Corporate Finance Fundamentals

2 Answer to Question-2 5 Overview 5 Weights 5 Cost of Equity 6 Cost of Debt 6 Answer to Question-3 7 Calculation of Gearing Ratios 7 Difficulties 8 Answer to Question-4 9 Capital Structure Theory 9 Answer to Question-5 10 Recommendations 10 Pros 11 Cons 11 Pros 12 Cons 12 Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 Articles/Books/Journal 13 Others 14 Introduction WACC is the simple weighted average cost of equity and cost of the debt. CALCULATION OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAP

Running Head: CORPORATE FINANCE 0
Corporate Finance

CORPORATE FINANCE 1
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................1
Answer to Question 1.............................................................................................................2
Answer to Question-2................................................................................................................5
Overview................................................................................................................................5
Weights...................................................................................................................................5
Cost of Equity.........................................................................................................................6
Cost of Debt............................................................................................................................6
Answer to Question-3................................................................................................................7
Calculation of Gearing Ratios................................................................................................7
Difficulties..............................................................................................................................8
Answer to Question-4................................................................................................................9
Capital Structure Theory........................................................................................................9
Answer to Question-5..............................................................................................................10
Recommendations................................................................................................................10
Pros...................................................................................................................................11
Cons..................................................................................................................................11
Pros...................................................................................................................................12
Cons..................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion................................................................................................................................12
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................13
Articles/Books/Journal.........................................................................................................13
Others...................................................................................................................................14

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Introduction
WACC is the simple weighted average cost of equity and cost of the debt. The combination
of both is necessary to keep the capital structure of the company with full of variety and
leverage against tax and interest component. Under this paper a detailed analysis of the
WACC of the Origin Energy Limited has been conducted along with the relevant gearing
ratios and optimal capital structure formation.
Answer to Question 1.
CALCULATION OF
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST
OF CAPITAL
WACC PARTI
CULAR
S
AMOU
NT IN
$
E/
(E+D)*
COST
OF
EQUIT
Y
D/
(E+D)*
COST
OF
DEBT
(1-
TA
X
RA
TE
)
W
AC
C
E MARKE
T
VALUE
OF THE
COMPA
NY'S
EQUIT
17115 0.124 0.018
90.
35
%
13.
94
%

CORPORATE FINANCE 3
Y
D MARKE
T
VALUE
OF
COMPA
NY'S
DEBT 6779.34
E+D
TOTAL
MARKE
T
VALUE
OF THE
COMPA
NY
23894.3
4
Re
COST
OF
EQUIT
Y 17.3%
Rd
COST
OF
DEBT 6.2%
T
TAX
RATE 9.65%

CORPORATE FINANCE 4
LATEST TWO
YEAR
AVERAGE
AMOUNT IN $ TOTAL
CURRENT
PORTION OF
LONG TERM 91.013
LONG TERM
DEBT AND
CAPITAL
ELASE
OBLIGATION 6688.33 6779.34
CALCULATION OF COST OF
EQUITY
RISK FREE
RETURN
BETA OF THE
ASSET
EXPETED
MARKET
RETURN
EXPECTE
D
AMRKET
RETURN -
RISK FREE
RETUN
COST OF
EQUITY
2.70% 2.51 9% 5.8% 17.3%
CALCULAITON OF COST OF
DEBT

CORPORATE FINANCE 5
INTEREST
EXPENSE
LATEST TWO
YEAR
AVERAGE
DEBT
COST OF
DEBT
41830.00% 6779.34 6.2%
Answer to Question-2
Overview
WACC is the average rate of return which a company expects to compensate to all its
different investors. The fraction of weights can be used to determine the company’s expected
capital structure. The funds of the company are typically accumulated by the combination of
debt and equity. At time sit happens that the company can borrow more funds from one
source therefore, the calculation of WACC becomes necessary. It typically helps in finding
out how much expense the company has to pay to acquire funds for purchasing inventory,
building and equipment. The company that has been selected is Origin Energy limited. As of
today the WACC of the Origin Energy Limited is 13.94%1.
Weights
Generally a company’s assets are financed by equity and debt. Thereafter the calculation of
weights of debt and equity are calculated. The market value of Equity also known as Market
Cap is determined by the letter M. The market capitalisation of Origin’s Energy Limited is
$171152. The market value of debt is calculated on the basis of addition of the Current
1 Pablo Fernandez, WACC: definition, misconceptions and errors (Springer. 2015) 7.
2 Juan García, The WACC: In Financial Risk Management (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017) 346.

