Coronary Heart Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

This report discusses the incidence, causes, symptoms, and treatments of coronary heart disease, a common heart disease that can lead to death. It also covers the structure and function of organ systems affected by CHD, as well as the physiological effects and influence of appropriate treatments. The report includes statistics and figures to illustrate the impact of CHD on populations worldwide.

Antonymy and
physiology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Incidence.................................................................................................................................3
Causes of Coronary heart disease...........................................................................................5
Structure and function of organ system affected through CHD.............................................5
Physiological effects...............................................................................................................6
Symptoms...............................................................................................................................6
Influence of appropriate treatments........................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Coronary heart disease refers to the term which includes the narrowing or blockage of the coronary
arteries. This is the one which leads to create an atherosclerosis where blood vessels which carry blood
along with oxygen to heart get narrow or blocked. This is the one which can lead to create negative health
impact on individual with coronary heart disease. This is generally caused due to build-up of fatty material
which includes the plaque inside the coronary arteries. In this report, there is discussion about the
coronary heart disease which are highly effective and can lead to risk of life for the individuals who are
facing this disease. There is also discussion about the incidence of coronary heart disease where it
includes the population which are specific towards the adult population. This may include different country
which are affected through this disease. There is also discussion about the causes which are associated
with the coronary heart disease. This report also includes the information about the structure and function
of organ system which are affected through this disorder. There is also discussion about the physiological
effect, symptoms which are effective and have high impact that leads to cause the risk of coronary heart
diseases. There is also discussion about the influence of appropriate treatments (Boidin and et. al.,
2020).
MAIN BODY
Incidence
Coronary heart disease refers to the term which are associated with blockage or narrowing of
blood vessels within human body. This is the one which leads to create the situation of not flowing of
blood normal within individual body who is suffering through the coronary heart disease. This is the one
which leads to cause the plaque build-up on the wall of arteries which reduces the flow of blood within
body. Here, Plaque is made up of the cholesterol deposits. This build within the blood vessels and with
time it gets developed and leads to create the risk of narrowing of blood vessels (De Hert and et. al.,
2018).

Figure 1: CHD deatlh rate per 100,000 population
There are large number of population which are affected through the coronary heart disease
which can lead to create high impact on the delivery of blood flow within body. Adults are the major
population which are highly effective with the coronary heart disease. There are about 2.3 million people
within UK are affected through the coronary heart disease. They are around 1.5 million are men and
about 830,000 are women. There are large number of people who are exposed towards the coronary
heart disease get double than the population who are likely to get exposed towards the stroke.
Figure 2: Coronary heart disease by sex and age
There is high prevalence of coronary heart disease which are highly affecting the large number of
population within world specially in developed and developing country. There is also high negative health
response which are associated with increasing cases of coronary heart disease that leads to number of
death. Coronary heart disease is one of the common heart disease within the UK which have about

360,900 deaths with year 2019 (Malakar and et. al., 2019). There are about 18.2 million adults are
about age 20 and higher are highly affected through the coronary heart disease. There is about 2 in 10
death happens through the coronary heart disease.
Causes of Coronary heart disease
There are various causes of coronary heart disease which may include bad diet, smoking, age,
lack of exercise, hypertension, gender, genetics, diabetes and many more. Here, bad diet which provide
high cholesterol level to individual may have one of the main cause which leads to create the risk of
getting higher blood pressure. Cholesterol build in arteries which increases the risk of stroke, heart attack
and other health related problems. Hypertension also includes the risk of coronary heart disease which
includes pathophysiological mechanism. It can induce the endothelial dysfunction and contributes in the
atherosclerotic plaque more stable and lead to create the risk of coronary heart disease. Build-up of
plaque is one of the main reason of occurring of coronary heart disease. This is the one which can lead to
create narrowing and blockage of blood vessels which are associated with reducing the blood flow and
lead to create high difficulty in dealing with better and highly response towards the blood flow due to
narrowing and blockage of blood vessels within individual body. This is the one in which plaque causes in
the wall of the arteries which have the potential to supply blood to heart which are known as the coronary
arteries along with other body parts. Here, plaque is the reason which create the situation of blockage and
narrowing of those arteries. Plaques is made up of the deposits of cholesterol along with other substance
within artery. This plaque gets narrow with time and create the blockage of blood vessels which create the
situation of not flowing of blood within the body and create the risk of coronary heart disease (Zhang and
et. al., 2018).
There can be other reason for the coronary heart disease which are related with individual
behaviour that may include their diet. This is the one which cause the risk of intake of high cholesterol
through diet. This also impact individual health and leads to create high impact on delivery of better and
effective response towards the creating plaque within individual blood vessels (De Hert and et. al.,
2018).
Atherosclerosis is one of the reason which leads to cause the risk of coronary heart disease that
may include smoking, having high blood pressure, having high cholesterol, high levels of lipoproteins,
having diabetes and not having exercise regularly. These are some of the risk factors which are
associated to cause the risk of coronary heart disease. There is some other cause which can lead to
cause atherosclerosis which may include obesity or overweight. Having family history which can lead to
create high risk of coronary heart disease which are generally caused within male under the age of 55 or
female under 65. These are some of the risk factors which may include genetics, physical or
environmental factors to cause coronary heart disease (Moholdt and et. al., 2018).

