Review of Tourism Management and Related Studies

This assignment provides a detailed review of various articles and research papers on tourism management, covering topics such as cross-cultural validation of memorable tourism experience scales, managing change in tourism destinations, and the impact of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. The studies examine key issues and current trends in the field, including the role of technology in tourism, volunteer tourism and social justice, and the geography of tourism and recreation. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on tourism management, highlighting emerging practices and scope in the travel domain.

Contemporary Issues in Travel
and Tourism

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Analysing issues which are currently driving change in tourism sector...............................3
1.2 Analysis various issues by using appropriate methods and techniques................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Evaluate of current trends influencing in tourism sector......................................................6
2.2 Analysis of current trends using appropriate methods..........................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Analyse response towards change in travel and tourism sector............................................9
3.2 Strategies development in relation to response to changes by selected business entity.....11
3.3 Justify the strategies which are using in response to modification.....................................13
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Impact of issues and trends on driven business context......................................................13
4.2 Results when the change are not dealt properly..................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Sector or travel and tourism is facing different contemporary menace and issues in the
global market which is needed to analyse. Many United Kingdom and other nations visit this
places throughout the destination plan of managements. Thus, change is essential in the sector of
business weather this is structure or system for proper growth or evolution. Though alternation is
sentential sometimes it lead to various issues in travel and tourism sector. This report will
evaluate current issues and effective resource and method for solving them in Titan Travel which
is a United Kingdom based tour operator (Becker, 2016)(Cohen and Cohen, 2015)(Cohen and et.
al., 2014)(Connell, 2013)(Dickinson and et. al., 2014)(Hall and Page, 2014)(Hannam, Butler and
Paris, 2014)(Hartmann, 2014)(Kim and Ritchie, 2014)(Luh Sin, Oakes and Mostafanezhad,
2015)(Mariani and et. al., 2014)(McKercher, 2016)(Oviedo-García, 2016)(Reisinger, 2015)
(Standing, Tang-Taye, and Boyer, 2014)(Timothy, 2014)(Visit Britain reports increase in
volume and value of inbound tourism in 2015, 2017)(Adventure Travel Offers A Niche
Opportunity, 2016). It will assess various trends which influence changes and expansion of
specific market niche in the company. The report will also examine ways and strategies through
which Whitbread Plc. which is one of largest hotel, coffee and restaurant chain in United
Kingdom. Also it will investigate impact of trends in sector of travel and tourisms and for
Trailfinders Ltd., a private tour operator organisation of UK with more than 32 travel centres.
TASK 1
1.1 Analysing issues which are currently driving change in tourism sector
Tourism and travel sector is one of the largest sector that help the national economy
globally. People wander adventurous places for discovering new destination and gathering data
or information about various places every-year. The sector of tourism is developing continuously
that is also one dealing with major issues and menace. This is required for an organisation to
solve and problems that is emerging among them. In case, if worker of an enterprise is unable to
find a solution, it will not only lead to decrease in business but also portray a worse recognition
of enterprise in global market. Titan Travel will require to assess those issues that are restricting
their achievement and success path. Here are mentioned some of those barriers for the enterprise:
Increasing Security Requirements:
3

Security Demand Increment: People choose those organisation which provide them
security in other region and nations. The amount of tourists is developing internationally
everyday. This is fundamental to manage proper system of safety and security in efficient way.
Tourists are understood as a nation's guest, thus, the state should provide them proper security
and safety. Nowadays, the issues of terrorism have increased as a threat of travel and tourism.
The suicide bombers and lone-wolves are the major terms which is targetting major travel and
tourism destination. Recent example of it is bomb blast in Ariana Grande Concert in Manchester
that have terrified the tourist and people. The rapid rise of attacks are imposing terror among the
visitors to plan the destinations trips.
Technological Advancement: The nation have adopted new techniques and technologies
which is creating more consumer base for the nation increasing the amount of annual income.
This support the information access and availability as well. The alternation in technologies have
catered various changes in tourism business. Through the modification of technology, several
activities of United Kingdom's travel and tourism sector that have highly influenced trough
technology execution. The lifestyle and aspect of behaviour of traveller has been influenced
linked with buying by technology development. It can aid in managing consumer satisfaction
through rendering tickets booking, availability of offer and aware them about packages and
brand through advertising. Titan Travel is facing this conflict of indecisive characteristics that is
impacted the organisation in negative way.
New Market Beginning: The organisation has opportunities to expand their business
organisation in other market and trade globally. The organisation has also been supported
through this globalisation and development opportunity. This issues is the major beginning of
new trade has developed which have made the process of merchandising more complex and
hectic like there is different culture in distinct region which make the process of market analyse
and fundamental for Titan Travel before entering in new organisation. The complication also
stands on administration of accurate resource that enable the succession possibilities in
increasing clients satisfaction.
1.2 Analysis various issues by using appropriate methods and techniques
This is required for an enterprise that is dealing with various problems and issues in
effective way. According to the respected report, Titan Travel manager is focusing over use of
effective techniques and tools which is helpful for them in averting them in convenient manner.
4

