The Evolution and Trends of Travel and Tourism

This assignment delves into the world of travel and tourism, examining its evolution, key factors influencing traveler behavior, and recent trends. It discusses the importance of accessible destinations, the role of social media, and the impact of technological advancements on the industry. The assignment also touches on sustainable tourism practices and their legacy for the future.

Contemporary
Travel and Tourism
Industry
Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Discuss key milestones in development of travel and tourism industry and how they have
shaped the industry.................................................................................................................1
Identify different elements of travel and tourism industry and explore their interrelation to
create tourist experience.........................................................................................................2
Determine different factors that affect tourism behaviour.....................................................4
Explain models of motivation and how they influence consumer decision-making process5
Identify recent and emerging patterns and trends in international travel and tourism industry.7
Examine the factors affecting popularity of range of global destinations.............................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Travel and tourism refers to activities of travelling and staying away from home due to
reasons of business, leisure or recreation for not more than one year. It includes accommodation
services, restaurants and banquet and conference hall (Vellas, 2016). The report covers key
milestones in development of travel and tourism industry, identification of various elements and
their interrelation and determination of different factors that affect tourist behaviour. Along with
this, models of motivation and their impact on consumer decision-making process and recent and
emerging trends in international travel and tourism industry are identified. Furthermore,
examination of factors influencing range of global destinations are discussed.
MAIN BODY
Discuss key milestones in development of travel and tourism industry and how they have shaped
the industry
In the 19th century, tourists started enjoying holidays and it became way of tourism. In
the 29th century, individuals prefer to travel for luxury and spending leisure time. Tourism
business gained the popularity in the 19th century where people would travel to a different
country in order to stay there. This was done either for business or pleasure. This sector has
undergone a huge evolution such as transportation system got changed and more advance ways
have been introduced in this line to make it easy for tourists.
UNWTO defined, “Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries which
deliver a travel experience comprising transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking
establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses and other hospitality services provided for
individuals or groups travelling away from home.”
Travel and tourism industry is fastest growing sector in UK economy which contributes
majorly in development. It brings huge opportunities for local businessmen and country through
generation of jobs, foreign exchange, increased revenue etc. Since, it expanding and increasing
every year with a rapid pace, UK has come far with evolution in this industry. The developments
in travel and tourism industry and how they have shaped it has been discussed:
The UK government prepared a plan for expansion for business at Highlands and Islands
was done with a view to take this business at high and larger degree. Also, they explored
opportunities in the villages and rural areas of UK which attracted tourists from worldwide.
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Along with this, various tournaments and winter sports were highlight of UK which, after
observing, need for improving services related to seating arrangement and restaurants facilities
were analysed (Boniface, Cooper and Cooper, 2016). Investment was done to take actions.history of
tourism Furthermore, new hotels were constructed to ease accommodation. This scheme
increased level of commercial operations based on market value of each hotel.
After few years, UK government felt the requirement to increase awareness about
tourism in the country for which national advertising campaign was held. An attractive
advertisement was shot which captured the beauty of UK and provided some glimpse of history
and culture. It was broadcast worldwide to attract tourists from different countries.
Furthermore, a full fledge finance co-ordinated network of Tourist Information Centres
were incorporated with an aim of helping people inquiring about UK tourism related questions.
Magazines were printed and published in UK and international. Few years later, a concept of
sport-based holidays emerged for which efforts were taken. Sports like walking, fishing, sea-
angling etc. were introduced (Nezakati and et. al., 2015).
Legislations like Development of Tourism Act, 1969 was passed for promoting tourism.
Along with this, tour packages were introduced with heavy discounts. New five stars hotels were
opened which saw presence of celebrities and popular businessmen. This again attracted huge
number of tourists. Currently, corporations like Thomas Cook and other entities of all sizes has
started providing online services.
All the major points mentioned above have greatly shaped the industry by increasing the
business in this sector. This has helped local people in earning income which raised their
standard of living. Furthermore, UK government earn good amount of revenue by collecting
taxes from tourists and utilises for improvisation of infrastructure and restoring of historical
places. Also, foreign exchange are gathered which provides a base for sterling to remain strong.
Along with this, more jobs have been created and this will be continued with the expansion of
this sector. Advancement in technology has also bee introduced in airways that has parent
company in UK. However, problem of accommodation is still there which needs to resolved by
opening new hotels at all scale which can fulfil demands of majority of tourists. However,
service quality should remain same which is the core element of UK travel and tourism industry.
