Critical Analysis of Researches in Psychological Phenomenon and Employee Satisfaction
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This assignment focuses on theories that involve psychological phenomenon and employee satisfaction, research questions, methodologies, and reflection to demonstrate understanding of the research process.
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CRITICAL ANALYSIS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC..............................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1 Theories that involves psychological phenomenon and employee satisfaction..........................1 Researchquestionsandexplanationofwaysinwhichchosentheorieswillactasa fundamental base for further research.........................................................................................4 Methodologies its strengths, weaknesses and respective threats to validity...............................5 Reflective models and critical reflection to demonstrate understanding of the research process, and contrasting theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches...................................8 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
TOPIC Critical Analysis of Researches in Psychological Phenomenon and Employee Satisfaction INTRODUCTION There are various kinds of contemporary business issues that are required to be focused by each and every organization. Focusing on these issues helps an organization to reduce their workplace issues related to employees. One of the main issues which is a major concern of organizations is employee satisfaction. There are various reasons ort factors because of which employee satisfaction is affected which further affects an employee’s motivation, behaviour, attitude, relationship with their colleagues and supervisors. This assignment will lay emphasis on theories that involves psychological phenomenon and employee satisfaction, research questions, methodologies and reflection to demonstrate your understanding of the research process, and contrasting theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches. MAIN BODY Theories that involves psychological phenomenon and employee satisfaction Therearevarioustheoriesthatfocusesonpsychologicalphenomenaandemployee satisfaction.Thesetheoriesarequiteimportantforleaderstounderstandpsychological phenomena and employee satisfaction. These theories help an individual in understanding human behaviour, ways in which it affects employee behaviour, engagement and satisfaction. There are two most commonly used theories that can help in understanding employee’s psychological phenomena as well as employee satisfaction. First theory is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and second is Herzberg’s motivation hygiene theory also known as two factor theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory helps in understanding the psychological phenomena behind an employee’s behaviour, engagement and employee satisfaction as well(Lee and Hanna, 2015). This theory focuses on needs of an individual that affects their behaviour, engagement and satisfaction of an employees. This theory can clearly explain the psychological phenomena behindemployeesatisfaction.Itisthefirstandtheforemosttheorythatcanhelpin understanding job satisfaction by focusing on five hierarchical needs of an individual employee. According to this theory there are five basic hierarchical needs of an individual, that are: psychologicalneeds,safetyandsecurity,belongingnessandlove,self-esteemandself- 1
actualization. According to this this theory fulfilment of these needs will only be beneficial and will satisfy employees if these needs are fulfilled in a hierarchical order. Figure1Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Psychological needs: this need includes all the basic needs of an individual i.e. food, water, shelter and sleep. These are one of the most basic needs that are important for an individual for survival. According to this this these needs helps in proper functioning of body and mind of an individual. Organizations can fulfil this need of an individual by providing them with basic pay or salary so that employees can themselves fulfil these needs. Other than this organizations themselves can provide their employees with rental homes with food and water facilities so that the basic need of their employees is fulfilled. Safety and security: this need focuses on secure income source, stability, freedom from fear and health and well-being. After fulfilment of psychological needs an employee seeks for fulfilment of safety and security needs. Fulfilment of these needs helps an employee to feel mentally stable and partially satisfied to fulfil their job responsibilities(Rasskazova, Ivanova and Sheldon, 2016). Organizations can fulfil their employees needs by providing them with a fixed salary that would work as a secure source of income. This fixed income will also help the employees to feel stable and free them from fear which will further enable them to focus on their health and wellbeing. Belongingness and love: After fulfilment of both the above needs, an individual focus on fulfilmentof love andbelongingnessneeds. Thisneed focuseson employeesfeelingof 2