For effectively use those techniques and tools, this is required to use proper research study.
People have tendency to select those destination which are cheaper and better that can provide
them satisfaction as well. Hence, several conflicts have found after the analysis for which there is
a requirements of using proper alternation in policies and programs.
Here are mentioned some of the issues which is restraining the growth and development
of organisation:
 Modification in world and nation's economy i.e. interlink between inflation and demands
etc.
 Technology advancement.
 New trade entrance.
This is indispensable for Titan Travel to make amendments and improve the terms or
programs of company to influence buyers and make effective steps. Administration division
should utilise some effective techniques for measuring information. In order to analyse those
techniques, there are various activities such as primary and secondary data analysis etc.
For example: North Africa and Middle East are also popular as MNA, that have a big
potential in the sector of travel and tourism sector. But the terrorist activities, political unrest and
other incurring are affecting this sector hugely to downward. The instability of politics in
Lebanon gives a rise to the activities of terrorism after the war of Persian Gulf that have
managed a great impression of travellers. Syria that cover the major destination of tourism are
noticing a trend declining cause of ISIS activities. People do not feel safe and are terrified after
Paris and Belgium incident. Egypt on the other hand is remarkable beauty but there are groups of
terrorist which is creating a major impact on their tourism and state such as Ansar Bayt Al-
Maqdis etc. Overall in MENA, there can be observed heavy violence that is leading MENA
toward downfall in sector of travel and tourism.
The 1540 execution through the entire state of Middle East focus over the proliferation
prevention under the chemical, biological and nuclear weapon, Egypt has been taken counter
measures of tourism activities through modifying Jihadist groups law. This have been announced
that terrorism funding would cause heavy penalty and imprisonment for more than 25 years.
More than 7 year imprisonments is announced for cyber crimes. Also the UN Council have
formed new committee of Counter-terrorism for reducing and controlling the activities of
terrorism attacks.
5

Local and international laws and legislation are also one of the major issues which Titan
Travel have to face while developing an programs and plans for the tourism due to the policies of
taxation, legislation and terms of dealing business which an organisation have to face. It can
become barrier in increment and growth cause. Such as laws at USA and UAE.
6

TASK 2
2.1 Evaluate of current trends influencing in tourism sector
New trends in travel and tourism sector are more flexible which remain changing after a
time span. There are various types of destination and activities in tourism which required to be
formed like the main travel and tourisms industry trend. Here are some types of tourism trends
mentioned as below:
Inbound Tourism: This is major tourism types in which individual or traveller visit
places within the nation. This is one of the major destination of tourist in United Kingdom which
is reason behind the increase in UK inbound tourism.
Outbound tourism: This can be considered as trend in which people roam outside of the
nation for roaming and exploring new places.
Recreation Tourism: This is the form of tourism in which traveller visit places with
purpose of relaxing.
Cultural Tourism: When traveller visit for gaining information about culture and history.
Nature Tourism: When the travellers visit for roaming and knowing nature, wildlife
places and destination.
Adventure Tourism: It is one of most popular and most common tourism form. In this
form, people visit places with enjoyments, joy and entertainment purpose. The practices consist
of the tourism form such as mountain climbing, rock climbing, waterfall rappelling, river rafting,
trekking, caving, skydiving etc.
Illustration 1: European Tourism commission, 2017
7

