of customers. Here, the manager will basically make the decision about
the product, price, place and promotion etc.
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Illustration 1: Elements of marketing process
(Source: Elements of marketing process, 2015)

 Customer relationship: In this phase, efforts will be made by Zara with regard to
maintain and establish an effective relationship with the customers. In order to perform
this, different technique of promotion can be used by it (Marshment, 2009).
 Implementation and control: Finally, at the end manager of Zara will carry out the
implementation of all the marketing strategies which it has framed earlier. However, with
an aim to assess the effectiveness of the marketing strategy it can take help from the tool
KPI (Key Performance Indicator).
1.2 Benefit and cost of marketing orientation
Marketing orientation is the type of business model which rely upon the philosophy of
carrying out the production of goods and services as per the assessed needs and demands of the
buyers (Meaning of marketing orientation, 2015). From the given case, it is identified that firm
has the mission that is to satisfy the desire of customers by giving them high quality of goods and
services. This indicates that the firm's mission statement reflects the elements of marketing
orientation. In this regard, it can be said that there are some benefits and costs associated with the
concept such marketing orientation which is being followed by Zara. The company uses the
given orientation with an aim to make the production of product as per the needs and demands of
its buyers. Here, it is through this way only Zara maintains the satisfaction of its buyers and
thereby gains the benefit in the form of increased profits and sales. The detailed explanation
about the same is depicted in below:
Benefits of marketing orientation for Zara Constant improvement: It is being regarded as one of the most significant benefit which
will be gained by Zara by complying with the practice such as marketing orientation.
Marketing orientation helps in promoting the culture of experimentation. Thus, it
provides opportunity to the manager of enterprise with regard to carry out continuous
improvement in the existing process and operation of company (Lilien, Rangaswamy and
Bruyn, 2013). Focused production: The production activity of the firm will also improve with the help
of marketing orientation concept. This is because, here firm will tend to carry out the
production of goods and services as per the assessed needs of buyers. This helps in
enhancing the satisfaction of customers in an effectual way.
Costs of marketing orientation for Zara
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 Cost associated with Extensive research: In order to identify the needs and demands of
the buyer's manager of Zara will have to perform the extensive research. This leads to
raise the cost of company. This is because, in order to perform extensive research firm
will have to hire expertise personnel from different private marketing firm. Thus, in the
given activity enterprise will require sufficient amount of time as well as money (Lee and
Yoo, 2012). Hence, it is being required by the firm that it should consider the given factor
while adopting the marketing orientation approach.
TASK 2
INTRODUCTION
The given section of the report will give description regarding different macro and micro
factors which lead to affect the operation of firm. In addition to this, the report will also
showcase the impact that buyer's behavior have on the marketing operation of Zara.
2.1 Assessing the impact of macro and micro environmental factors on the marketing decision of
Zara
The marketing decision of Zara is impacted through different macro and micro
environmental factors. Here, in order to analyze the impact of macro environmental factors
assistance has been taken from the tool such as PESTEL analysis. The detailed description about
the same is depicted in below:
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 Political:It includes the elements such as change in the rate of interest and taxation etc.
These factors have their impact on the marketing decision of enterprise. For example,
marketing manager of Zara has taken the decision for placing the ads about its company
in one of the most expensive advertisement mean such as television. The decision as
being taken by the manager will be impacted when government of nation increase the rate
of taxation upon the use of given mean by the firm. In this condition, firm will have to
adopt some other economic mean (Dibb and Carrigan, 2013). Economical: The pricing strategy as being selected by Zara is affected through economic
condition prevailing within nation. For instance, Zara has taken decision for increasing
the prices upon its products. The decision of firm will be impacted when purchasing
capacity of citizen is impacted due to recession. In the given circumstances, firm will
have to change its pricing tactic. This takes lots of time and money of enterprise. Social:The changing tastes and preferences of customers also cause necessary impact
upon Zara marketing activities. Here, before making the decision about the product which
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Illustration 2: PESTEL analysis
(Source: PESTEL analysis, 2015)

needs to be produced by firm, manager of cited corporation must gather information
about preference of buyers. However, if not gather then sales and profits of firm will be
impacted. Technological: It is also required by the firm that it must comply with the latest tools and
technologies with an aim to spread information about the produced product. If given
thing is not followed by Zara at that time it will become difficult for it with regard to
attract large number of buyers towards the firm in an effectual manner. Environmental: It is also essential for the corporation that it must show its concern
towards the environment. This is because, if not shown then in the given circumstances it
will become difficult for enterprise with regard to build up the positive image in the eyes
of its buyers in an effectual way (Breton and Martín, 2011).