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belongingness i.e. they belong to the workplace or belong to the organization. This need can be fulfilled from building positive relationship between supervisors and colleagues within the workplace. For this organizations can organize various activities like team building activities and many others so that relationship between colleagues and supervisors is strengthen and employees can feel as if they are a part of the organization. Self-esteem: Next needs which is required to be fulfilled is self-esteem needs which focuses on self-respect as a honourable and useful employee. All the employees within an organization wants to feel as if they are an important, valued part of an organization who is valued and appreciated from their colleagues as well as by the organization(Alshmemri, Shahwan-Akl and Maude, 2017). This need plays a vital role in increasing employee satisfaction of their job. Self-actualization: Lat need that an employee seeks for fulfilment is self-actualization in which they focus on their growth and development in order to become or reach a position they are capable of becoming. So, if an organization need to improve their employees job satisfaction then they need to focus on these basic needs and requirements of an individual. These needs will also help in understanding psychological phenomena behind their employee’s satisfaction. However, this theory is now preferred less as there are many other factors that affect an employee’s satisfaction and their psychological phenomena behind their behaviour, attitude etc. Another theory that can help in explaining other factors behind psychological phenomena and employee satisfaction is two factor theory. Herzberg’s motivation hygiene theory This theory is also known as two factor theory which mainly focus on employee satisfaction ad dissatisfaction with the help of two factors that are motivation factor and hygiene factors(Holmberg, Caro and Sobis, 2018). According to this theory there are some motivation factors that cause job satisfaction and there are some hygiene factors that cause dissatisfaction. 3
Figure2Herzberg’s motivation hygiene factors Motivation factors focuses on defining high and low level of satisfaction by focusing on factors such as: advancement, achievements, recognition, responsibilities(Alfayad and Arif, 2017). Whereas Hygiene factors focuses on defining high and low level of dissatisfaction by focusing on factors such as: administration, company policy, salary, interpersonal relationship, working conditions etc. If these hygiene factors are not good then it can make an employee unhappy and dissatisfied with their job roles and responsibilities. So, it is important for organizations to focus on maintaining hygiene factors so that employees do not feel dissatisfied. An in order to increase satisfaction of employee’s organizations can focus on improving motivation factors so that an employee can focus on their personal growth. These factors combining can improve employee’s satisfaction level and can help the employees to focus on improving their overall performance and efforts put by them and can achieve their targeted goals. According to this theory complexity of an employees feeling or their psychological phenomena behind their behaviour, attitude and satisfaction for their job depends upon two factors that have been explained above and combining these helps in increasing satisfaction of individuals working within an organization. Research questions and explanation of ways in which chosen theories will act as a fundamental base for further research Topic:Psychological Phenomenon behind Employee Satisfaction Research questions: DoesMaslow’shierarchyofneedstheoryhelpinclearlyexplainingpsychological phenomena behind employee satisfaction or not? 4
DoesHerzberg’s motivationhygiene theory clearlyexplainall the factorsthataffect employee motivation or not? Both the chosen theories will act as a fundamental base for researcher’s progress in the research topic. Research main topic focuses onPsychological Phenomenon behind Employee Satisfaction. Maslow theory will help the researcher in analysing all the basic needs of an individualthatcanaffectpsychologicalphenomenabehindanindividual’smotivation, behaviour, attitude as well as job satisfaction. This theory explains all the needs of an individual in an hierarchical order so that an organization of leaders can understand what are the basic needs of an individual that can help in increasing their satisfaction for their job, roles and responsibilities. Not only this, this theory will also help the researcher in understanding psychological phenomena and importance of the hierarchy in which needs are explained and why is it important to fulfil these needs in the same order in order to increase an employee’s satisfaction. So, it can be said that this theory will help in building a fundamental base for researcherbehindunderstandingofpsychologicalphenomenainordertoincreasejob satisfaction. Herzberg’s two factor theory will also help the researcher in building a fundamental base for the research so that they can move further in their research. This theory will help the researcher to understand what are the factors that increases or decreases employee satisfaction and also understand what are the factors that can increase or decrease an employee’s dissatisfaction level. With the help of this theory researcher can understand what are the main things that an organizationorleadersshouldfocusonsothattheycanenhancetheiremployeesjob satisfactions, what are the factors that are extremely important for and employee and ways in which it affects and employee’s satisfaction level in various ways. So it can be said that the above chosen theories are quite important to be discussed as these theories will work as a fundamental base for the researcher so that they can carry forward within their research and it will also help them to focus on all the points that can change or affect psychological phenomena and employee satisfaction. These theories will also help the researcher to increase the effectivity and accuracy of their research and its outcomes. Methodologies its strengths, weaknesses and respective threats to validity There are various methods that can be used by the researcher in carrying forward the research in a correct and accurate manner(Quinlan, and et.al., 2019). According to the research 5
