Tourism Research and Review

This assignment provides a collection of academic papers and articles related to tourism research and management. The papers cover various topics such as sustainable tourism mobility, medical tourism, and the impact of technology on travel and tourism. The assignment includes references to books, journals, and online sources, providing a comprehensive overview of current trends and issues in the field of tourism studies.

Contemporary
Issues in Travel &
Tourism

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Issues driving change in travel and tourism sector...........................................................1
1.2 Analyse various issues with the help of different resources and methods.......................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Current trends influencing change in travel and tourism sector.......................................3
2.2 Analysis of a trend using appropriate techniques and resources......................................5
Covered in poster....................................................................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Respond to change in travel and tourism businesses........................................................5
3.2 Strategies to respond in selected travel and tourism businesses......................................6
3.3 Justification of strategies..................................................................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Impact of trends and issues that drive change in travel and tourism sector.....................8
4.2 Consequences of businesses which respond to market changes......................................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Sector of travel and tourism is one of the sector in which number of changes take place
large scale in very short period of time. All this aspects largely affect the business operation of
tour and travel companies. This area has a huge importance of social and technological changes
as this largely affect the operations of this area (Hartmann, 2014). Various methods and tools are
there which can be used by the manager of an enterprise to deal with various contemporary
issues. Greenwich, which is a very popular place for tourism is taken under this report for study.
Number of tourists from UK and other countries visit this place throughout the year. Various
factor which drive change in travel and tourism sector and current trends in this sector which
influence the activities and number of visitors in various tourist destinations is detailed under this
report. Various ways which can be use by British airways to respond to the changes take place in
this sector and main strategies which can b use by the enterprise to respond to those changes is
all mention in this. Along with this, main issues and trends which drive change in this sector and
different consequences on businesses during respond to market changes in travel and tourism
sector is described under this report.
TASK 1
1.1 Issues driving change in travel and tourism sector
At earlier times, tourism was a separated industry where umber of units played their role
in a individual manner and this lack of collective action was the main reason which negatively
affect the growth of visitor economy and decrease the importance of tourism spot. Main issues
that drive change in travel and tourism sector can be understood by following points: Technological advancement: This is one of the major issue that changed the concept of
travel and tourism sector at large scale. With the help of these aspects enterprise can
change and improve the quality of its services. One of the main example of this is that
hospitality industry provide an opportunity to advanced booking to individuals and this is
possible with the help of technological advancements. With the help of this industry is
able to improve the quality of its service and add more features in it which positively
attract large number of customers (Luh Sin, Oakes and Mostafanezhad, 2015).
Technological advancement is one of the factor which largely affect the concept of travel
and tourism sector as online platform contribute a lot in its growth. Search engines and
social media provide the facility to explore the best destinations and tourists can plan for
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their vacations by made a connection with firms. Major role of technology is that it allow
the facility of virtual tour to tourists. Various tour hotels and operators are making
effective use of it. This positively improve the potential of travel and tourism sector. Increased environmental awareness: This is another element which drive number of
change in travel and tourism sector. This have a high level of importance which prevent
the nature from any kind of harm (Timothy, 2014). Development of trends such as green
tourism promote the protection and safety of environment. Every member or party which
take part in this process has their responsibility to contribute for the protection and safety
of various environmental resources. Wastage is required to be dumbed properly. This
contribute in improve and increase the knowledge about various environmental issues.
 Increased security: Arrangement for safety against any kind of threat for the community
or society is knows as security. Due to increase level of tourism on daily basis, improve
measures of security has become one of the major challenge in front of government and
tourism sector. Number of tourists are increasing rapidly and disposable income of
people on travel and tourism sector is high. But the concept of terrorism and social
security impact on the growth and development of tourism on both international and
domestic level. Various countries have their own procedures which made the security of
tourism very strict.
1.2 Analyse various issues with the help of different resources and methods
Industry of tourism is booming on a increasing level and revenues are generated on a
positive note all this leads to economic growth of this sector and enhance the growth of visitor.