 Legal: The marketing decision of Zara is also affected when it will not follow all the
legal laws and regulations which are associated with the promotion of product in market.
Besides this, micro environmental factors are also identified which leads to possess
significant impact upon the marketing decision of Zara. It includes the individuals such as
supplier and employees of company. For example, with an aim to promote the product Zara has
launched the offer that it will deliver the demanded product to the buyers within given specified
time limit. This promise cannot be fulfilled by firm if its supplier does not deliver the raw
material to them within particular time frame (Belohlavek, 2008).
2.4 Impact of buyer behavior on marketing activities of Zara
Different type of buying situation causes significant impact upon the buyer's behavior.
Due to this, the marketing activities as being carried out by Zara is impacted in both positive and
negative manner. Different buying situations is depicted in below: Straight rebuy: It is the type of buying situation in which buyers repeatedly purchase the
goods and services of organization. Here, the buying behavior of the buyers is influenced
through its product experience. For example, customer has purchased products from Zara
shop and has the bad experience of shopping due to the poor quality of cloths. Then in the
given circumstances, buyer will not again take initiative with regard to purchase product
from Zara shop (Ding, Eliashberg and Stremersch, 2014). In this situation, it became
difficult for the enterprise with regard to attract such customers to their shop even after
using varied means of advertisement.
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 Modified rebuy: In this situation, the buyer behavior is influenced through number of
factors such as price reduction and changes in the terms and conditions of products etc. In
this condition, customers carry out comparison between the products which is being
offered by two firms. On the basis of this, it makes the selection of that organization
which suits its pocket. Thus, with an aim to influence such buyers, Zara has to give
detailed description regarding its product while framing the advertisement. However, if
not given then sales of firm will be impacted in a negative way (Culliton, 2008).
CONCLUSION
From the given section, it is concluded that it is very beneficial for the firm that it should
make the decision as per the conditions which are prevailing in the internal and external
environment of company. This is because, if it is not done then an appropriate marketing
decision will not be taken by Zara.
TASK 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
It is important for the firm that it should plan its marketing tactic in an effective manner.
In this regard, marketing mix approach plays very important role. This is because, with the help
of given method Zara can set the direction of its marketing team towards right direction.
Thereby, it can get the benefit in terms of attaining the marketing goals and objectives in an
effectual way.
3.1 and 3.2 Developing the product to sustain competitive advantages and arranging the product
distribution
The product such as winter clothing range of Zara must be developed in such a way that
it will help enterprise with regard to sustain the competitive advantage in the respective market
in an effective way. For example, in order to create differentiation between Zara and its
competitors product focus will be carried out upon the quality of product. In this regard, high
quality of woolen will be used by the firm with an aim to given an immense experience of winter
clothing to its respective buyers. In addition to this, soft and light woolen fabric will be used with
an aim to fulfill the needs and demands of the Zara buyers in an effective manner (Czinkota and
Ronkainen, 2012).
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Besides this, the winter clothing range of Zara will be distributed through both direct and
indirect means. With specific reference to indirect mean, the respective product will be sold
through the outlets of firm. In the similar way, with an aim to provide convenience to the buyers
Zara can sold its product through indirect means such as firm's website. Here, with the help of
both the given mean firm can fulfill the needs and demands of its buyers in an effective manner.
Due to this, it can get the advantage in the form of increased profits and sales.
3.3 and 3.4 Setting the prices as per market condition and selecting suitable mean of promotion
For the manager of Zara, it is very necessary that it must set the prices of its product as
per the condition prevailing in market. In this regard, it can be said that it should set its new
product prices as per the market condition. For example, in the condition like recession firm
must use low pricing tactics. This is because, in this circumstance it will become difficult for the
buyers with regard to purchase such type of goods and services which are very much expensive.
In the similar way, Zara must set high prices for the product in the country where buyers have
good purchasing capacity (Madiechie, 2009).
Besides this, with an aim to promote winter clothing range of Zara different promotional
means will be used. For example, with an aim to attract old buyers ads about the product will be
placed on means such as magazines and newspaper etc. Likewise, social networking sites will be
used for the purpose to give information about the product to adult customers.
2.2 and 2.3 Segmentation criteria and targeting strategy
Segmentation is the process of dividing firm's overall market into several sub sections
(Segmentation, 2015). In this regard, segmentation criteria has been proposed for the winter
clothing range of Zara. This product can be segmented by firm on the basis of demographic and
psychographic segmentation criteria. With respect to the demographic segmentation, winter
clothing range of Zara can be divided on the basis of age group of customers. In this regard, two
age group of buyers is selected such as adult and old customers. In addition to this, with respect
to psychographic segmentation interest level of buyers will be used. Here, some buyers demand
for shiny and glittery colors in their winter cloths. Likewise, some buyers wants simple and light
colors in their winter cloths. The needs of both type of buyers will be fulfilled by Zara (Kotler,
2009).
