Construction and Practice Management PDF

1. CONSTRUCTION AND
PRACTICE
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
Evolution of Construction Industry.............................................................................................2
Specialist Departments of Construction Company....................................................................2
Interrelation Between Purpose of Each Company in Building Construction.............................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
Skills and Specialism Required in Construction of Junior School Building..............................4
Stages in Building Construction..................................................................................................5
Specialism Required for Each Stage...........................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
a) Concerns regarding to selection of main contractor through tender document......................6
b) BIM role in selection design, completion and maintenance...................................................7
c) Promotion of local employment..............................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
a) BIM role in building process and selection of the best design...............................................8
b) Reducing of running costs through BIM................................................................................9
c) How BIM ensure safety and health in building....................................................................10
d) Role of CDM in construction and how it has helped to ensure health and safety................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
The sector of the country's economy which is engaged in preparation of land and construction is
known as construction industry. Construction industry is responsible for facilities and
equipments which are used in construction of different buildings. The traditional working of
construction companies were not that much organized in their work (Ashworth and Perera,
2018). For larger projects the company need to work as professional. In modern construction
companies the work culture is more disciplined related to their job. In huge size project different
companies' comes together and become a unit to construct a building.
These different companies are differentiated as per their specific skills and knowledge.
The role of different companies in construction of school is explained in report. The report is
explaining that how this different departments of construction come together and work as a
single unit to construct a school building. The process of a construction from tendering to
complete building is explained step by step in study. The stages of building information
modelling is given in the report. For greater recognition of health and safety the development of
collaboration strategies is discussed.

TASK 1
Evolution of Construction Industry
In the traditional working of construction companies all different kind of tasks were
performed by same group of people. The whole construction was managed by single unit. This
is only possible for small size buildings. When its come to larger size construction project high
class knowledge and skills are required. In current time the construction industry is divided in
different companies, job of each company is decided as per their spacial knowledge and skills.
These different companies which are important in construction of junior school are Industrial
safety engineering, soil engineering, structural engineering, electrical engineering, utility
engineering and interior framing department (Wu, Wang and Wang, 2016). The role of each
company help to construct a robust structured building.
In the traditional method of construction the process was linear and simple. Different
operations are performed by same group of people and cause of this the quality of construction in
not reliable. But in modern construction industry the particular tasks are handled by specific
skilled people. This provide more accuracy and precision in construction process which is more
important in large size buildings. A small error can cause huge disaster, the purpose of this
combine operation is to perform specific task with minimum chances of error. This is how the
construction industry evolved.
Specialist Departments of Construction Company
To build a new junior school at place of furniture factory the construction company needs
to demolish the old structure of furniture company. In different stages of construction the role of
different engineering department is different.
Industrial Safety Engineering
The role of industrial safety engineering company is to perform the demolition of the
different structure to clear land for new construction. The importance of this department high
because it is important to demolish the old structure in controlled manner.
Soil Engineering
Role of Soil engineering in construction industry to check the condition of the soil to
evaluate different measures for safe and robust construction. This companies of soil engineering
check the feasibility of soil and ground for large size building.
Structural Engineering

The structure are mainly the civil engineers who are responsible for the design and
construction of building. The metal framing for concrete structure and layout of building. The
process of construction is supervised by structural engineering companies.
Electrical Engineering
Role of electrical engineering in construction industry is to provide layout of electrical
supply circuits for the time of construction and at time of building completion (Zhou, Goh and
Li, 2015). At the time of construction the circuits are temporary and after the completion the
layout of electric supply is permanent. The different motoring and generating units are handled
by electrical department.
Utility Engineering
In construction of building the work of utility engineering company is to designing the
lay out for different utilities supplies and sever system. The supply line for water and gas is
designed by utility engineers as per the structural design of building. The designing of sever line
is also part of their job.
Interior Framing Company
After the completion the internal construction which are based on metal and wood work
are performed by interior framing department. Their work is consists of roof work, staircase,
balloon framing, weather resistance barriers designing.
This all are the different companies which are allied together to construct a building.
Interrelation Between Purpose of Each Company in Building Construction
The all different companies are united to complete a goal of building construction of
building (Finkel, 2015). The operation and goals of this different company are interrelated by the
single purpose which to build a Junior school at place of old furniture factory. These companies
help each other to work with full efficiency and maintain the standards to build a robust
structure. The work of industrial safety engineering is to demolish the old structure of furniture
factory in controlled manner and with safety of employees and labour. After demolition of
furniture factory the soil engineering department can take the relative measures to calculate the
strength of soil to hold large structure.
The soil measures are provided to structural engineering company to start the
construction of junior school (Pauwels and Terkaj, 2016). The structure of building is
constructed as the previous guidelines. During the construction the electrical supply and