One term which is use in tourism sector is ecotourism, which means tourists and travellers are
responsible for the safety of environment. It is found that social implication of travel are
overlooked.
Negative impact: to identify the place of tourism it is responsibility of a traveller to understand
that silly mistakes can lead to a bitter experience of travel like offence of local citizens and their
culture can be possible to create a hurdle to take the travel up to the next level.
Loss of culture: sometimes cultural value of tourists destination gets hamper when any kind of
modification or alternation is done in the crafts to get the attention of visitors to give more value
to their want with the aim of better satisfy their wants, and in order t increase the sales volume
and number of profits (Reisinger, 2015). To fulfil the demand of tourist cultural value there is a
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need to be compromised. Like the same, traditional are, customs and food are replaced with the
choice of visitors and all this leads bring the feeling of home away from home.
Positive effect: in spite of various negative impact of tourism there are number of positive
outcomes of it. As per the current economic condition provide jobs to all individuals is one of the
most vital issues in government agenda. Like tourism industry have a huge potential of creating
number of jobs this is the main reason as this business is consider as a most important sector not
just in terms of direct employment but it has a huge scope to generate large number of indirect
employment in the nation (Standing, Tang-Taye and Boyer, 2014). This enable the government
to earn extra tax revenues which can be used by it in number of developmental activities.
Environmental effect: one of the main positive impact of tourism is that it generate number of
alternative sources of employment. For example guide fees and entry charge while take entry in
an animal or marine parks. In this situation, the possible threat is that cultural resources may be
changes from overuse.
TASK 2
2.1 Current trends influencing change in travel and tourism sector
Alternative forms of tourism relate to keep and maintain a distance form the traditional
cardinal rule which means build and maintain a relationship among visitors and local community
as this is consider as a right and effective element for sustainable development. This form of
tourism try to share or use the service of local people and is more focused towards preservation
of natural environment, local traditions and authentic cuisine and atmosphere.
Alternative forms of tourism are stated below:
 Ecotourism
 Rural tourism Food tourism
Sustainable tourism: Negative effect can be happened on communities and environment if
activity of tourism cannot not be managed properly (Reisinger, 2015). Main feature of
sustainable tourism is to make and keep a balance between local environment and community in
a way to fulfil the needs of visitors and to protect the environment.
Working toward sustainable tourism: Sustainable tourism require to balance the impact of
tourism on environment, local people and on the economy. For this cooperation is require among
various groups. In case of Greenwich, this include the following:
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 Royal park project management and advisory board
 Leisure and hotel industry
 Local businesses and people
 Tourists
Strategies require to achieve sustainable tourism:
 Ensure a restriction on visitors and cars by keep in mind that this will lead to affect the
income from tourism.
 To formulate effective plans to raise funds to protect the environment.
 To generate a plan to literate tourists and local people about the concept of sustainable
tourism. It is observe that involvement of local people in case of sustainable tourism put a
positive impact. Participation help in produce effective results.
Measures adopted to maintain the Greenwich park
Political factor:
Objective: Main objective of that is to make and offer and ecofriendly environment to future
generation.
Bio diversity: Enhance and conserve bio diversity. For this an appropriate body of nm
management has been formed to build up wide range of bio diversity.
Landscape maintenance committee: Main aim behind the formation of this committee is to
maintenance of park land, protect trees, rose garden and any more with the help of maintenance
program (Oviedo-García, 2016). For this restricted parking zones have sat up in many areas.
Enhancing awareness: For this, directors of parks ply a proactive role in build up partnership
with authorities like greater London authority. '
Ecotourism: Tourism based of nature experience is known as ecotourism which is very essential
for the development of social structure as well as local economy. Program of sustainability
includes development of local community by apply various sources of livelihood.
Ecotourism approach includes the following:
 Ensure that tourism does not harm local communities or natural environment.
 Make coordination with various local communities.
 Ensure infrastructure improvements for provide various benefits to tourists and local
people.