Structure and function of organ system affected through CHD
Heart and blood vessels refers to the part of cardiovascular system which are highly
important and include seethe nutrients, bring oxygen in every cell of individual body. They are
also capable to take away the carbon dioxide along with waste.
Coronary arteries are capable to supply blood to the heart muscles. They need oxygen-rich
blood for the proper functioning. Here, coronary artery wrap around from outside of the heart.
Here, heart failure can be observed when main pumping chamber (the ventricles) get stiff and not
able to properly beat. This lead to damage of heart muscles which may stretch to a limited point
and heart is not able to pump further enough blood throughout the body.
There are some of the organs which are affected through the CHD are lungs, brain, kidney,
heart valves, arms and legs. Here, heart disease affects heats ability which have the potential to
pump blood from other body parts. When plaque occurs it restrict the individual blood artery.
This lead to lack of oxygen-rich blood which disrupts the normal cycle of water and waste which
can lead to enema, feet and legs. There is impact on individual legs and arm which are associated
with causing pain, numbness and tingling feelings. Heart valves affects the heart valves which
become too narrow which allow blood to flow forward. This can cause to flow backward within
heart. This can lead to feel fatigued (Lamina and et. al., 2019).
Physiological effects
There is some of the physiological effect of coronary heart disease which can lead to create
high impact on individual health. This can lead to cause the feelings of anxiety, depression,
diminished self-esteem. There is observation that depression can also lead due to history of heart
attack. There is also some unusual emotion which can lead to possible physiological impact on
individual. It can impact individual brain, lungs and kidney, heart valves, arms and legs, care
from head to toe. These are some of the physiological changes may be observed due to impact of
coronary heart disease (How heart disease affects the body (2022)). There is also impact on the
individual blood supply which include the changes and its effect. There is high impact on oxygen
supply and glucose supply which leads to change in the cellular respiration. It includes the high
risk associated with blood flow that can cause chest pain, heart attack along with shortness of
breath. When there is damage in the inner wall of artery then fatty deposits which are build up in
the injured sites which are known by atherosclerosis. It also build-up the plaque limits and lead
to cause the reduction in oxygen supply.

Symptoms
There are various symptoms which can help to identify the risk of coronary heart dieses.
These main symptoms may include the chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, heart attack.
There are also some other symptoms which are associated with these specific symptoms that may
include chest pain, weakness, pain or discomfort in shoulder or arm, shortness of breath, feeling
tired, bigheadedness, nausea, weakness.
There are main symptoms which includes the fatigue and shortness of breath which are
highly effective and can lead to create high risk of coronary heart disease along with heart attack.
Here, individual may feel pressure in their chest. Here, individual with angina may occur in the
middle or left side of chest. This angina may trigger individual either emotionally or physically
stress. this pain may get away after some minute when they leave the stressful activity (Dong and
et. al., 2019).
There is shortness of breath where heart is not able to pump enough blood which can help
to meet with individual body needs and develop shortness that also leads to fatigue with activity.
Blockage of artery can also lead to heart attack which includes sign and symptoms like
crushing pressuring within chest have higher pain in arm or shoulder.
Influence of appropriate treatments
To treat the coronary heart disorder among adults, it can usually involve medications and
other components such as involving healthy lifestyle alterations as well. The drugs are generally
used to treat as well as cure the illness among adults so that people can live a healthy life as per
their own perspectives. The drugs that are used to treat illness are as mentioned below:
Aspirin: The particular medication can make the blood thinner (Treatment Coronary heart
disease, 2020). The drug can decrease the tendency of the blood to clot, that can aid to prevent
the blockage of the heart arteries.
Beta blockers: The beta blockers can significantly decline the rates of the cardiac system as well
as can reduces the blood pressure levels that can efficiently reduce the demand of the cardiac
system for oxygen. In addition to this, if a person has had cardiac arrest, the beta blockers can
effectively decrease the risk of the future attacks (Coronary artery disease, 2020).
While talking about the alterations in lifestyle to prevent the coronary heart disorder,
there are some of the effective commitments towards the lifestyle alterations that can effectively
promote the healthier arteries such as consuming healthy foods, regularly exercise, quit smoking,