electrical appliances are handled by electrical engineering company this help the structural
engineering company to perform their actions with efficiency. At the completion of school
building the electrical circuit layout is designed and implemented by electrical engineering
company. The interior framing department take help of structural and electrical engineering
department to performing the roof work, window work and other works. This how the all
different companies are interrelated to each other.
The different companies work with each other and united by their individual purposes.
By this kind of cooperative and coordinated work the efficiency and performance of company
increases and this helps to build better structured and designed junior school building.
TASK 2
Skills and Specialism Required in Construction of Junior School Building
The different companies on the construction sites are equipped with professional skills
and knowledge to perform specific task with accuracy. After getting the permission the first
target is to demolish the structure of furniture factory. The industrial safety company is
responsible for demolition. This company needs explosion specialist to manage the explosives in
required amount to keep explosion controlled and enough powerful to demolish factory. The
electrical engineer and electrical circuits are required to perform calculative explosion as
predefined plan.
After the demolition of building the soil engineering company performs different test on
soil to find the capacity of soil to hold building structure. This different tests are performed to
test the moisture, resistivity and other factors of soil (Merschbrock and Munkvold, 2015). For
this test the soil engineering company needs electrical engineer, geotechnical engineer, physics
and chemical engineers. The structure engineering needs skilled and experienced employees to
perform construction work. The software which are used in structural engineering are AutoCad
and Catia for structural designing. The structure engineering company needs civil engineers,
electrical engineer and mechanical engineers to perform required operations.
The electrical engineering neds experienced and skilled engineers to perform circuit
designing in school building. The different software like AutoCad electrical and Catia are used
by the company. In utility the mechanical and software engineers are required to perform
designing and implementation of utility supply lines. The software engineers and mechanical
engineers which are skilled with different software like Catia, AutoCad and revit (Jiang and

Wong, 2016.). This how the companies are equipped with skilled and experienced people to
perform their operation with higher accuracy and quality.
Stages in Building Construction
Location
The junior school building is proposed at the place of furniture factory. The school
building will be build after demolition of old furniture factory.
Tendering
The tenders from different contractors are invited. The best economical and structured
suitable tender is passed by authority. After the passing tender the company can proceed to work.
Designing
The designing process is consists of structural designing of junior school the negotiations
are made to finalized the school design. The structure of school which is a on paper view of
school presents the layout of building.
Funding and Budgeting
The funding process is designed to prepare the budget. The flow of money is decided in
this stage.
Demolition
The construction site is cleaned by demolition of current structure. In this process
unwanted structures are removed for the construction site.
Excavation
After the ground clearance the construction companies starts to implement the work plan
to start construction. This stage is consists of implementation of plans on field to start the digging
process.
Foundation
The depth and size of foundation are given by the soil engineering and structural
engineers to build robust structure. Foundation work is done as per the given specifications. The
different types of foundations are rubble packing and beams.
Superstructure
In this part of construction the building starts with the supportive structure and this
support base provides the strength to the building (Ruparathna and Hewage, 2015). In this part
the basic columns structure is made to provide strength to further construction.

Interior Construction
The interior structure is consists of electrifying the building with other utility connections
like water and gas. The designing of Heat protection coating, plastering and interior designing.
In this stage the building is ready for use.
Final Cleaning and Handover
In this stage the final cleaning is performed and the school building is handover to the
authorities and paper work is used in the handover process.
Specialism Required for Each Stage
In the different stages different skills and specialism is required. In the designing the
good knowledge of designing software is required. In the foundation stage the knowledge of
material and soil is required. The good knowledge of engineering is required for this stage. For
the superstructure stage the employees should be aware of the designing software like Catia and
AutoCad. For the interior designing the knowledge of Revit and AutoCad is required must.
The different companies have provided different tenders for the construction of school
building. This tenders are specifically designed as per their own calculations. The factors that
affect the contract, construction and tendering of different companies are cost, quality and skills.
Cost- The cost consider in tender need to be cost efficient for the authorities. The cost predicted
for project should be reliable and cost effective.
Quality- The quality of construction is most important. The authorities can't compromise with
the quality of building construction.
Skills- The skills and technology used buy company is also important to pass a tender. High
skills shows the durability of construction.
This is how all this three factors affect the tendering process for all other companies.
TASK 3
a) Concerns regarding to selection of main contractor through tender document.
The local council is planning to select the main contractor for the construction of school
building through tender document (Walker, 2015). The main concerns in tender document by
local council are as follows:
 Cost of tendering - It is the responsibility of tenderer to prepare and submit all costs
related to the construction process of school building on a site which was previously a