Faith Tourism: In this, the trip to holy places and destination is selected by traveller with
purpose of reaching particular region.
Dark Tourism: This is one of the recent market trends. In this, consumer explore more
historical places and haunted desolation. UK state is working on development of such places.
2.2 Covered in Poster
TASK 3
3.1 Analyse response towards change in travel and tourism sector
Changes of business environment affects the activities and functions of business
operations. Initially, an enterprise were occupied in using traditional methods or techniques
agreeing with accepting the changes with time. The organisation can use two methods through
which they can analyse and respond changes in effective way i.e. SWOT and PEST analysis of
organisation. Here is the mentioned the PEST analysis of organisation discussed under:
PEST ANALYSIS OF WHITBREAD. PLC
Political Factor It plays a very important role in determining
the factors that can impact Whitbread plc's
long term profitability in a certain country.
Political stability and important of travel and
leisure sector in the country's economy.
Political risk are on taxation e.g. tax rates and
incentives. Political factor analyse the risk,
level of corruption, legal framework,
intellectual property protection etc.
Economic Factor Their are two types of environment factors one
is macro environment such as inflation rate,
savings rate, interest rate, foreign exchange
rate and economic cycle which determine the
aggregate demand and aggregate investment in
an economy and other is micro environment
factors such as competition norms impact the
8

competitive advantage of the firm.
Social Factor Society culture and the way the life styles are
getting change and living standards of society
has brought many cultural changes around the
world. Higher value is given to the money in
the current time as well responsiveness to
customer demands. In the social factor we
should analyse the demographics and skills
level of the population , culture, educational
level, leisure interests etc.
Technology Factor Technology has disrupt all the industries across
the board. Over the past 5 years the industries
are going so fast as by using the technologies.
As the rate of technology diffusion.
Technology impact on the value chain structure
in consumer services sector. At the few times
technologies develop by Whitbread plc
competitors.
The mentioned analysis is of Whitbread Plc. In regard of international airline groups who
is working on the responding changes of dynamic market. For managing proper gaols, this is
required to make the changes in effective way. So if the organisation required alternation, this is
required for them to measure the environment study in order to suit in the working area. The
organisation, thus have a huge opportunities to expand their business and service in developing
nations such as India, China which can support in the unexpected downfall in business.
3.2 Strategies development in relation to response to changes by selected business entity
Changes of any type of business is linked with marketing trends and technologies which
influence the activities and operations of business in direct as well as indirect ways. A company
should plan strategies and make the development according for it. Whitbread's business have
been affected cause of some issues in travel and tourism which is affecting the organisation. It is
fundamental for organisation to begin their deal in other nations such as India, China. For this,
9

enterprise need to develop a mission and goals within a time period for meeting the objectives
within a specific time. Moreover developing new products and service has other issues which
Costa coffee, Premiere inn & restaurants is facing. The organisation is one of the largest hotel
chain and Costa coffee is world's second largest coffee stop after Starbucks.
It is the manager's duty to cater and plan new opportunities and packages which can help
them in meeting goals and mission. First, enterprise have to determine the nature and traits of
consumer which they are targetting. For developing new Coffee or restaurants line in developing
nation, organisation can consider the marketing mix as the strategies to meet higher competition
position. Here is the marketing mix of Whitbread.Plc discussed under:
Costa Coffee: This is second largest coffee chain in global market which is multinational
British coffee-house owned by Starbucks. As the situation and environment of organisation alter
according to different conditions; this is required for company to develop new terms and
strategies offering consumer products unique from rivals. This is fundamental to evolve new
packages and plans that can aid in meeting the buyer services. In order to deploy its business, in
developing nations, company have to determine and develop effective strategy along with goals
and objectives to meet the vision.
Premiere Inn: This is the largest chain of hotel in United Kingdom formed by Whitbread
which have expanded its business in worldwide. The organisation is operating its business in
various airports, suburbs etc. along with its rivals Ibis and Travelodge hotels. The organisation is
marketing is various service in market that through marketing mix can make the amendments in
business strategy to add value in their services. Through using this technique, enterprise can
easily meet the targetted audience as well as make a goodwill among the global market.
MARKETING MIX OF WHITBREAD.PLC
Price  It has not more expensive as comparisons to the luxury hotels
which in under budgets.
 Use transparent pricing system without any hidden charges.
 Utilise dynamic strategy of pricing for their services and
products.
Product  Room are fully luxurious along with good décor, interior,
colours and highly mattress quality.
10

