Coronavirus: A Literature Review

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
CORONAVIRUS- A LITERATURE REVIEW
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
On an introductory note, it can be said that coronavirus has become one of the most significant matters of concern in today’s world. This
virus has been stated to be existing since a long time. However, the strain COVOD-19 is novel and has been proved to be generated from the
cross genetic combination of bat and dog coronavirus genes. This essay will provide insights to coronavirus in the form of literature review. Data
was collected from PubMed and articles from 2019-2020 were selected for this study.
The main body of the essay begins with, the theoretical framework used in this paper focusses on the host-pathogen interactions
associated with the initiation of genome replication of coronavirus after it enters the host body1. Secondary data collected from existing
resources, qualitative study and systematic literature review structure was followed for the methodology of this research paper. After analyzing
the pieces of literature, it was found that S1-NTD was responsible for the binding of the virus and entry of the same inside the host cell. S1-CTD
has also made it easier for the virus to enter the host cells. Low immunity strength has been found to boost viral replication and its effects on the
body parts. Host immunity compromise and personal hygiene are the two most important factors which guide the killing effect of coronavirus in
the human body. Future researches should be based on discovering the effectiveness of interferon and chloroquine in preventing the entry of
coronaviruses inside the endosomal vesicles. Personal hygiene, frequent hand washing and use of personal protective types of equipment like
mask and gloves are recommended for personal practice.
1 de Wilde, Adriaan H., et al. "Host factors in coronavirus replication." Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection. Springer, Cham, 2017. 1-42.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
The theoretical framework of another study2 focusses on the fact that CoV envelope protein is an integral membrane which is small and
is responsible for undergoing the viral life cycle. This paper is a systematic literature review which is used in establishing the knowledge on CoV
envelope protein and has also been found to compare it to other viral proteins. The most significant factor found from this study is that epitope
tags do not have any types of effect on the localization of viral spike proteins and thus the virus goes unnoticed by the body’s immune system.
This paper successfully showed the recent signs of progress made on SARS- CoV E and also compared the same with the previous knowledge.
Future research studies must focus on studying the aspects of the viral life cycle as well as understanding all the mechanisms which are
associated with pathogenesis. Future practices must be based on discovering vaccinations based on the route of entry of coronavirus.
Involvement of lungs in the infection caused by coronaviruses is the most significant theoretical framework of this research study3. A
synthesized literature review has been performed with all the themes properly stated. Host innate immune responses have been found to use
PRRs or pattern like recognition receptors for the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in coronavirus.
2 Schoeman, Dewald, and Burtram C. Fielding. "Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge." Virology journal 16.1 (2019): 69.
Li, Geng, et al. "Coronavirus infections and immune responses." Journal of medical virology 92.4 (2020): 424-432.
3 Li, Geng, et al. "Coronavirus infections and immune responses." Journal of medical virology 92.4 (2020): 424-432.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
The type of innate immune response has been found to be effective in triggering a prolonged adaptive immune response against the virus
if properly triggered by a strong immune system. Future studies should focus on targeted immunotherapy as a good alternative to antivirals used
in SARS treatment. Immunology must be used as the source of antiviral medication practice instead of synthesizing an artificial drug.
The conceptual framework was based on the effect of several antiviral drugs on CovID19. Primary research was performed on the basis
of five drugs which were tested on the growth of coronavirus inside the laboratory. The only drug, remdesivir has been found to show standard
cytotoxicity accompanied by higher levels of inhibition. Chloroquine also has inhibitory effects on the viral entry. The graph shown by
remdesivir was found to be accurate since it showed a sigmoid curve, just as the inhibition curve should be. On a concluding note, it can be
stated that remdesivir and chloroquine are the most effective drugs to control novel coronavirus. After knowing the mechanisms of actions of
these drugs in detail and performing human trials, new experiments are to be performed to synthesize similar drugs. Practices should be based
on proper doses of the two drugs at which the cytotoxicity will be moderate and the inhibitory effect will be high. The conceptual framework
used for the treatment research of coronavirus is the use of monoclonal antibody therapy4. The null hypothesis is= Novel coronavirus antigen
inhibition is not dependent on monoclonal antibody-based treatment. The alternative hypothesis states that- Novel coronavirus antigen inhibition
is dependent on monoclonal antibody treatment. A systematic literature review has been followed as the methodology of this paper. Monoclonal
antibodies such as 80R and CR3014 has been found to show inhibitory effects on SARS- CoV2. These antibodies have been found to bind with
viral subunit S1 to inhibit its action on cellular ACE receptors. The monoclonal antibody has shown a great progress towards the treatment of
novel coronavirus. The increasing understanding of the mechanism of monoclonal antibody action will encourage the development of new
4 Wang, Manli, et al. "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro." Cell research 30.3 (2020): 269-271.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center