Coronavirus: A Literature Review

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
CORONAVIRUS- A LITERATURE REVIEW
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
On an introductory note, it can be said that coronavirus has become one of the most significant matters of concern in today’s world. This
virus has been stated to be existing since a long time. However, the strain COVOD-19 is novel and has been proved to be generated from the
cross genetic combination of bat and dog coronavirus genes. This essay will provide insights to coronavirus in the form of literature review. Data
was collected from PubMed and articles from 2019-2020 were selected for this study.
The main body of the essay begins with, the theoretical framework used in this paper focusses on the host-pathogen interactions
associated with the initiation of genome replication of coronavirus after it enters the host body1. Secondary data collected from existing
resources, qualitative study and systematic literature review structure was followed for the methodology of this research paper. After analyzing
the pieces of literature, it was found that S1-NTD was responsible for the binding of the virus and entry of the same inside the host cell. S1-CTD
has also made it easier for the virus to enter the host cells. Low immunity strength has been found to boost viral replication and its effects on the
body parts. Host immunity compromise and personal hygiene are the two most important factors which guide the killing effect of coronavirus in
the human body. Future researches should be based on discovering the effectiveness of interferon and chloroquine in preventing the entry of
coronaviruses inside the endosomal vesicles. Personal hygiene, frequent hand washing and use of personal protective types of equipment like
mask and gloves are recommended for personal practice.
1 de Wilde, Adriaan H., et al. "Host factors in coronavirus replication." Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection. Springer, Cham, 2017. 1-42.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
The theoretical framework of another study2 focusses on the fact that CoV envelope protein is an integral membrane which is small and
is responsible for undergoing the viral life cycle. This paper is a systematic literature review which is used in establishing the knowledge on CoV
envelope protein and has also been found to compare it to other viral proteins. The most significant factor found from this study is that epitope
tags do not have any types of effect on the localization of viral spike proteins and thus the virus goes unnoticed by the body’s immune system.
This paper successfully showed the recent signs of progress made on SARS- CoV E and also compared the same with the previous knowledge.
Future research studies must focus on studying the aspects of the viral life cycle as well as understanding all the mechanisms which are
associated with pathogenesis. Future practices must be based on discovering vaccinations based on the route of entry of coronavirus.
Involvement of lungs in the infection caused by coronaviruses is the most significant theoretical framework of this research study3. A
synthesized literature review has been performed with all the themes properly stated. Host innate immune responses have been found to use
PRRs or pattern like recognition receptors for the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in coronavirus.
2 Schoeman, Dewald, and Burtram C. Fielding. "Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge." Virology journal 16.1 (2019): 69.
Li, Geng, et al. "Coronavirus infections and immune responses." Journal of medical virology 92.4 (2020): 424-432.
3 Li, Geng, et al. "Coronavirus infections and immune responses." Journal of medical virology 92.4 (2020): 424-432.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
The type of innate immune response has been found to be effective in triggering a prolonged adaptive immune response against the virus
if properly triggered by a strong immune system. Future studies should focus on targeted immunotherapy as a good alternative to antivirals used
in SARS treatment. Immunology must be used as the source of antiviral medication practice instead of synthesizing an artificial drug.
The conceptual framework was based on the effect of several antiviral drugs on CovID19. Primary research was performed on the basis
of five drugs which were tested on the growth of coronavirus inside the laboratory. The only drug, remdesivir has been found to show standard
cytotoxicity accompanied by higher levels of inhibition. Chloroquine also has inhibitory effects on the viral entry. The graph shown by
remdesivir was found to be accurate since it showed a sigmoid curve, just as the inhibition curve should be. On a concluding note, it can be
stated that remdesivir and chloroquine are the most effective drugs to control novel coronavirus. After knowing the mechanisms of actions of
these drugs in detail and performing human trials, new experiments are to be performed to synthesize similar drugs. Practices should be based
on proper doses of the two drugs at which the cytotoxicity will be moderate and the inhibitory effect will be high. The conceptual framework
used for the treatment research of coronavirus is the use of monoclonal antibody therapy4. The null hypothesis is= Novel coronavirus antigen
inhibition is not dependent on monoclonal antibody-based treatment. The alternative hypothesis states that- Novel coronavirus antigen inhibition
is dependent on monoclonal antibody treatment. A systematic literature review has been followed as the methodology of this paper. Monoclonal
antibodies such as 80R and CR3014 has been found to show inhibitory effects on SARS- CoV2. These antibodies have been found to bind with
viral subunit S1 to inhibit its action on cellular ACE receptors. The monoclonal antibody has shown a great progress towards the treatment of
novel coronavirus. The increasing understanding of the mechanism of monoclonal antibody action will encourage the development of new
4 Wang, Manli, et al. "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro." Cell research 30.3 (2020): 269-271.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
treatment processes for COVID-19. Immunological practices instead of synthesis of drugs must be performed to gain faster access to the
neutralization of COVID-19 in the human body.