 Provide complementary service such as Free Wi-Fi, Open bar
etc.
 Pillow types variety and great comfortable services.
Place  Consistent experience while booking from app, websites and
phones etc.
 Paramount places ad location of hotel which is offering variety
of services such as facilities of parking, airport hotel etc.
 The chain of hotels of enterprise is situated in each big and
metro city of world as well as other small places of United
Kingdom.
Promotion  Offers and discounts for booking online service.
 Use proper social media, e-newsletter along with special offer.
 Use the strategy of promotion mix in effective way as well as
participate in international events for promoting the services.
 Organisation use proper tools and techniques of promotion such
as T.V., newspaper, radio, hoardings and poster etc.
These all analysis and determined strategy will help Premiere Inn and Whitebread. Plc in
developing their business in global marketplaces through enhancing the operations and activities.
Hence, sector of travel and tourism is developing everyday and such organisations has been
facilitated from this as well. There are various other techniques and tools which an organisation
can utilise but through the help of these two strategies for Premiere Inn and Costa coffee, the
company would successfully able to increase their consumer satisfaction and buyer number.
3.3 Justify the strategies which are using in response to modification
The organisation, Whitbreah.Plc is facing various issues and conflicts for which they are
developing various strategies. The organisation is developing plans for consumer retention and
using more tools and techniques. Strategies which is effective and efficient is helpful for
enterprise in achieving the mission and goals. Hence, both Costa Coffee and Premiere Inn both
have used most effective and appropriate developing plans that can help them in meeting positive
influence. Organisation have to deal and execute several alternations such demands, taxation
policies etc.
11

Costa Coffee: The organisation desire to develop products and services for maximum
service users and expand their business in specific market. It is fundamental for enterprise Costa
Coffee to make the objectives and mission to meet outcome within a time period. This is
essential to investigate the the environment study for manager to expand the business, It is
helpful in business plan as it avail in understanding organisation recent situation, further
limitation, strengths, weakness and upcoming threats as well as opportunities top develop along
with creating an understanding to company. Thus, this is an effective strategy.
Premiere Inn: The organisation will utilise the marketing mix as the strategy of
developing new products and services as well as expansion of their business. This is an
appropriate plan which help in fulfilling the demands of clients, help in modifying the
technologies and operations and review the entire organisation. Also this is a required process for
Premiere Inn as it is effectual for organisation to use the development opportunities. It will avail
in meeting competitors in hotel industry.
Hence, these ideas or strategies are more appropriate which can help enterprise in
developing according to change in industry and resolve the emerged issues in effective way.
Thus, by the help of these both activities, plan and strategies, organisation can meet their target
audience in easy and effective way.
TASK 4
4.1 Impact of issues and trends on driven business context
Tourism industry affects the merged industry issues in direct and indirect ways.
Trailfinders Ltd. is a private tour operator organisation which deals its business in UK and few
other nations. The organisation is popular enterprise for services cost and quality of products
which they provide. The organisation is aiming over expansion of business but understanding the
dynamic nature of market, organisation need to analyse impact of changes which is discussed
under:
Employment Level: The worker performing the both organisation have several distinct
kinds of behaviour and patterns of working. Trailfinders organisation structure change will
influence the employee of enterprise in vast way.
12

Technology: Trailfinders is one of UK based tour operator proving service to clients
through suing advanced technology which have enhanced its service quality and added consumer
better experience.
Products and Service Impact: The services and products offered by organisation to their
services users are aimed over the single consumer type. This is require to offer different cots of
services for attracting buyers.
Here are the options available for Trailfinder to deploy their enterprise:
Merger: The organisation can consider the ideas of merging with another organisation
sharing the same purpose. Tailfinder can meet the target audience through the assistance of
merging techniques which can help them in meeting financial funds to organisation in effective
way.
Consortia Forming: In this company, group of organisation is built for supporting each
other. Through this, company can get support in process of developing plans and strategies in
effective way.
Acquisitions: The organisation buy various enterprise and trading enterprise does not
exists any-more.
Liquidation: This an event which is usually incur when the company declares insolvency
which claims that it won't be able to give owed obligations. The scenario of organisation are
closed down and there are departments of assets between creditors and shareholder.
4.2 Results when the change are not dealt properly
Trailfinders Ltd are not adopt the major changes within an enterprise manner which is
necessary, such consequences can be emerges are as under:
It will reduces the profit margin and dealing of the firm. So that annual revenue of the
company will decline and this can increase the cost of management and assets in proper manner.
As per this, users will shift their desirability to the another organisation who provides more cost
effectiveness in pricing strategies. Thus, firm can face the downfall situations. If corporation is
not working in their appropriate direction then such suppliers resources will reduces in range. It
will modify their point of view about certain situations.
Supplier can break the contract of the firm and transform these enterprise supplies to
another way. The association pay will decreases that affect the identity of the business. At the
time when management will break down and organisation reduce the identity in the large market
13