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topic and questions there are various specific methods that can be used to carry out this research further. Research design: Set of methods that are basically used in analysing as well as collecting variables related to a specific research problem is known as research design. Research design helps in laying the overall structure and process of the research paper. There are various kinds of research design but mainly three types of research design are used first is exploratory research design, second is casual research design and third is descriptive research design put of these three descriptive and exploratory are the main. Exploratory research design is mainly used to find new information, new ideasor gain insight. Main strength of this research type is: helps in understanding an issue in a beater manner, helps in developing hypothesis, defined ambiguous problems more specifically. But this method has some weaknesses as well such as: this design cannot be used for large respondents, cannot be used where is not secondary information available(Walliman, 2017). This method becomes a threat to validity of outcomes if hypothesis is not developed. Descriptive research design help in providing description of an idea or phenomena. Main strengths of this research are that it helps in specific predictions, estimate sample size in a proper manner. But as compared to exploratory design it has some weaknesses as well such as it is quite a rigid approach and when it comes in finding new information through hypothesis it is not suitable. But as it is a secondary research in which description of a phenomena is needed to be focused then descriptive research design is one of the most suitable method to be chosen. Research approach: A plan or a procedure through which assumptions to detailed method is done for data collection, interpretation or analysis is known as research approach. There are various kinds of research approach but mainly only two types of research approach are used first is inductive and second is deductive research approach. Inductive approach is used when there is requirement of generation of new theory from an emerging idea(Davies and Francis, 2018). This approach consists of three main stages: observation related to research, patter observation of the research and third is to develop a theory. But this approach has one limitation that is conclusions that are drawn on the basis of this theory can never be proven and can be invalidated. Next is deductive approach in which hypothesis is developed by the researcher. It is mainly done to test various theories(Wilson, 2017). It is also done in four stages: choose an existing theory, second is to formulate hypothesis on the basis of existing theory, third is to collect all the required data 6
that can be used for hypothesis and last is to analyse results on the basis of which hypothesis results will be supported or rejected. For this secondary research best, suitable approach will be inductive approach that can be used for generating new ideas. Research type: there are many ways through which data or information can be gathered and analysed in a systematic manner using a proper method is known as research type. On a larger perspective there are mainly two types of research first is qualitative research and second is quantitative research type(Kumar, 2019). Qualitative research type can be defined as a phenomenon that is impossible or difficult to be quantified mathematically and numerically and mainly focuses on beliefs, attributes, meaning and symbols. Main strength of this type of research is that it helps in gathering in depth knowledge and understanding about human behaviour. But it has one weakness as well i.e. this research cannot be used to quantify results, and is quite time consuming and it is used for mathematical calculations then its validity decreases. Second type of research is qualitative research. This research focus on statistical phenomena for reaching to a conclusion using mathematical or conceptual techniques. Various advantages of this type of research is that it helps the researcher in measuring or validating any kind of research, and focus on findings of research(Stage and Manning, 2015). But it has some weaknesses as well such as:it requires large sample to be studied and if small sample is taken then validity of the research is decreased. For this secondary research qualitative research will be used. Data collection: there are various methods that can be used for data collection that can be used for completing research papers. There are mainly two types of data: first is primary data and second is secondary data. Primary data are those which collect fresh and first time from respondents that participate within a research. Main strength of this research data is that it helps in collecting new information and point of view of things of different people that can be used in analyses and interpretation of data. Second type of data is secondary data, it is a type of data which is collected that have already been passed through a statistical process. For this research secondary data will be used(Lai, 2018). Secondary data can be collected from already published books, journal, article, newspapers, research papers etc. Data analysis: Data analysis is a process of evaluating discovered information for decision making. There are two methods of data analysis: first is thematic analysis and second is 7