The theoretical framework of this paper was based on the origin, transmission and therapies available for the novel coronavirus5. No
specific hypothesis can be drawn for this research study5. This is a secondary data based review paper which discussed the origin, transmission
and therapies of coronavirus. The genome of new coronavirus showed the presence of beta coronavirus which used a bat as the natural host. This
proved that this virus came from bats as the natural host. This virus has been found to be transmitted through droplets shared by human beings
and the treatment is still under research. A very simplistic conclusion has been drawn for this research which discusses the overall findings of the
paper. Since there are very few antiviral strategies, future researches should focus on the discovery of novel antiviral strategies to deal with the
novel coronavirus. Practices should be based on proper doses of the two drugs at which the cytotoxicity will be moderate and the inhibitory
effect will be high.
The theoretical framework of this paper has been found to be based on the factors such as primary interventions and clinical symptoms of
the novel coronavirus6. This paper also has en found to lack the presence of a hypothesis or a research question. Narrative literature review
5 Shanmugaraj, Balamurugan, et al. "Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)." Asian Pac
J Allergy Immunol 38.1 (2020): 10-18.
6 Lai, Chih-Cheng, et al. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the
challenges." International journal of antimicrobial agents (2020): 105924.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
process has been performed for this research which has been supported by epidemiological data. Among patients with pneumonia which is
caused by SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus pneumonia or Wuhan pneumonia), fever was the most common symptom, followed by a cough.
Bilateral lung involvement with ground-glass opacity was the most common finding from computed tomography images of the chest.
On a concluding note, it can be stated that symptom management is the only primary intervention and infection control is the only
process of prevention of the disease. Trials are going on with the novel drug- remdesivir and are expected to get an FDA approval for clinical
treatment purposes. Practices should be based on the dosage range appropriate for the human community.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
References
de Wilde, Adriaan H., et al. "Host factors in coronavirus replication." Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection.
Springer, Cham, 2017. 1-42.
Schoeman, Dewald, and Burtram C. Fielding. "Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge." Virology journal 16.1 (2019): 69.
Li, Geng, et al. "Coronavirus infections and immune responses." Journal of medical virology 92.4 (2020): 424-432.
Wang, Manli, et al. "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro." Cell
research 30.3 (2020): 269-271.
Shanmugaraj, Balamurugan, et al. "Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-
19 (COVID-19)." Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 38.1 (2020): 10-18.
Guo, Yan-Rong, et al. "The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–an update on the
status." Military Medical Research 7.1 (2020): 1-10.
Lai, Chih-Cheng, et al. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the
epidemic and the challenges." International journal of antimicrobial agents (2020): 105924.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Literature Review Matrix Template
Author/
Date
Theoretical/
Conceptual
Framework
Research
Question(s)/
Hypotheses
Methodology Analysis &
Results
Conclusions Implications
for
Future
research
Implications
For practice
Adriaan H
de Wilde,
Eric J
Snijder ,
Marjolein
Kikkert ,
Martijn J
van
The
theoretical
framework
used in this
paper
focusses on
the host-
pathogen
interactions
Two
hypotheses can
be generated
from this
research paper:
1. The null
hypothesis or
H0= Host
factors and
Secondary data
collected from
existing resources,
qualitative study
and systematic
literature review
structure was
followed for the
methodology of
After analyzing
the pieces of
literature, it was
found that S1-
NTD was
responsible for
the binding of
the virus and
entry of the same
Host immunity
compromise and
personal hygiene
are the two most
important factors
which guide the
killing effect of
coronavirus in the
Future
researches
should be
based on
discovering
the
effectiveness
of interferon
and
Personal
hygiene,
frequent hand
washing and
use of
personal
protective
types of
equipment
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Hemert7 associated
with the
initiation of
genome
replication of
coronavirus
after it enters
the host body.
coronavirus
gene
replication in
the host system
are
independent of
each other.