place among customers mind. It is necessary for tour operator company is to satisfy desires and
need to change the meeting needs of the market and operate business after adoption changes.
Trail finders can expand their business in other location for attracting customers. The technology
changes in structure and it is most effective tool for evolution of firm which can be adopted.
There are different results which cause in change in failure: Decrease services: Trailfinders will give proper services to the potential service users and
some time when they does not accept the products and services, so this will create the
impact on company business operation. Destructive effect on brand image: It is one of the most essential part of organisation
like Trilfinders so these are not directly impact on customers needs and demand that will
influence in negative manner.
 Does not fulfil the customers requirements: The buyers and service users does not meet
with customers requirements and satisfy their needs and demands. This lead to
dissatisfaction among consumer and customer which can lead to major all for the
company.
In order to emerge from these issues and conflicts, an organisation need to develop some
effective methods and techniques. This is required to to manage these issues within a specific
period of time for sustaining in competitive industry.
CONCLUSION
This report summon that in recent market of travel and tourism, the organisation is facing
temporary issues due to change in trends and market. Moreover, there are two recent elements
that are being analysed for utilising the resources and processes in effective way which aims on
the political and other impact that are creating in disturbance. Tourism industry affects the
merged industry issues in direct and indirect ways. Changes of any type of business is linked
with marketing trends and technologies which influence the activities and operations of business.
An organisation of travel and hospitality industry get influenced by these changes and alternation
in the competitive industry. Supplier can break the contract of the firm and transform these
enterprise supplies to another way.
14

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Becker, E., 2016. Overbooked: the exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon and
Schuster.
Cohen, E. and Cohen, S. A., 2015. A mobilities approach to tourism from emerging world
regions. Current Issues in Tourism. 18(1). pp.11-43.
Cohen, S. A. and et. al., 2014. Understanding and governing sustainable tourism mobility:
Psychological and behavioural approaches (Vol. 43). Routledge.
Connell, J., 2013. Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and
commodification. Tourism Management. 34. pp.1-13.
Dickinson, J. E. and et. al., 2014. Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging
practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism. 17(1). pp.84-101.
Hall, C. M. and Page, S. J., 2014. The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place
and space. Routledge.
Hannam, K., Butler, G. and Paris, C. M., 2014. Developments and key issues in tourism
mobilities. Annals of Tourism Research. 44. pp.171-185.
Hartmann, R., 2014. Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism
management: new directions in contemporary tourism research. Journal of Heritage
Tourism. 9(2). pp.166-182.
Kim, J. H. and Ritchie, J. B., 2014. Cross-cultural validation of a memorable tourism experience
scale (MTES). Journal of Travel Research. 53(3). pp.323-335.
Luh Sin, H., Oakes, T. and Mostafanezhad, M., 2015. Traveling for a cause: Critical
examinations of volunteer tourism and social justice. Tourist studies. 15(2). pp.119-131.
Mariani, M. M. and et. al., 2014. Managing change in tourism destinations: Key issues and
current trends. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. 2(4). pp.269-272.
McKercher, B., 2016. Towards a taxonomy of tourism products. Tourism Management. 54.
pp.196-208.
Baker, D. M. A., 2014. The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry.
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. 2(1). p.9.
Oviedo-García, M. Á., 2016. Tourism research quality: Reviewing and assessing
interdisciplinarity. Tourism Management. 52. pp.586-592.
Reisinger, Y., 2015. Transformational tourism: Host perspectives. CABI.
Standing, C., Tang-Taye, J. P. and Boyer, M., 2014. The impact of the Internet in travel and
tourism: A research review 2001–2010. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 31(1).
pp.82-113.
Timothy, D. J., 2014. Contemporary cultural heritage and tourism: Development issues and
emerging trends. Public Archaeology. 13(1-3). pp.30-47.
Online
Visit Britain reports increase in volume and value of inbound tourism in 2015. 2017. [Online].
Available through:
<https://www.hospitality-interiors.net/news/articles/2016/01/457364505-visitbritain-
reports-increase-volume-and-value-inbound-tourism-2015>.
15

Adventure Travel Offers A Niche Opportunity. 2016. [Online]. Available
through:<http://www.travelmarketreport.com/articles/Adventure-Travel-Offers-A-
Niche-Opportunity>.
16