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Identify different elements of travel and tourism industry and explore their interrelation to create
tourist experience
A travel and tourism industry in huge which needs number of people and elements to
operate it successfully. These have been provided under:
Accommodation: It is the most important element which includes hotels, resorts,
apartments, camps, guest houses, lodges, etc. It is divided into two types viz. Serviced
accommodation and non-serviced accommodation. Former involves bundle of services with
overnight stay, for instance, meals, laundry, housekeeping etc. Whereas latter offers no service,
rather visitors do all the work by themselves (Bowtell, 2015). The quality of accommodation is
vital as a tourist pay huge amount to have services that are worthy. Desired quality makes a
customer happy and repeat services by visiting the same place again.
Transport: UK has various types of transport facilities such as airlines, cruise lines, care
rentals and railways. A tourist choose one based on his budget, choice, time, destination, comfort
and reason of the trip/tour. Ineffective transport service can posses sever hurdles in whole tour
which can change the positive perception of a visitor. However, UK has adopted number of
technologies which eases communication from one location to another.
Attractions: This is the principle component for which a visitor plan and execute whole
trip. These includes museums, gallery, religious places, heritage building, huge theme park, etc.
In order to attract more tourists, a country should have number of tourist attractions (Edgell Sr,
2016). UK is a perfect combination of art, culture, modern life and technologies. If tourists like
number of places visited by them, then they recommends the same to their friends and family.
Travel agents: A travel agent works as source of information for visitors planning a tour
to a specific destination. Usually, they provide service of preparing holiday packages according
to demands of customers. Also, additional services such as car rentals, currency exchange etc.
are also provided. A structured package helps in making trip easy and saves a lot of unnecessary
costs. This increases the satisfaction of visitors paying hefty amounts.
Ancillary services: A tour is not complete without services like information and guiding.
Also, additional services are provided which may include insurance, communication, banking
services, and many more. They give adequate assistance which help visitors roam around the city
without difficulty. This make their experience memorable as they do not have to be worried
about managing these things.
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Trade association and regulatory bodies: These are the one under duty to protect
people visiting a different destination. People travel freely due to presence of various
legislations, rules, and offices for providing security and safety. Further, they help in resolving
matters related to passport, visa, and other major issues. UK has high security for visitors and the
official in such association are well-versed with knowledge to be able to answer the queries. This
is a prime factor which is considered while planning a tour.
On the basis of above specified different elements of travel and tourism, it can be said
that all of them are interrelated to each other as without one another it would be able for the
industry to sustain longer. Along with this, it can be said that all elements works together
effectively then it will provide better experience to tourist.
Determine different factors that affect tourism behaviour
Tourism behaviour is also known as travel behaviour. It refers to behaviour of visitors
based on attitudes before, during and travelling (Prebensen, Chen and Uysal, eds., 2018). The
core element is pleasure in this concept. Opinions of visitor change according to change in
different activities that are responsible for providing relaxation. According to Solomon, “it is
process involved when individuals or group select, purchase, use or dispose of products,
services, ideas or experiences to satisfy needs and wants.” Positive perception and attitude of a
tourist towards UK or any other destination is required to attract and encourage them for visiting
the country.
There are number of factors which affect behaviour of tourists, which are as follows:
Trips time: Timings of tours are most important in planning the trip. Every place has
their peak time in which the number of tourists gets doubled. For example, the best time to visit a
coastal area like Australia is winters as temperature is moderate and suitable for all types of
people. Hence, tourists plan their tour in the best time by considering weather and temperature.
Also, there are specific sports or events which may not happen in peak time but then also,
gathering of people from the world can be seen. Most people avoid such time due to rush and
crowd. This is a negative perception which influence choices and timings of a trip (Meleddu, Paci
and Pulina, 2015).
Financing: It is about the finances that will be required for booking hotels, tickets of
museum or historical places, money that will be spent on shopping, tickets of transportation to
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move within the country etc. Without sufficient money, no trip can be pleasurable and
successful. Furthermore, services can be upgraded when paid more amount. Thus, budget can
increase or decrease probability of finalising a tour. This is because the income of people and
their budget capacity is the only medium which attract people from developing country to travel
over particular destination. Hence in order to maintain a customer base tour operator must
consider the financial capability of customer before planning a trip for them.
Frequency: This is about number of times a tourist travels and stays away from his home
at different place. The frequency of taking trips vary person to person. A tourist will visit a place
more often on repeat basis which has been able to provide all those experiences which he wished
for. A person will avoid a trip who has recently returned from one. From the viewpoint of
tourists, there has to be a considerable gap between two or more trips. This factor is majorly
related to finance which needs some time to save money for next tour (Kaushik, Agrawal and
Rahman, 2015).
