CONCUSSION2 Pathophysiology of concussive injuries and treatment Concussion refers to an alteration in brain functioning secondary to head blow. It is a brain injury that is biomechanically induced and it is associated with gross absence of anatomic lesions. Concussion is also known as Mechanical Insult which is a key initiator of neurological homeostatic changes of the brain including disruption of energetic metabolism and neurotoxicity due to mitochondrial dysfunctioning. Injuries of the brain are always categorized as mild, moderate and severe. Our case study on Mr. Adams focuses on mild concussion secondary to Motor Vehicle Accident. Treatment is fully dependent on past history of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the severity of the traumatic injury of the brain (Morton et al., 2017). In most cases, head injury occurs due to the direct impact to the brain or sudden head jerking which consequently shakes the brain. The brain acceleration leads to brain injury while the head rotation causes lesions hence bringing forth a concussion. A person with a concussion may initially experience dizziness, headache, nausea, some light sensitivity, impaired reaction to time, changes in speech, judgement and memory and loss of balance (Morton et al., 2017). According to theCDC, it is recommended that the treatment for a patient withconcussion includes: relaxing, resting and avoiding physically demanding activities or that demand for his concentration. These activities can worsen the symptoms hence slowing down the process of patient recovery. The patient should also avoid sport activities which can cause another concussion. According to Federal Drug Association for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder some of the useful medications are Sertraline and paroxetine (Jarvis, 2016). Neurological Assessment Tools
CONCUSSION3 Glasgow Coma Scale is the most commonly used tool in neurological assessment. GCS is used to measure functions such as eye opening, verbal response and motor response. The final GCS score is always the sum of these numbers based on every category. GCS is used to determine the severity of patient’s brain injury. Severe is denoted by a GCS of 3-8, moderate- GCS 9-12 while mild- GCS 13-15. Diagnostic studies such asComputed Tomography (CT) scan of the head andTranscranial Doppler studies are used to measure cerebral flow of blood and find out cerebral blood cessation present in severe head injuries. Laboratory tests applicable in this case of Adams include checking serum electrolytes, coagulation studies and complete blood counts (Jarvis, 2016). Current Best practices associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Some of these practices applicable in the case study include prolonged-exposure therapy whereby the patient is guided by a therapist in recalling traumatic memories to enable him regain mastery of his feelings and thoughts regarding the incident. Cognitive Behavioral Therapies such as Cognitive-processing therapy which is also used and it aims at helping the patient in conversion of erroneous thinking associated with the traumatic incidence. Stress-inoculation training, a form of CBT, is also used whereby the practitioners educate the patient on techniques of managing and lowering anxiety. Some of these techniques include; breathing exercises, positive self-talk and muscle relaxation andpositive self-talk. Reprocessing and eye-movement desensitization practices are also used (Jarvis, 2016). Nursing interventions I would include in this patient's plan of care These interventions for Adam’s plan of care include monitoring patient’s vital signs every hour till normal range is achieved, keeping patient’s head at a semi-fowlers position in order reduce intracranial pressure, stabilizing blood pressure,teaching the patient on safety for
CONCUSSION4 prevention of falls,maintaining a quiet and calm patient environment and using therapeutic responses during communications with the patient and encouraging the patient to express his feelings or emotions. Additionally, serial neurological assessment will also be useful in determining hematoma expansion, cerebral edema and development of a contusion to an hematoma (Jarvis, 2016).
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CONCUSSION5 References Jarvis, C. (2016). Physical examination & health assessment (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Morton, P. G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C. M., & Gallo, B. M. (2017).Critical care nursing: a holistic approach(p. 1056). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.