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After performing segmentation of the target market, it is being required by the firm that it
should use an appropriate targeting tactic. This is because, selection of right targeting tactic will
help corporation in attracting the large number of buyers towards the enterprise in an effectual
way. The targeting strategies is of three types such as undifferentiated, concentrated and
differentiated. Here, with an aim to target these customers undifferentiated target market strategy
will be used. In this regard, one single promotional message will be framed for assessed
segmented group of product such as winter clothing range of Zara. For example, in order to
attract both the assessed group of customers focus will be carried out upon the quality of product.
In this regard, it is suggested to the firm that it should use the best quality of material for its
cloths with an aim to maintain the satisfaction level of the buyers. Through this way, large
number of buyers will be attracted by the firm. Due to this, Zara can attain the benefit in the form
of increased profits and sales.
2.5 Positioning strategy of Zara
The positioning strategy is used with an aim to develop the unique and an effective image
about the product in the mind of its buyers. In accordance with the given context, the produced
product can be positioned in the mind of buyers by using number of aspects such as product
benefits and features etc. Here, Zara can use the positioning aspect related with feature with an
aim to positioned the image of Zara winter clothing product in the mind of its segmented buyers.
For example, with an aim to influence the old buyers towards product following features should
be considered. For example, light material should be used and the product must be available in
huge range of light colors. Likewise, adults buyers get attracted towards the cloths which are
more shiny and glittery. Hence, the given aspect should be considered by firm while making the
production of cloth.
3.5 Extended marketing mix
Extended marketing mix has been prepared as per the new product of Zara: People: This element has its importance when firm sale its product through outlet. This is
because, it is with the help of talented and skilled employees only all the queries of
customers can be resolved by the firm in an effective manner. Thus, through this way
satisfaction level of customers can be maintained. Here, with an aim to enhance the
effectiveness of its people, Zara organizes different training and development programs
for its employees.
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 Process: The need of an effective process is arises when firm sale its product through
indirect mean such as online website. In this regard, it is being required by the firm that it
must streamline its product distribution process in order to given immense experience of
shopping to its buyers (Kotler, 2009). Zara sale its products to the buyers with the help of
both direct and indirect means. With regard to the direct mean, firm uses its website in
which process plays very effective role. This is because, it is through an effective process
only, the manufactured product reaches to the buyers without any complication and
within specified time limit. In addition to this, Zara also sale its product through the
physical store.
 Physical evidence: It involves the interior and exterior decoration theme which is being
followed by the firm. This plays very crucial role in attracting buyers towards the firm.
Here, with an aim to attract buyers towards its product Zara must decorate its outlet
through winter theme. This has its importance as it assists corporation in terms of
developing the unique image of firm's product in the mind of its respective buyers.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the given section that, with an aim to attain the competitive
edge in the market firm should plan its marketing efforts in an effective manner. In addition to
this, it is also required by the corporation that it should make its targeting, positioning and
segmentation tactics in such a manner which assist it in the task of attaining the tactical goal of
firm.
TASK 4
4.3 Difference between international and domestic marketing
Basis International marketing Domestic marketing
Meaning It is the practice of marketing
the product outside the
domestic boundaries of firm
It is process in which
marketing of goods and
services is carried out by firm
within national boundary.
Extensive research While preparing marketing
plan for global market,
However, for the firm it is not
necessary with regard to
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manager of Zara has to
perform extensive market
research. This is because, they
are totally unaware about the
needs and demands of such
buyers (Jones and Rowley,
2011).
perform the extensive research
of the market when they are
preparing marketing plan for
their home country.
There are several benefits and limitations associated with the activities such as domestic
and international marketing. By marketing the product of Zara into global market, benefit can be
gained by the firm in the form boosting the reputation of brand. In this context, it has been seen
that customer perceives the brand to be of high quality and better services which market its
product in the international market. However, marketing product of the firm in the international
market tend to raise the cost of enterprise. Hence, it will affect different decisions and tactics of
the company. The major advantage associated with the domestic marketing is that firm need not
have to carry out thorough environmental analysis with an aim to gather the information about
the respective domestic market. This is because, here Zara is already aware about the needs and
demands of its buyers. Thus, on the basis of this firm it can plan its marketing tactic. However,
while marketing product in domestic market the major disadvantage which Zara can gain is
related with limited access to cheap labor and material. The given benefit can be gain by
corporation if they tend to expand their operation in global market where labor and material for
the production of its products can be availed by it at cost effective prices.