furniture factory in tender document and local companies or council will not be liable for
all those costs.
 Documents comprising the tender - This is the other concern for local council in which
mandatory documents must be included such as letter of tender, completed schedules as
per tender form, tender security, documents related to their qualifications, documentary
proof of supplying goods and services offered by the tenderer etc.
 Documents establishing the qualification of tender - The tenderer must have
experience in field of construction and site supervising so they must attach certificates of
their work experience which will help in their evaluation process.
 Tender prices and discounts - The prices and discounts mentioned in the Letter of
Tender must be fixed excluding all discounts offered.
b) BIM role in selection design, completion and maintenance
Selection of Design: As the Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an intelligent 3D model
based process which provides tools to design, construct, manage buildings more efficiently for
professionals in structural engineering, interior framework design etc. BIM helps the council to
select the design of Junior School as it provides the every specifications of building which helps
the architect to shape the structure and also the project life cycle cost minimized which helps in
saving energy and make the construction process more efficient.
Project Completion: BIM helps in completion of project by reducing cycle time by making
designing process faster. It uses Critical Path Method to assign the activities to the workers to
complete their work within schedule time and provide data which helps in saving time and
money by reducing human errors (Pärn Edwards and Sing, 2017). It uses various digital devices
to analyse the speed and accuracy of the worker with the easy access of information in
workflows which helps the completion of project on time.
Maintenance: BIM helps the front-line technicians in tracking parts when components were
replaced last time. It also provides information to the Facility Manager to before cutting the holes
in walls and maintenance engineer to start their job (BIM: A Better View of Maintenance, 2019).
The maintenance is required on regular basis, for example, if there is leak in pipe valve,
technician can access the exact point with BIM instead of breaking the wall and searching for it
and provides every information related to layout of floor plans and materials used which will
help the Facility Manager to maintain the school building afterwards.

c) Promotion of local employment
The main contractor can promote local employment in the construction process as it
requires different types of work while constructing the building like earthworks for foundation,
bricklayers, electrician, plumber, carpenter for wooden framework. The following factors must
be taken into consideration while looking for sub-contractors which are as follows:
Identification on type of subcontractor
Contractor must hire sub-contractors thoroughly with complete inspection of its work
experience as it will completely reflect the reputation of the main contractor. There are various
types of subcontractors for the specific work such as
 Excavators – their job is to move the earth by cutting and filling so that the foundation of
building can take place.
 Plumbers – Installing of water heating and plumbing fixtures.
 Electricians – Installing wires and switches in whole building.
 Framers – Their job is to build shell on foundation's top using sheet materials.
 Masons – Their job involves brick laying, block foundations and retaining walls.
Get referrals and subcontractor's experience
This is another factor which can help the main contractor to select best sub-contractor by
collecting references on their work experience. By asking retailer shops, main contractors can
find sub-contractor in their local area whose quality of work is good. Sub-contractors that have
good experience in understanding the project and access knowledge that can help main
contractor in improving the quality of work and saving money.
Obtain bids
The low bid of sub-contractors can affect the complete job because when money gets
over they can abandon job rather investing their money on the project.
TASK 4
a) BIM role in building process and selection of best design
BIM plays a significant role in the construction process now days from initial design
phase, through estimating, scheduling and project management. The BIM is used in the early
stages of the building process which are as follows:

Design- The designing of building through BIM 3D model can help the contractor to identify the
issues related to the early phase of design on a real time which can save time and money in
project life cycle. It helps in minimizing risks by visualizing the project at early design process.
Estimating - The construction of building requires various materials such as brick, bolt, beams
in the building (Bruno De Fino and Fatiguso, 2018). Therefore, by using BIM software
contractor can estimate the quantity, size and costs or other data required in the construction
documents. It provides better communication and opportunities related to costing and offering
overall budget in building construction.
Scheduling - BIM uses a feature called 4D models which is used in the construction process
which helps in accessing the project status and comparison between actual work schedule work.
It also uses another feature called Critical Path method which assign the activities to workers to
complete their job and then move to another activity with given time framework.
Project management- Managing the project requires monitoring and controlling the progress
and directing tasks to stay on schedule. BIM uses various digital devices like RFID to record the
headcount of worker and their efficiency in completing the tasks.
As BIM can help in selection of best design by analysing the life cycle cost of the
building as it acquires various methods to minimize the use of energy by identifying the
components in the building structure which helps in reducing carbon footprints or CO2
emissions. It uses automation and customization which helps the project manager in tradition
plan, section and elevation and other reports that can help the counsellor to select the best design
for Junior School Built.
b) Reducing of running costs through BIM
The main contractors and design team are focused on best quality of building
construction and ways to minimize the costs by using sustainable materials, systems and
construction methods which increase the life cycle of the building and reduce maintenance costs.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is considered as effective tool for reducing the running
costs. The designing through this model can save a lot money and time in the construction phase
and after the completion of project.
It helps in saving energy by use of simulation technologies by finding ideal building
orientation which helps to calculate energy and feasibility of each system. BIM software can
helps in saving electricity by determining setting up HVAC systems which will turn down the