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Portion of long term liabilities and Long-term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation. The current
portion of long term is $91.013 million and its latest two year average Long Term Debt &
Capital is $6688.33. Therefore the total book value amounts to $6779.34. The information
can be found in the annual report of Origin Energy Limited.
The weight of equity is the company’s overall capital. The weight of Equity = E/(E+D)* Cost
of Equity. It is derived from the addition of Equity and Debt and the same is being divided by
the Equity. The current year’s weight of equity is 0.71 and the current year’s weight of debt is
0.283. The weight of the debt component determines the capital structure of the company. It is
calculated by dividing the debt’s market value by the summation of Equity and Debt. The
weight of Debt = D/(E+D).
Ideally the estimation of WACC is done using the formation of capital structure which the
management tends to keep for the long duration. If the market values are not available then
the book values can be taken to arrive at calculation.
Cost of Equity
In the formula of WACC Re represents the cost of equity which is calculated using the
formula Rf+B(Mr-Rf). Here the Rf represents the Risk free rate of return which is 2.70% of
the Origin Energy Limited. Next the risk free rate of return is subtracted from market rate of
return which is expected at the rate of 9% and is multiplied by the Beta factor to get the
overall cost of equity4.
3 Morningstar, Origin Energy Limited (17th May 2018)
<http://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?t=ORG&region=aus>
4 Phillip Krüger , Augustin Landier & Daniel Thesmar, The WACC fallacy: The real effects
of using a unique discount rate, (2015) 70(3) The Journal of Finance 1253, 1285.

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Cost of Debt
In the formula of WACC Rd represents the cost of debt which is calculated using the formula
of interest expense being divided by the latest two year average debt. The interest expense of
the current year of the Origin’s Energy Limited is 418.30. The latest two year average debt
amounts to 6779.34. After applying the formula the cost of debt comes to 6.2%. But the debt
is generally calculated post tax rate. The after tax return determines the need of the holders of
debt to determine the earnings till maturity. Debt basically offers the tax protection which
means the interest expense reduces the taxes on the debt. This ultimately reduces the cost of
debt.
Answer to Question-3
Calculation of Gearing Ratios
CALCULATION OF INTEREST COVERAGE
RATIO
CALCULATION OF
DEBT TO EQUITY
RATIO
Particulars 2017 Particulars 2017
EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAX
(A) -1522 TOTAL DEBT (A) 8507
INTEREST EXPENSE (B) 553
TOTAL
EQUITY(B)
1139
6
ICR (A/B) -2.75 DER (A/B) 75%
CALCULATION OF DEBT RATIO
CALCULATION OF
EQUITY RATIO

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Particulars 2017 Particulars 2017
TOTAL DEBT (A)
1380
3
TOTAL EQUITY
(A)
1139
6
TOTAL ASSETS(B)
2519
9
TOTAL
ASSETS(B)
2519
9
DER (A/B) 55% DER (A/B) 45%
Difficulties
The ratio determines the amount of leverage where a company is using debt to pay its
continuing operations. In the business scenario, such companies may not be able to meet the
debt repayment rules and could potentially attract bankruptcy. The situation becomes worse
when the company is involved in the arrangements of funds through debt with possibly
variable interests where a sudden increase in the payments can cause problems for the
company like Origin Energy limited5. A higher gearing ratio is not that much of concern in
the industry which is regulated. Under monopoly business the rates are approved by the
regulators for survival.
Lenders are particularly concerned about the gearing ratio because a higher ratio can put the
loans at risk for not being able to be repaid6. Therefore there are chances that the lenders use
restrictive measures that eventually cease the payment of the dividends, cash flows for debt
repayment, restriction on alternative uses of cash, and the investors are likely to invest more
equity into the company.
5 Accounting Tools, Gearing Ratio (17th May 2018)
<https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/5/gearing-ratio>
6 Geeta Lakshmi, Muhammad Khan & Dimitrios Vortelinos, Cost of capital of stakeholders’
WACC (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) 15