The alternative
hypothesis or
H1= Host
factors and
viral genome
replication
inside the host
is dependent
this research paper. inside the host
cell. S1-CTD has
also made it
easier for the
virus to enter the
host cells. Low
immunity
strength has been
found to boost
viral replication
and its effects on
the body parts.
human body. chloroquine in
preventing the
entry of
coronaviruses
inside the
endosomal
vesicles.
like mask and
gloves are
recommended
for personal
practice.
7 de Wilde, Adriaan H., et al. "Host factors in coronavirus replication." Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection.
Springer, Cham, 2017. 1-42.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
on each other.
Dewald
Schoeman,
Burtram C
Fielding8
The
theoretical
framework of
this study
focusses on
the fact that
CoV envelope
protein is an
integral
membrane
which is small
and is
responsible
The hypothesis
used for this
study are:
1. Null
hypothesis=
Viral proteins
of the envelope
and life cycle
are
independent of
each other.
2. Alternative
hypothesis:
This paper is a
systematic
literature review
which is used in
establishing the
knowledge on CoV
envelope protein
and has also been
found to compare
it to other viral
proteins.
The most
significant factor
found from this
study is that
epitope tags do
not have any
types of effect on
the localization
of viral spike
proteins and thus
the virus goes
unnoticed by the
body’s immune
This paper
successfully
showed the recent
signs of progress
made on SARS-
CoV E and also
compared the same
with the previous
knowledge.
Future
research
studies must
focus on
studying the
aspects of the
viral life cycle
as well as
understanding
all the
mechanisms
which are
associated
Future
practices must
be based on
discovering
vaccinations
based on the
route of entry
of
coronavirus.
8 Schoeman, Dewald, and Burtram C. Fielding. "Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge." Virology journal 16.1 (2019): 69.
Li, Geng, et al. "Coronavirus infections and immune responses." Journal of medical virology 92.4 (2020): 424-432.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
for
undergoing
the viral life
cycle.
Viral proteins
of the envelope
and life cycle
are dependent
on each other.
system. with
pathogenesis.
Geng Li
Yaohua
Fan
Yanni Lai
Tiantian
Han
Zonghui
Li
Peiwen
Zhou
Pan Pan
Involvement
of lungs in the
infection
caused by
coronaviruses
is the most
significant
theoretical
framework of
this research
study.
The research
questions used
in this study
are:
RQ1: What is
the effect of
CoV on lungs?
RQ2: What is
the effect of
CoV in the
innate immune
A synthesized
literature review
has been
performed with all
the themes
properly stated.
Host innate
immune
responses have
been found to
use PRRs or
pattern like
recognition
receptors for the
recognition of
pathogen-
associated
The type of innate
immune response
has been found to
be effective in
triggering a
prolonged adaptive
immune response
against the virus if
properly triggered
by a strong
immune system.
Future studies
should focus
on targeted
immunotherap
y as a good
alternative to
antivirals used
in SARS
treatment.
Immunology
must be used
as the source
of antiviral
medication
practice
instead of
synthesizing
an artificial
drug.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Wenbiao
Wang
Dingwen
Hu
Xiaohong
Liu
Qiwei
Zhang
Jianguo
Wu9
system? molecular
patterns in
coronavirus.
9 Li, Geng, et al. "Coronavirus infections and immune responses." Journal of medical virology 92.4 (2020): 424-432.
Wang, Manli, et al. "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro." Cell
research 30.3 (2020): 269-271.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Manli
Wang ,
Ruiyuan
Cao ,
Leike
Zhang ,
Xinglou
Yang , Jia
Liu ,
Mingyue
Xu ,
Zhengli Shi
, Zhihong
Hu , Wu
Zhong ,
The
conceptual
framework
was based on
the effect of
several
antiviral drugs
on CovID19.
Primary
research was
performed on
the basis of
five drugs
which were
tested on the
growth of
coronavirus
inside the
laboratory.
The only drug,
remdesivir has
been found to
show standard
cytotoxicity
accompanied by
higher levels of
inhibition.
Chloroquine also
has inhibitory
effects on the viral
entry.
The graph shown
by remdesivir
was found to be
accurate since it
showed a
sigmoid curve,
just as the
inhibition curve
should be.
On a concluding
note, it can be
stated that
remdesivir and
chloroquine are the
most effective
drugs to control
novel coronavirus.
After
knowing the
mechanisms
of actions of
these drugs in
detail and
performing
human trials,
new
experiments
are to be
performed to
synthesize
similar drugs.