temperature settings after the school hours and can also control the lighting system by turning
them off when they are not in use.
c) How BIM ensure safety and health in building
Working on construction site is very risky as construction industry is known as hazardous
to work. BIM technology helps in prevention of severe accidents on site such as identifying the
risks at the early stage of construction and provide better awareness related to potential hazards
around construction project. The most strong feature is that it provides virtual safety tour which
can give safety guidelines for the people who are working on site. Even when the building is in
use it provides satisfaction to the owner as the design is tested thoroughly and efficiently with the
help BIM technologies like RFID, Virtual Reality, Global Positioning System which increases
effectiveness of health and safety (Sandoval Tizani and Koch, 2018). The life cycle of building is
longer when it designed with BIM model as it uses the best sustainable material and best
structure which make the building more safe and environmental friendly.
d) Role of CDM in construction and how it has helped to ensure health and safety
The role of Construction Design and Management (CDM) coordinator is to provide
advise to the clients related to health and safety within the design and planning stages of
construction. It plays vital role in managing the risks from start to finish in work plan.
There are various safety and health policies which have been acquired by different
organization like National Health System (NHS). Their approach is to ensure overall safety and
health performance of their patients (Mishra and Mallik, 2017). The policies used by these
companies have good safety records which helped construction industry to enhance their health
and safety measures. Construction industries started analysing hazards and risks during work
activities and providing protection to their contractors and workers. They started following Code
of Practice and guidelines to avoid the risks at construction site and preparations of emergency
plans and providing first-aid trainings.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it had been summarized that construction industries plays a vital
role in development of the country. This report includes the construction of school building on a
site which was earlier a furniture factory. It includes the concerns of local council which was
considered in tender document in selection of main contractor and Building Information

Modelling (BIM) role in selection of design and maintenance of school building. This report
highlighted the promotion of local employment through hiring sub-contractors. At last it
concluded with the Building Information Modelling in reducing the running costs after the
construction of building and role of Construction Design and management in ensuring safety and
health in the construction industry.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Ashworth, A. and Perera, S., 2018. Contractual procedures in the construction industry.
Routledge.
Bruno, S., De Fino, M. and Fatiguso, F., 2018. Historic Building Information Modelling:
performance assessment for diagnosis-aided information modelling and
management.Automation in Construction, 86, pp.256-276.
Finkel, G., 2015. The economics of the construction industry. Routledge.
Jiang, W. and Wong, J.K., 2016. Key activity areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in
the construction industry: A study of China. Journal of cleaner production. 113. pp.850-
860.
Merschbrock, C. and Munkvold, B.E., 2015. Effective digital collaboration in the construction
industry–A case study of BIM deployment in a hospital construction project. Computers in
Industry. 73. pp.1-7.
Mishra, A.K. and Mallik, K., 2017. Factors and Impact of Risk Management Practice on Success
of Construction Projects of Housing Developers, Kathmandu, Nepal. Internafional Journal
of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR). 36(7). pp.206-232.
Pärn, E.A., Edwards, D.J. and Sing, M.C.P., 2017. The building information modelling trajectory
in facilities management: A review. Automation in Construction. 75. pp.45-55.
Pauwels, P. and Terkaj, W., 2016. EXPRESS to OWL for construction industry: Towards a
recommendable and usable ifcOWL ontology. Automation in Construction. 63. pp.100-
133.
Ruparathna, R. and Hewage, K., 2015. Sustainable procurement in the Canadian construction
industry: current practices, drivers and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 109.
pp.305-314.
Sandoval, C.A.O., Tizani, W. and Koch, C., 2018. A method for discrete event simulation and
building information modelling integration using a game engine. Advances in
Computational Design. 3(4). pp.405-418.
Walker, A., 2015. Project management in construction. John Wiley & Sons.
Wu, P., Wang, J. and Wang, X., 2016. A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the
construction industry. Automation in Construction. 68. pp.21-31.
Zhou, Z., Goh, Y.M. and Li, Q., 2015. Overview and analysis of safety management studies in
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Online
BIM: A Better View of Maintenance. 2019. [online]. Available
through<https://www.facilitiesnet.com/software/article/BIM-A-Better-View-of-Maintenance--
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