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2.2 Analysis of a trend using appropriate techniques and resources
Covered in poster
TASK 3
3.1 Respond to change in travel and tourism businesses
Any alternation arise in the surroundings of business affect the operations and activities
of an enterprise. Various firms do not respond to those changes as these do not contribute in the
success of company. Traditionally many firms engage in the business of tourism sector use
traditional methods(McKercher, 2016). Those processes fail to provide any kind of benefit to
enterprises as these methods does not allow managers to interact with clients. In that case, by use
modern methods they can effectively promote their business activities in front of large number of
individuals with the help of different tools such as internet, social sites and many other.
For international airline it is fundamental to find out where they want to place in travel
and tourism sector. In this case they can use the concept PEST because factors such as political,
social, technological and economical. In today's business environment customers become more
alert about the products and services they use. In that case it becomes more important for British
airways to formulate a plan in effectively respond to the external factors exist in environment.
Political Various efforts are done by every organisation to expand its activities in
various areas. Same in case of British airways as firm want to expand it
activities in different countries so it is very essential for firm to evaluate
the political circumstances of various states (Mariani and et. al., 2014).
Rules and regulation of every government remain different from country to
country as per the economic conditions exist in that nation. Variation in
legal bodies affect the activities of company for example new rules lead to
increase rate of tax.
Economic It comes under the responsibility of administrative department to first
identify the exist rate of currency in market, fluctuation take place in that
and affect of all this of business activities. For execute business operations
in an effective manner it is very essential for a nation to identify and
examine the rate of currency. In case of lesser value of a currency
adequate steps must be taken by firm so they can increase the amount of
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their profit.
Social It is very essential for British airways to identify and calculate tastes,
habits, attitudes and behaviour of its customers so company can made and
offer them effective services for satisfy their needs. With the help of this
study company can increase the amount of its profits. Any variation in
these factors affect the demand for firm's products so to deal with this
issues, effective policies must be develop by British airways.
Technological Technology play a big role in airways so any variation take place in this
sector must be consider by the manager of British airways. With the help
of updated technology company can made effective services and can better
satisfy the needs and wants of its customers. Further with the help of
online booking visitors can book their fights before 7 months on the day
of their travelling.
As British airlines want to expand its business activities in new areas to expand
effectively PEST investigation can bee done by the managers of airlines to get positive respond
form it clients.
3.2 Strategies to respond in selected travel and tourism businesses
Any kind of modification in business environment can affect the commercial of a firm
either directly or indirectly. To get maximum advantages of these managers formulate policies
and strategies. Along with this, identification of short and long term targets of company should
be timely done by manager so he can plan future activities accordingly (Luh Sin, Oakes and
Mostafanezhad, 2015). For this review of mission and vision of firm is very necessary so
company can set its targets accordingly and can complete the assign work in a timely manner.
Further development new product and item for better satisfy the needs of client's demand is
another important issues for a firm. Any variation in choice of customer's demand affect the sale
and profit of company.
British airways is one of the leading association in United kingdom and have more than
500 aircraft. Presently firm is offering its services in more than 200 places. In UK there are two
more companies which are producing more profits as comparison to British airways and these
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are ING and lbeia. So in this case, these is a need to British airways to modify its strategies and
policies so company can generate more revenues than its competitors.
Lberia: This is one of the essential part of airlines group, there is a need for firm to
modify its strategies and policies of business. As firm is include in service marketing association,
thus there is a requirement for firm to utilise all elements of marketing mix. As this will guide
them to decide the right price for their services and good in an appropriate manner. Further best
channel for promotion can be use by company (Kim and Ritchie, 2011). All this will guide
manager to effective offer its goods at marketplace and at the same time company can meet up
with its target market.