Quality of service: Everything about planning a tour revolves around this factor. The
amount charged by various travel agencies, hotels, car rentals, airlines etc. are for providing
quality in the service which can fulfil demands of visitors. This single element has the power to
influence opinions of a person. A tourist paying money for number of services expect to avail
and get services that are worthy of what they have been charged. This is because in developing
country majority of people are having average income and because of which they prefer high
quality services at relatively lower prices that can worth their payment. Hence this factor must
also be consider by tour operators while providing services.
Explain models of motivation and how they influence consumer decision-making process
Motivation models guide and direct a person's attitude, behaviour in order to encourage
them to take positive decisions which will help in fulfilling the goals. There are number of
models which have been explained below:
Simplified Expectancy Model: This model was developed by Victor Vroom who
suggested that individual act in a particular way because of being motivated to choose specific
behaviour over the rest. The behaviour is the outcome of expectations. Behaviour may be
negative or positive depending on desirability of outcome. With regard to consumer decision
making, every person has certain places in the mind where he wishes to go. Tour plans are made
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when a destination is chosen (Le-Klähn and et. al., 2015). According to this model, a visitor makes
efforts for making and choosing travel packages which is customised on the basis of
requirements. If the customer like the items included in tour packages together with information
provided about travel destination, then this can motivate that person to take a decision quickly.
Government and authorities of a country works in a way to attract more tourists. For this, they
put many efforts such as providing tourist helpline number, information centres, good
transportation etc. These govern perceptions of an individual which motivates them to repeat
tours in same location more frequently.
Keller's ARCS model of motivation: This model was founded by John Keller. It is
based motivation which works on four elements viz. Attention, relevance, confidence and
satisfaction. This helps in making decisions quickly by judging facts. Before planning a trip, one
must have all the required information which make affect their decisions. The four factors have
been discussed below:
Attention: Visitors are informed about different places through advertisements in
magazines, television, radio etc. This help in grabbing the attention of visitors. The information
provided through ads help in motivating decision of consumer. Also, various offers are also
provided which are considered in decision making (So and et. al., 2015).
Relevance: A consumer decided whether to buy a thing or not based on the purpose. A
deal is done only if it has capabilities of fulfilling customer's expectations. In the context of
travel and tourism, travel agencies, accommodation services, and other additional facilities
should be such that stands on expectations of each kinds of individuals. This industry must have
services of all sort which can complete demands of majority of customers.
Confidence: This is important in wining and keeping the trust of customers in the system
of a country in which a visitor is planning to travel. Regulatory bodies must work on making
legal system and other protection services effective so that people feel confident enough to travel
without any worries. Also, there are other aspects such as stable conversion rate, peaceful
environment, security etc. which influences the decisions.
Satisfaction: Humans do not have limits to wants and desires. In every activity, a person
expect satisfaction. Further, these may be psychological, sociological, materialistic etc.
Similarly, each consumer has their individual level of satisfaction which is achieved when all or
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majority of their expectations gets fulfilled. High satisfaction services can attract consumer and
make them decide in favour of a particular activity or tasks.
Identify recent and emerging patterns and trends in international travel and tourism industry
Travel and tourism industry is developing fiercely due to number of factors affecting this
sector. Now the hospitality services is not limited to a particular boundary and expanded in
international market. This has generated trends and patterns which are as follows:
Last minute bookings: This is a fresh concept under which hotels, and other
accommodation services accept bookings done at the last moment. Earlier, a visitor has to book
required services well in advance for getting the reservation. However, this has been changed
now, and a visitor can avail these services even when before arrival.
New destinations: People have become aware about variety of places through
advertisements provided by government officials of different countries. These have raised the
awareness among people across the world (Glaesser and et. al., 2017). Now, majority of tourists are
exploring destinations which are not that famous. Earlier, only some countries were preferred for
considering tour plan.
New experiences: Tour operators receive requests for adding unique services which can
provide unusual experiences. This has become very common which has boosted the businesses in
different countries. This is an emerging trend which will continue to exist in future.
Over-tourism: Local people face difficulties due to increased number of tourists. This a
major issue which was neglected earlier. However, major countries have understood the problem
of over-tourism and has considered it a serious matter. This is changed by making cutting
number of bed night capacity, charging for entry, subsidising less flights etc.
Experience economy: Now, travel and tour have become an experience of adventure,
rejuvenation, learning new skills etc. People have shown interest in experiencing life, food,
environment, culture of locals.