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Creditors also have similar kind of concern. At times gearing ratios does not provide the true
picture of the company’s financial position. The figures of short term debt and long term debt
are commonly included with other liabilities and the debt to equity ratio calculation becomes
different to compute7. This ultimately gives a poor ratio and the creditors rely on the figures
which can mislead their decision. They are usually not able to impose any changes on the
company.
Answer to Question-4
Capital Structure Theory
In financial management the capital structure theory can be derived as a systematic approach
or the methodology to decide the financing business activities through a combination of
equities and liabilities8. The relationship between the equity, debt and the market can be
explored using the help of competing capital structure theories.
Traditional approach
According to the ancient approach a company shall minimise the WACC or weighted average
cost of capital and shall maximise the value of the assets readily available for the market9.
This approach suggests that the debt financing can be used only to a certain limit and extent.
Any debt capital beyond this point will lead to the devaluation of the company and
unnecessary cost of leverage10.
7 Reuben S Harris, A Comparison of the Weighted-Average Cost of Capital and Equity-
Residual Approaches to Valuation, (2017) 4(3) Journal of Darden Business Publishing Cases
1, 5.
8Colin T Campbell, Neal Galpin & Shane A Johnson, Optimal inside debt compensation and
the value of equity and debt, (2016) 119(2), Journal of Financial Economics 336, 352.
9 Geeta Lakshmi, Muhammad Khan & Dimitrios Vortelinos, Cost of capital of stakeholders’
WACC (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) 15
10 Paul Asquith & Lawrence A Weiss, A Continuation of Capital Structure Theory, (2016)
11(3). Lessons in Corporate Finance: A Case Studies Approach to Financial Tools, Financial
Policies, and Valuation 261, 285.

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Under this theory the managers and the financial analysts are required to make certain
assumptions. For example the debt has an interest portion which remains constant during one
period and eventually increases when the leverage is additionally increased over the time.
The equity’s expected rate of return is also constant before the leverage of the company
increases gradually11. This creates an optimal point for the WACC to be small.
The financing decision has a direct impact on the WACC of the company. It is important to
note that the lower the WACC of the company the higher the market value will be of the
company. From the above calculations it can be observed that the WACC of the Origin
Energy Limited is 13.94%. The market value of the company increases when the WACC of
the company decreases. The relationship is of inverse nature. Therefore, the search for the
optimal capital structure of the company becomes the important factor. It is the responsibility
of the financial managers of the Origin Energy Limited to find the optimal capital structure
that will result in the lowest WACC.
As WACC is simply an average between the cost of debt and cost of equity, it becomes
necessary to determine which component is cheaper. The cost of debt is cheaper as compared
to the cost of equity. Debt is a component which carries less risk, the required return which is
need to be given to the investors is also less against the equity investors. The payment of
interest received by the debt holders is an amount of fixed nature and it is paid in priority
over the payment of the cumulative dividends. Another reason for the debt component to
carry less risk is derived at the time of liquidation of the company. Debt holders at the time of
liquidation will receive the payments before the shareholders12.
11 Edwin O Fischer, Robert Heinkel & Joseph Zechner, Dynamic capital structure choice:
Theory and tests, (2014) 44(1), The Journal of Finance, 19, 40.
12 Emanuel Camilleri and Roxanne Camilleri, Accounting for Financial Instruments: A Guide
to Valuation and Risk Management (Taylor & Francis, 2017) 10.

CORPORATE FINANCE 11
The treatment of tax is also different in case of debt. And with the help of debt component the
company gets relieved from the tax factor when it is subtracted from the profit and loss
account of the company. Henceforth, the Origin Energy Limited has a capital structure of
debt being 55% an equity being 45%. And origin energy being the Natural Gas company is
very capital intensive in nature13. The ideal debt to equity ratio is 2:1, which determines that
the 2/3rd funds of the company are financed through the debt component and 1/3rd through
equity. The ideal ratio for origin energy limited company is 1.3. The calculations derived
above shows that the debt to equity ratio of the Origin Energy Limited is 0.75 which is below
of what is set as a standard benchmark. Henceforth company needs to improve on this by
financing the activities using the debt component more than the equity14.
Answer to Question-5
Recommendations
The firm’s current capital structure is as follows.
CURRENT CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF ORIGIN ENERGY
LIMITED
PARTICULARS DEBT EQUITY TOTAL
13803 11396 25199
0.55 0.45
13 Stephen H. Penman, Frencesco Reggiani, Scott A.Richardson and Irem Tuna, An
accounting based model (2018) 12(3) A Framework for Identifying Accounting
Characteristics for Asset Pricing Models, with an Evaluation of Book-To-Price 112, 125.
14 Bayt, Ideal equity to debt ratio (17th May 2018)
<https://www.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/51950/what-is-an-ideal-debt-equity-ratio-of-a-
company/>