Practices
should be
based on
proper doses
of the two
drugs at
which the
cytotoxicity
will be
moderate and
the inhibitory
effect will be
high.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Gengfu
Xiao10
Shanmugar
aj,
Balamurug
an,
Konlavat
Siriwattana
non,
Kittikhun
Wangkano
nt, and
The
conceptual
framework
used for the
treatment
research of
coronavirus is
the use of
monoclonal
antibody
The null
hypothesis is=
Novel
coronavirus
antigen
inhibition is
not dependent
on monoclonal
antibody-based
A systematic
literature review
has been followed
as the
methodology of
this paper.
Monoclonal
antibodies such
as 80R and
CR3014 has
been found to
show inhibitory
effects on
SARS- CoV2.
These antibodies
have been found
The monoclonal
antibody has
shown a great
progress towards
the treatment of
novel coronavirus.
The
increasing
understanding
of the
mechanism of
monoclonal
antibody
action will
encourage the
development
Immunologica
l practices
instead of
synthesis of
drugs must be
performed to
gain faster
access to the
neutralization
of COVID-19
10 Shanmugaraj, Balamurugan, et al. "Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-
19 (COVID-19)." Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 38.1 (2020): 10-18.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Waranyoo
Phoolcharo
en11.
therapy. treatment.
The alternative
hypothesis
states that-
Novel
coronavirus
antigen
inhibition is
dependent on
monoclonal
antibody
treatment.
to bind with viral
subunit S1 to
inhibit its action
on cellular ACE
receptors.
of new
treatment
processes for
COVID-19.
in the human
body.
Guo, Yan-
Rong,
Qing-Dong
The
theoretical
framework of
No specific
hypothesis can
be drawn for
This is a secondary
data based review
paper which
The genome of
new coronavirus
showed the
A very simplistic
conclusion has
been drawn for
Since there
are very few
antiviral
Practices
should be
based on
11 Shanmugaraj, Balamurugan, et al. "Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)." Asian Pac
J Allergy Immunol 38.1 (2020): 10-18.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Cao,
Zhong-Si
Hong,
Yuan-Yang
Tan, Shou-
Deng
Chen,
Hong-Jun
Jin, Kai-
Sen Tan,
De-Yun
Wang, and
this paper was
based on the
origin,
transmission
and therapies
available for
the novel
coronavirus.
this research
study.
discussed the
origin,
transmission and
therapies of
coronavirus.
presence of beta
coronavirus
which used a bat
as the natural
host. This proved
that this virus
came from bats
as the natural
host. This virus
has been found
to be transmitted
through droplets
shared by human
this research which
discusses the
overall findings of
the paper.
strategies,
future
researches
should focus
on the
discovery of
novel antiviral
strategies to
deal with the
novel
coronavirus.
proper doses
of the two
drugs at
which the
cytotoxicity
will be
moderate and
the inhibitory
effect will be
high.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
Yan Yan12. beings and the
treatment is still
under research.
Lai, Chih-
Cheng,
Tzu-Ping
Shih, Wen-
Chien Ko,
Hung-Jen
Tang, and
Po-Ren
Hsueh13
The
theoretical
framework of
this paper has
been found to
be based on
the factors
such as
primary
interventions
This paper also
has en found to
lack the
presence of a
hypothesis or a
research
question.
Narrative literature
review process has
been performed for
this research which
has been supported
by epidemiological
data.
Among patients
with pneumonia
which is caused
by SARS-CoV-2
(novel
coronavirus
pneumonia or
Wuhan
pneumonia),
fever was the
On a concluding
note, it can be
stated that
symptom
management is the
only primary
intervention and
infection control is
the only process of
prevention of the
Trials are
going on with
the novel
drug-
remdesivir
and are
expected to
get an FDA
approval for
clinical
Practices
should be
based on the
dosage range
appropriate
for the human
community.
12 Guo, Yan-Rong, et al. "The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–an update on the status." Military Medical
Research 7.1 (2020): 1-10.
13 Lai, Chih-Cheng, et al. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the
epidemic and the challenges." International journal of antimicrobial agents (2020): 105924.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center

NS 103 Biology Appendix 2
and clinical
symptoms of
the novel
coronavirus.
most common
symptom,
followed by a
cough. Bilateral
lung
involvement
with ground-
glass opacity
was the most
common finding
from computed
tomography
images of the
chest.
disease. treatment
purposes.
©2010 Walden University Writing Center