Ecotourism: This concept focuses on providing travel and tourism into the nature. In
other words, people are taken to see wildlife, wetlands and natural wonders. For example, UK
has analysed that its villages and rural areas can offer the experience a visitor is looking for.
Global warming and CO2 Pollution: This is a major issue which has lately been
understood and accepted by people around the world. This has pushed hotels and other units in
travel and tourism industry to take initiatives in reducing pollution content (THE FUTURE OF
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TRAVEL AND TOURISM, 2019). Thus, as a result, solar panels have been installed by hotels,
guest-houses, lodges etc. Also, aviation department has worked and started to use renewable
sources which mitigated emission to a significant level.
Examine the factors affecting popularity of range of global destinations
Global destination is defined as top quality services which fits customer's expectation.
The number of services offered are sophisticated which gives high satisfaction. The factors
putting impact on number of global destinations are as follows:
Recommendations from friends and relatives: Reviews play a powerful role in
influencing the opinions of a prospective tourist who has plans to go on a tour. Family and
friends can be trusted which leads to positive results. Also, social media has gained popularity
and visitors can be seen posting and updating about their whereabouts along with pictures. This
has contributed to create awareness and need to avail services at some global destinations (Lee
and Bai, 2016).
Comprehensive information online: The easy accessibility of internet has eased gaining
information about different places in the world. Tourists gather necessary information from
online sources and get their queries solved and decide their choices and preferences. This can be
about variety of areas such services available, location, additional services, packages, etc. Since,
majority of people have availability of internet services and active on social media where they
get to know about number of destinations.
Availability of special offers: One of the main concerns of tourists are cost they have to
pay for getting the services of their desire. Thus, visitors look for deals and offers which can
provide combined services at low price. Also, discounts are given to customers for choosing a
particular location, hotel or any other specific service as per the terms and conditions of agency
offering deals.
Closeness of destination: This is about distance of two places. A tourist measures the
distance of his destination from the place where his home is located. Furthermore, a place which
is easily accessible and approachable is given preference among other global destinations.
CONCLUSION
As per the above report, it can be concluded that travel and tourism is an emerging
industry and getting huge with the time. Furthermore, a history of evolution and achievements
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must be looked into to know what all transformations have taken place. Also, different elements
must be identified to know how they affect an experience of traveller. Furthermore, in order to
get favourable behaviour, different factors should be analysed and various models have been
given by authors which affect decision-making of a consumer. Along with this, recent trends and
patterns of international travel and tourism industry should be assessed.
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REFERENCES
Books & journals:
Vellas, F., 2016. The international marketing of travel and tourism: A strategic approach.
Macmillan International Higher Education.
Boniface, B., Cooper, R. and Cooper, C., 2016. Worldwide destinations: The geography of travel
and tourism. Routledge.
Nezakati, H., and et. al., 2015. Review of social media potential on knowledge sharing and
collaboration in tourism industry. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences. 172. pp.120-
125.
Bowtell, J., 2015. Assessing the value and market attractiveness of the accessible tourism
industry in Europe: a focus on major travel and leisure companies. Journal of Tourism
Futures. 1(3). pp.203-222.
Edgell Sr, D. L., 2016. Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future. Routledge.
Prebensen, N. K., Chen, J. S. and Uysal, M. eds., 2018. Creating experience value in tourism.
Cabi.
Meleddu, M., Paci, R. and Pulina, M., 2015. Repeated behaviour and destination
loyalty. Tourism Management. 50. pp.159-171.
Kaushik, A.K., Agrawal, A.K. and Rahman, Z., 2015. Tourist behaviour towards self-service
hotel technology adoption: Trust and subjective norm as key antecedents. Tourism
Management Perspectives. 16. pp.278-289.
Le-Klähn, D. T., Roosen, J., Gerike, R. and Hall, C. M., 2015. Factors affecting tourists' public
transport use and areas visited at destinations. Tourism Geographies. 17(5). pp.738-757.
So, J., and et. al., 2015. The psychology of appraisal: Specific emotions and decision-
making. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 25(3). pp.359-371.
Glaesser, D., and et. al., 2017. Global travel patterns: an overview. Journal of travel medicine.
24(4).
Lee, S. and Bai, B., 2016. Influence of popular culture on special interest tourists' destination
image. Tourism Management. 52. pp.161-169.
Online
THE FUTURE OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM. 2019. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.responsibletravel.com/holidays/responsible-tourism/travel-guide/the-
future-of-travel-and-tourism>
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