History of Crew Resource Management and Aviation Safety

This article discusses the history of Crew Resource Management (CRM) and its impact on aviation safety. It covers the importance of CRM training and its implementation in the aviation industry. The article also highlights the Colgan Air Accident and its aftermath, including the implementation of Sterile Cockpit procedure, Airline Transport Training, and the 1500 hours' rule. Additionally, it discusses the human factors and errors that led to the Colgan Accident and possible future training technology for aviation.

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History of Crew Resource Management and Aviation Safety
The CRM is a set of training process used in an environment where a human can be having
distressing impacts. It is used initially for enhancing the safety since it emphases on leadership,
decision making, and communication in the cockpit of an airliner. A National Transportation
Safety Board came up with recommendation after the crashing of United Airline thus this lead
to the existence of crew resource management (Cramoisi, 2009, p. 77).
Crew resources management is simply the using of human factors knowledge and expertise to
carry out flight tasks with an aim of using entire resources available. The personnel that is
attending the crew resource management must know that there is a need of requesting and
offering information in a proper and timely manner so that to space for making an accurate
decision. A critical information or data will be lacked as a result of poor delivery of information.
The investigation was conducted and it was realized that an emergency fuel situation was
communicated by the crew and the communication was reported not clear and the captain did
not request the first officer to repeat the information louder (Jensen, 2017, p. 97).
The crew resources management crew out of 1977 Tenerife airport disaster where Boeing 747
collided on the runway killing 583 people. Later, an innovative training was offered by NASA to
offer crew resources management training. Additionally, the attendants together with the pilots
were trained so that to provide a layer of enhanced communication and teamwork. Eradicating
communication barriers and solving problems more efficiently leading to increased safety is
achieved through undergoing training (McAllister, 2008, p. 236).

Crew resources management incorporates an extensive series of data, skills, and attitude
entailing situational awareness, solving of problems, communications, making of decisions and
teamwork. The introduction and development of crew resource management training has been
developed by numerous aviation organizations for example military aviation and major airlines
in the whole wide and it is now a must for pilots working under certain bodies such as FAA in US
and JAA in Europe to undergo the same training (Wiener, 2014, p. 329).
The crew resources management aims at fostering a climate or culture where authority may be
respectfully questioned. And it also recognizes the discrepancy between what is taking place
and what should be taking place. The expansion of CRM into air traffic control, maintenance of
aircraft and also aircraft design started in the 1990s and more the section of aircraft
maintenance gained traction as Maintenance Resource Management. As a result of the success
noticed in the aviation community, the CRM was later used in the healthcare section and also in
the fire sector. (Telfer, 2010, p. 234).
The modern Crew Resource Management emphases upon the controlling of the resources
obtainable to minimize errors comprising all sets of aviation specialist and nowadays the
practice of Crew Resource Management is becoming an essential part of commercial airline
operations (Jensen, 2017, p. 120).

Colgan Air Accident leading to the implementation of Airline Transport Training
The Colgan Air Accident occurred when the Colgan Air operating as a Continental Connection
Flight collided into a private home the death of 49 persons among those who boarded and 1
individual on the ground (Jensen, 2017, p. 34). This was the first accident experience by the
Colgan Air passenger flight since the company began in 1991 since the only prior accident
involving a Colgan Air passenger flight occurred at LaGuardia Airport where another plane
collided with the Colgan aircraft while taxiing. After the accident, the investigation was
conducted and since the resources are appropriately used for flight squad attendants to
guarantee a harmless and proper process, reducing error, evading stresses, and up-surging
proficiency, it was established to look at the accident possible cause collected from analytical
tools (Smallwood, 2010, p. 135).
The investigation gathered recommended that an important factor in numerous accidents were
not involving the mechanical malfunction but it was exposed by the investigation that
incapability of crews to reply effectively to the condition in which they found themselves such
as insufficient communication between associates of the crew and further parties (Jensen,
2017, p. 92).
A classroom training in Crew Resource Management need be delivered in concurrence re-
justification training from the simulator (Duncan, 2013, p. 128). Of certain prominence is its
incorporation with Line Oriented Flight Training which entails replying to genuine situations
where the applications of CRM ideologies will be the road to successfully coping. LOFT
particulars have now become a standard component of most commercial aircraft type training.

All the CRM training must be finished by all the crew members at numerous career phases
comprising the primary and repeated training. The CRM training at Colgan had been essentially
static after the scene and the coaches who are sanctioned are the one who is allowed to
carrying out training and must follow the programs sanctioned (Hoppe, 2009, p. 89).
Implementation of Sterile Cockpit procedure
This is a mandatory aviation procedure for all US airlines and a regulation in Federal Aviation
Administration which require all the pilots flying the aircraft to refrain from non-essential
activities in the cockpit. It simply entails making the aircrew environment free from distractions
that might compromise safety. The implementation of the Sterile Cockpit procedure was
carried out after the Colgan Air Accident (Duncan, 2013, p. 59).
Implementation of Airline Transport Training
After the occurrence of Colgan Air Accident, the Federal Aviation Administration implemented
new regulation irrespective of the existing ones and the new regulations were affecting both
the captains as well as the officers. The new regulation required ATP with a suitable ranking of
aircraft type, at least second class medical certificate, 1500 hours of overall time as a pilot and
1000 flight hours in air carrier operations (Dirkmaat, 2012, p. 129).
Implementation of 1500 hours’ rule
The Co-pilots require extra 1250 hours of training before flying commercial or cargo planes in
the United State as highlighted by the Federal Aviation Administration. The co-pilots are now
asked by FAA to attain 1,500 hours of flying time as pilots before beginning to use the larger

airlines. The first officers are also required to have a grading kind of aircraft and this entails
extra training and testing explicit to the airplanes they fly as highlighted in the rule.
Other requirements which are also needed include; a pilot should 1000 flight hours as a co-pilot
in air carrier tasks before working as a captain for a US carrier and also improved preparation
for an Airline Transport Pilot certificate (Cramoisi, 2009, p. 234).
Human factors and errors that led to Colga Accident
The root cause of the accident was;
 Failing to monitor the speed of aircraft by the aircraft team.
 Failing to observe the sterile cockpit procedure.
 Failing to manage the flight by the captain.
 Inadequate procedures for airspeed selection and management.
Some of the human factors include;
 A stick pusher is overridden by the pilot.
 The pilot showed weakness in flying abilities that were not identified and addressed.
Some of the errors include;
 The crew was not prepared by the air carrier training for an approach for installing or
recovering actions for a fully developed stall.
 The minimal aircraft performance degradation from ice accumulation.

Some of the possible future training technology to be used for aviation include usage of
wearable technology and adapting e-learning (Adwera, 2011, p. 123).

References
Adwera, P. (2011).
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Cramoisi, G. (2009).
Air crash investigation. Toronto: OLMA media group.
Dirkmaat, D. (2012).
A companion to forencic anthropology. Leiden: Haufe Gruppe.
Duncan, I. (2013).
Air line pilot. Glasgow: Casemate Publisher.
Hoppe, E. (2009).
Ethical issues in aviation. Leipzig: McGraw-Hill Education.
Jensen, R. (2017).
Pilot judgement and crew resource. Carlifonia: Media participations.
McAllister, B. (2008).
Crew resource management. Auckland: Carlton Books.
Smallwood, T. (2010).
The airline training pilot. Chicago: Adventure Works Press.
Telfer, R. (2010).
Spectrum airline pilot training. Munich: Woongjin ThinkBig.
Wiener, E. (2014).
Cockpit resource management. Wellington: Scholastic.