statistical data analysis(Dawson, 2019). For this research thematic data analysis will be used as it is a qualitative research. These methods are those methods that are being used by researcher for answering research questions in a better manner in order to maintain validity of the research. Reflective models and critical reflection to demonstrate understanding of the research process, and contrasting theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches. There are various kinds of reflective models that can be used to reflect and demonstrate research process and research findings in an efficient manner.One of the most commonly used reflective model is Kolb’s learning style. This model consists of four main stages of learning. This model can be used to understand and explain development of new concepts and experiences (Schultz, McEwen and Griffiths, 2016). Here, Kolb’s learning style will be used to demonstrate research process and methodologies that are being used for answering the research questions. Fourstagesoflearningcycleare:concreteexperience,reflectiveobservation,abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. Concrete experience: I have learned and understood that there are various kinds of theories that can be used for understanding psychological phenomenon and employee satisfaction. These theories help understanding all the factors or needs of an individual due to which employee satisfaction increases and factors that affect psychological phenomena behind an employee’s behaviour and attitude. Reflective observation: I have understood that these theories are important to be understood as it would help in building a fundamental base of my research which would further help in answering all the research questions and understanding research topic in a better manner. Both the chosen theories will be used as a base in order to move further in the research. Abstract conceptualization: From these theories I have learned and understood all the methodologies that I can use for carrying on the research. I have learned that in order to complete this research secondary data will be used. I have also learned that secondary data can only be analysed using qualitative research using thematic analysis. I have also learned that the for this inductive research approach will be used in descriptive research design. Active experimentation: All the learning that I have learned will be used for completion of this research. This will help me in understanding complete research process in a better manner. 8
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CONCLUSION From the above assignment it has been summarized that there are various kinds of theories that can be used to understand psychological phenomena and employee satisfaction. Out of all those theories Maslow’s need of hierarchy and two factor theory are one of the most important theory that can be used to understand factors that affect employee satisfaction and needs that affect psychological phenomena of an employee. These theories have helped in building a fundamental base of this research so that it can be carried out in a better manner. It has been analysed that it is important to build research questions according to the research topic as it helps in understanding the way in which research will be carried out. It has also been analysed that there are various methods that can be used for carryout research in a better manner. These methods help the researcher in understanding research and the way in which it can be carried forward. 9
REFERENCES Books and Journals Alfayad, Z. and Arif, L.S.M., 2017. Employee voice and job satisfaction: An application of Herzberg two-factor theory.International Review of Management and Marketing. 7(1). pp.150-156. Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. and Maude, P., 2017. Herzberg’s two-factor theory.Life Science Journal. 14(5). pp.12-16. Davies, P. and Francis, P., 2018.Doing criminological research. SAGE Publications Limited. Dawson, C., 2019.Introduction to Research Methods 5th Edition: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project. Robinson. Holmberg, C., Caro, J. and Sobis, I., 2018. Job satisfaction among Swedish mental health nursing personnel: Revisiting the two‐factor theory.International journal of mental health nursing. 27(2). pp.581-592. Kumar, R., 2019.Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage Publications Limited. Lai, P.C., 2018. Research methodology for novelty technology.JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management,15. Lee, J.M. and Hanna, S.D., 2015. Savings goals and saving behavior from a perspective of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning. 26(2). Quinlan, C., and et.al., 2019.Business research methods. South Western Cengage. Rasskazova, E., Ivanova, T. and Sheldon, K., 2016. Comparing the effects of low-level and high- level worker need-satisfaction: A synthesis of the self-determination and Maslow need theories.Motivation and Emotion. 40(4). pp.541-555. Schultz, K., McEwen, L. and Griffiths, J., 2016. Applying Kolb’s learning cycle to competency- based residency education.Academic Medicine. 91(2). p.284. Stage, F.K. and Manning, K. eds., 2015.Research in the college context: Approaches and methods. Routledge. Walliman, N., 2017.Research methods: The basics. Routledge. Wilson, E. ed., 2017.School-based research: A guide for education students. Sage. 10