decreases the stress, reduce excessive weight gain and many more. In addition to this, there are
several medications that can effectively treat the coronary heart illness, consisting the
cholesterol-modifying drugs. These such medications can specifically decrease the basic material
which generally deposits over the heart arteries. The human heart can significantly affect the
human body in various ways such as:
Lungs and Kidneys: The illness of cardiac system can generally influence the ability of
the heart to pump the blood to various other parts of the human body. The blood pump out from
heart to various other organs within the human body and goes into tissues and then return back to
the heart in order to gather oxygen (HEALTH LIBRARY, 2022). If the cardiac system becomes
weak then it cannot able to pump the blood properly and the fluid can begin accumulated within
the kidneys and lungs. In addition to this, the absence of oxygen rich blood within kidneys can
specifically disrupt the cycle of both waste and water via the kidneys and ultimately causes
oedema, swelling in the feet, ankle and legs of a person.
Brian: A stroke can specifically occur when the arteries to the brain can become blocked or
narrowed. In this, if the cardiac system doesn't work accurately, then it can become more prone
to form blood clots and it can cause a person to cardiac arrest. This particular thing can kill the
cells of the human brain which can effectively control the strength, memory and speech as well.
In context with immunosuppressant, these can specifically stop the immune system from
damaging the healthy cells as well as the tissues. In this, these are particularly the drugs which
can keep the immune system in check. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive care treatment in
the short term can specifically enhance the LVEF and can effectively decreases the developing
risk of death as well as the heart transplant.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that coronary heart disease is highly
effective and can lead to cause death within large population. There is high negative impact on
individual health which are associated with taking about reduce the risk of cause of coronary
heart disease which are associated with differ cause like physical, environmental and genetics.
Here it may include many causes and symptoms. This report also includes the structure and
function of organ which can affected through the coronary heart disease. There is also discussion
about the prevalence and incidence of this disease. There is also discussion about the

physiological effect and influence of treatment which can lead to create high impact on
individual health.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Boidin, M., Trachsel, L.D., Nigam, A., Juneau, M., Tremblay, J. and Gayda, M., 2020. Non-
linear is not superior to linear aerobic training periodization in coronary heart disease
patients. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(16), pp.1691-1698.
De Hert, M., Detraux, J. and Vancampfort, D., 2018. The intriguing relationship between
coronary heart disease and mental disorders. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 20(1),
p.31.
Dong, Y., Chen, H., Gao, J., Liu, Y., Li, J. and Wang, J., 2019. Molecular machinery and
interplay of apoptosis and autophagy in coronary heart disease. Journal of Molecular and
Cellular Cardiology, 136, pp.27-41.
Lamina, C. and Kronenberg, F., 2019. Estimation of the required lipoprotein (a)-lowering
therapeutic effect size for reduction in coronary heart disease outcomes: a Mendelian
randomization analysis. JAMA cardiology, 4(6), pp.575-579..
Malakar, A.K., Choudhury, D., Halder, B., Paul, P., Uddin, A. and Chakraborty, S., 2019. A
review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. Journal of cellular
physiology, 234(10), pp.16812-16823.
Moholdt, T., Lavie, C.J. and Nauman, J., 2018. Sustained physical activity, not weight loss,
associated with improved survival in coronary heart disease. Journal of the American
College of Cardiology, 71(10), pp.1094-1101.
Zhang, Y., Chen, Y. and Ma, L., 2018. Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: Current
understanding. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 47, pp.1-5.
Online
How heart disease affects the body (2022), [Online] Available through
<https://www.jackson.org/health-library/story/89b09276-e6af-4aab-9c01-
04dde2022565>
HEALTH LIBRARY, 2022 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.jackson.org/health-library/story/89b09276-e6af-4aab-9c01-
04dde2022565>
Treatment Coronary heart disease, 2020 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/treatment/>
Coronary artery disease, 2020 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20350619>