International airways: This is one of the most popular and famous aircraft all around the
world with large market share. As changing conditions of market at a fast speed, it is essential
for firm to adopt different techniques to develop better products to its customers. Along with
this, it is very essential for firm to utilise all resources and methods to improve the quality of its
services (Hartmann, 2014). It is very essential for an employer to continuously review mission
and target of company as this will help manager to know whether activities of firm are in right
direction or not. With formulation of effective strategies firm can respond effectively to various
issues and can implement the changed without any hurdle. At the same time company can
identify opportunities exist in market place and can use them in an effective manner. Due to
increase number of customers or visitors on a continuous basis firm can get various advantages
by expand its activities. It is responsibility of manager to study the demand of its clients, their
preferences and tastes. With the help of this company can offer them products and services as per
their requirements.
All these are the main factors which guide the managers of British airways to deal with
the variation or changes take place in market. This will contribute in growth and success of firm
and firm can make unique services for its clients. Whole sector of travel and tourism, is growing
at a fast speed and with the help of effective strategies and policies firm can better satisfy the
needs of its clients in an effective manner.
3.3 Justification of strategies
There are number of strategies which can be use by British airways to deal with
changing situations and requirement of its customers. With proper and effective utilisation of
various of various methods and tools company can better satisfy the needs of its customers and at
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the same time can attract potential customers towards it (Hannam, Butler and Paris, 2014). Main
advantage of using and effective policy and strategy is that it support and give direction to the
activities of a manager and contribute in achieve set objectives and aims in given period of time.
In this way company can effectively respond to the changes and needs of its customers. In this
way, it is essential for both enterprises to use effective strategies to done or implement
modification sin an effective manner.
As every change either little or big affect the activities of an enterprise both direct or
indirect way so in this situation, factors which can be face by manager during business
operations include change in the demand of its customers, tax rate and many more.
International airways: This firm want to generate more number of profits by satisfy the
needs of its customers. This will assist firm to cover a specific area with its particular objectives.
Formulation and identification of target market so at the time of any change company can
execute its activities effectively. With the help of PEST concept manager can identify the
external factors and its impact business operations. All this will guide manager during
formulation of business plan. Presently firm is offering variety of services to its clients this
provide an opportunity to its customers to choose best product form the available.
Lberia: All elements of marketing mix are properly used by this firm to achieve its
objectives. New and advanced technology is use by this enterprise to fulfil the requirement of its
clients (Hall and Page, 2014). It is very essential for company to identify and grab all the
opportunities exist in market place so company can achieve its grow effectively and can get
benefits from its competitors.
So it is very essential for every business organisation to opt strategies as per the needs of
its clients. In this way company can deal with all thee issues and problems to achieve set targets
effectively.
TASK 4
4.1 Impact of trends and issues that drive change in travel and tourism sector
Number of issues are there which impact the tourism industry either direct or indirect
way. Thomas cook has number of offices in different parts of world (Cohen and Cohen, 2015).
Company is known for quality of its services and for efficiency in its business operations.
Change is one of the essential of every business enterprise due to change in business
environment at a fast speed. Number of areas are there where change can be introduce.
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 Change in structure: Variation in organisation structure of a company affect its business
activities. For example in case of a merger of an enterprise with other organisation will
double the resources of firm which will leads to increase capacity of company. Like the
same if Thomas cook acquire other organisation work in same sector than this will
increase the market share of company and profits also (Dickinson and et. al., 2014) . On
the opposite of it, in case of liquidation this will decrease profits and market share of
company. All assist of firm will be sold out against all its liabilities. Employment level: Any change in the existing labour rate directly affect the level of
workers working in an enterprise. High cost of employing employees directly affect the
total number of workers (Cohen and et. al., 2014). Any change happen or observe in
business need to be timely communicate with the managers so they can give direction to
business activities accordingly.
 Technology: Whenever a change is introduce or observe in technology need to be adapt
by enterprise in time as this play a big role in increase the profits of firm (Becker, 2016).
4.2 Consequences of businesses which respond to market changes
Sector of travel and tourism is one of the most successful hospitality sector in UK.