4.1 Marketing mix for two segments
The winter collection range of Zara is divided into two segments such as adult and old
customers. For both given segments following marketing mix plan is prepared: Product: For instance, all the light shade winter cloths will be produced by Zara for old
customers. In the similar way, the woolen which possess trendy and unique design will be
produced for the adult buyers. Price: In order to raise the sale of product, price penetration tactic will be used for both
the given segments. This is used with an aim to attract large number of buyers. Place: For both the given segments, product will be distributed through firm website.
This is done with an aim to fulfill the convenience related need of customer.
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 Promotion: In order to promote the product different means will be used such as social
networking sites and television etc (George, McGahan and Prabhu, 2012).
4.2 Difference between marketing the product to business than Zara customers
Basis B2B B2C
Relationship between parties While selling product to
organization, firm will have to
carry out more focus upon
building relationship. This is
because, if it is not done then
in the given circumstance it
will became difficult for the
enterprise with regard to raise
the sales of its product in an
effectual way.
However, for the firm it is not
necessary that it must rely
much focus upon building
relationship with the customers
when selling product to the
buyers.
Information Zara has to give detailed
information to its business
customers (Rosenbloom and
Dimitrova, 2011).
However, while selling
product to customers
organization will have to give
some basic information to its
buyers such as price and
product feature etc.
Focus of the product When marketing product to the
B2B market at that time firm
should rely more focus upon
logic of product. This is
because, business buyers are
more interested to know about
the features of the product.
However, consumer of the
firm are more interested to
know that what type of
benefits which they derive on
purchasing the products and
services of the corporation.
Hence, this thing needs to be
considered by the corporation
while marketing goods to
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buyers.
Buying cycle B2B buyers follows long
buying cycle because they
purchase product in bulk.
Moreover, before making the
decision for purchasing the
product of any company they
tend to carry out detailed
analysis.
Their buying cycle is short in
comparison to B2B market.
This is because, they make
instant decision that whether
they want to purchase the
product of specific company
such as Zara or not.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that with the help of techniques such as segmentation and
positioning, firm can set their direction towards the right path. In addition to this, with the help of
given type of approaches only positive benefits can be gained by the firm from the different
marketing activities which is being performed by it.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Belohlavek, P., 2008. Unicist Marketing Mix. Blue Eagle Group.
Breton, G. C. and Martín, M. O., 2011. International market selection and segmentation: a two-
stage model. International Marketing Review. 28(3). pp. 267–290.
Culliton, J., 2008. The Management of Marketing Cost. Boston: Harvard.
Czinkota, M. and Ronkainen, I., 2012. International marketing. Cengage Learning.Banerjee, S.,
2009. Effect of product category on promotional choice: comparative study of discounts and
freebies. Management Research News. 32(2). pp.120 – 131.
Dibb, S., and Carrigan, M., 2013. Social marketing transformed: Kotler, Polonsky and Hastings
reflect on social marketing in a period of social change. European Journal of Marketing.
47(9). pp. 1376–1398.
Ding, M., Eliashberg, J. and Stremersch, S., 2014. Innovation and Marketing in the
Pharmaceutical Industry: Emerging Practices, Research, and Policies. Imprint: Springer.
George, G., McGahan, A. M. and Prabhu, J., 2012. Innovation for inclusive growth: towards a
theoretical framework and a research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 49(4), 661-
683.
Jones, R. and Rowley, J., 2011. Entrepreneurial marketing in small businesses: a conceptual
exploration. International Small Business Journal. 29(1). Pp.25-36.
Kotler, P., 2009. Marketing management. Pearson Education India.
Lee, S. and Yoo, S., 2012. Return on marketing investment: Pizza Hut Korea's case.
Management Decision. 50(9). pp.1661–1685.
Lilien, G. L., Rangaswamy, A. and Bruyn, A. D., 2013. Principles of Marketing Engineering. 2nd
ed. DecisionPro.
Madiechie, N. O., 2009. Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being. 8th ed. Management
Decision. pp.845 – 848.
Marshment, J. L., 2009. Political Marketing: Principles and Applications. Routledge.
Poolton, J. and et.al., 2006. Agile marketing for the manufacturing-based SME. Marketing
Intelligence & Planning. 24(7). pp. 681-693.
Rosenbloom, B. and Dimitrova, B., 2011. The marketing mix paradigm and the Dixonian
systems perspective of marketing. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing. 3(1). pp. 53–
66.
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Segmentation. 2015. [Online]. Available through:
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