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The current capital structure of the company is a combination of the debt and equity. The
component of debt is 55% and the component of equity is 45%.
The company can form the optimal capital structure by increasing the debt component more
but not too much. The reason for increasing the debt component is because of the benefits the
company like Origin Energy Limited, which is highly capital intensive, can derive out of it.
Pros
 The cost of debt is cheaper.
 It provides tax benefits.
 Debt financing is flexible.
Cons
 To borrow you need ample amount of cash.
 If the credit scores and financials are not sufficient and sound the company’s cannot
get loans.
 Upon failure of loan, the assets of the company can be seized.
Equity financing on the other hand is an option where the ownership gets traded into the
hands of investors and venture capitalists15.
Pros
 The cost of interest gets reduced.
 If the business fails, there is no compulsion to pay back the investments.
 With the right investor, the company can increase its strength, connections and
exposure.
15 Rami Zeitun & Gang Tian, Capital structure and corporate performance: evidence from
Jordan (Springer, 2017) 22.

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Cons
 The processing of the equity financing is time consuming.
 When the ownership is handed over to the investor the decision making power is also
handed over16.
If the company needs urgent cash the debt financing is the right choice, on the other hand if
the company needs to expand the business on the capital level equity financing is beneficial.
Conclusion
From the entire paper it can be derived that the WACC of each company can be different.
There are certain limitations to each and every aspect of the financial status of the company.
At times the ratios can be the mode to decide whether to invest in the business or not and at
times they might not be sufficient enough on which the investors can rely on. The choice of
financing component also depends upon the category and urgency of the company. Hence
after a complete analysis of Origin Energy Limited it shall opt for financing through debt
component and shall improve its ratios.
16 Harlod L. Vogel, Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis
(Cambridge University Press, 2014) 33.

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Bibliography
Articles/Books/Journal
Asquith P & Weiss L A, A Continuation of Capital Structure Theory, (2016) 11(3). Lessons
in Corporate Finance: A Case Studies Approach to Financial Tools, Financial Policies, and
Valuation 261, 285.
Campbell T C, Galpin N & Johnson S A, Optimal inside debt compensation and the value of
equity and debt, (2016) 119(2), Journal of Financial Economics 336, 352.
Camilleri E, and Camilleri R, Accounting for Financial Instruments: A Guide to Valuation
and Risk Management (Taylor & Francis, 2017) 10.
Fernandez P, WACC: definition, misconceptions and errors (Springer. 2015) 7.
Fischer E O, Heinkel R & Zechner J, Dynamic capital structure choice: Theory and tests,
(2014) 44(1), The Journal of Finance, 19, 40.
García, F J P, The WACC: In Financial Risk Management (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017) 346.
Harris R S, A Comparison of the Weighted-Average Cost of Capital and Equity-Residual
Approaches to Valuation, (2017) 4(3) Journal of Darden Business Publishing Cases 1, 5.
Johrz S & Mondell T, An empirical study on the practical efficacy of ideal financial ratios
(2015) 18(3) Journal of financial ratios 11, 21.
Krüger P, Landier A & Thesmar D, The WACC fallacy: The real effects of using a unique
discount rate, (2015) 70(3) The Journal of Finance 1253, 1285.
Lakshmi G, Khan M & Vortelinos D, Cost of capital of stakeholders’ WACC (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2016) 15

CORPORATE FINANCE 15
Penman S H, Reggiani F, Richardson S A, and Tuna I, (2018) An accounting based model
12(3) A Framework for Identifying Accounting Characteristics for Asset Pricing Models, with
an Evaluation of Book-To-Price 112, 125.
Vogel H L, Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis (Cambridge
University Press, 2014) 33.
Zeitun R & Tian G, Capital structure and corporate performance: evidence from Jordan
(Springer, 2017) 22.
Others
Accounting Tools, Gearing Ratio (17th May 2018)
<https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/5/gearing-ratio>
Bayt, Ideal equity to debt ratio (17th May 2018)
<https://www.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/51950/what-is-an-ideal-debt-equity-ratio-of-a-
company/>
Morningstar, Origin Energy Limited (17th May 2018)
<http://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?t=ORG&region=aus>