Industry offer coastal area, archaeological sites and clean beaches to the visitors of western
countries (Connell, 2013). This rank in the top 28th among 140 countries and get the first
position in middle east in the economic form report 2013. To maintain this position it and to
better satisfy the needs of its customers it is very essential for an enterprise to respond to these
changes in an effective manner. In case when enterprise fails to adapt the changes in an effective
manner than those consequences can be understood by the points stated below:
 This leads to diminish the benefits and advantages of an enterprise. Customers will opt
and go for another firm to but effective and updated services which will decrease the
current market share of company and will create negative impact on the image of firm.
 In such kind of situation, this will decrease the wage of an affiliation will will hamper the
goodwill of company and this leads to increment in cost of company. Company loss its
competitive position in that case.
 This will hamper the relation of company with its supplier which will block the supply of
firm good raw material to company and will decrease the quality of firm's product.
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CONCLUSION
From the above information it can be concluded that whole industry of travel and tourism
get affected by number of factors. Study of all those elements is very necessary by Thomas cook
in order to effectively plan its future activities and to attract large number of visitors every year.
Number of visitors go to different places with their own objectives and aims so in this case it is
very necessary that problems and issues faced by visitors should be identify and eliminate by the
tourism companies to increase the comfort of a tourist during his whole journey. There are
number of issues that drive change in travel and tourism sector so all those should be better
identify and evaluate by the firms working in this sector to achieve its target market. Further
effective strategies and policies must be used by the enterprise to study these changes arise in
this sector and than implement its activities accordingly .
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Becker, E., 2016. Overbooked: the exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon and
Schuster.
Cohen, E. and Cohen, S. A., 2015. A mobilities approach to tourism from emerging world
regions. Current Issues in Tourism. 18(1). pp.11-43.
Cohen, S. A. and et. al., 2014. Understanding and governing sustainable tourism mobility:
Psychological and behavioural approaches (Vol. 43). Routledge.
Connell, J., 2013. Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and
commodification. Tourism Management. 34. pp.1-13.
Dickinson, J. E. and et. al., 2014. Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging
practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism. 17(1). pp.84-101.
Hall, C. M. and Page, S. J., 2014. The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place
and space. Routledge.
Hannam, K., Butler, G. and Paris, C. M., 2014. Developments and key issues in tourism
mobilities. Annals of Tourism Research. 44. pp.171-185.
Hartmann, R., 2014. Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism
management: new directions in contemporary tourism research. Journal of Heritage
Tourism. 9(2). pp.166-182.
Kim, J. H. and Ritchie, J. B., 2014. Cross-cultural validation of a memorable tourism experience
scale (MTES). Journal of Travel Research. 53(3). pp.323-335.
Luh Sin, H., Oakes, T. and Mostafanezhad, M., 2015. Traveling for a cause: Critical
examinations of volunteer tourism and social justice. Tourist studies. 15(2). pp.119-131.
Mariani, M. M. and et. al., 2014. Managing change in tourism destinations: Key issues and
current trends. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. 2(4). pp.269-272.
McKercher, B., 2016. Towards a taxonomy of tourism products. Tourism Management. 54.
pp.196-208.
Baker, D. M. A., 2014. The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry.
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. 2(1). p.9.
Oviedo-García, M. Á., 2016. Tourism research quality: Reviewing and assessing
interdisciplinarity. Tourism Management. 52. pp.586-592.
Reisinger, Y., 2015. Transformational tourism: Host perspectives. CABI.
Standing, C., Tang-Taye, J. P. and Boyer, M., 2014. The impact of the Internet in travel and
tourism: A research review 2001–2010. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 31(1).
pp.82-113.
Timothy, D. J., 2014. Contemporary cultural heritage and tourism: Development issues and
emerging trends. Public Archaeology. 13(1-3). pp.30-47.
Online:
Ralph, G., 2016. Visit Britain reports increase in volume and value of inbound tourism in 2015.
[Online]. Available through:
<https://www.hospitality-interiors.net/news/articles/2016/01/457364505-visitbritain-
reports-increase-volume-and-value-inbound-tourism-2015>. [Accessed on 16th October
2017].
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