THE CRITICAL APPRAISAL

Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Critic on an article in terms of research paradigms, methodology and outcome
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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CRITICAL APPRAISAL
ANSWER NO.1.
Supervised injection sites, also are known as (SIS or InSite) are therapeutically
directed amenities designed to deliver a hygienic environment in which drug addicts or
consumers are able to devour illicit recreational drugs intravenously. The rules and legality of
this approach are highly dependent upon the location and jurisdiction of the state. The main
aim of the approach is to diminish the damaging effects of related to drugs. The service
provides safe and sterile equipment, proper information about the drugs provides treatment
options and also provide the help of medical practitioners to counsel the addicted person and
provide effective treatment (DelVillano et al., 2019).
The research paradigm or a qualitative paradigm is a design used to develop a
framework based upon the selected topic which helps in getting a proper impact of
explanatory or positivist. The study topic is vital as it helps to understand the effectiveness
of supervised drug injection site. The method by which the study was-
1. semi-structured qualitative interview, which was conducted, in an anthropological
strategy. The sampling technique that was used gathering the participates is the
snowball sampling technique. The audio or the voice was analyzed by using a
software named NVivo 9. The inclusion criteria of the participants were age, which
was 19 years, in this case, had taken the drug at least once in last month from the date
of the interview and signing oral consent. The study also got its approval from Simon
Fraser university’s Research Ethics Board (Jozaghi & Andresen, 2013). A semi-
structured interview is a process in which the participates are allowed to share their
views and opinion freely, which in turn helps in gaining reliable and equivalent
qualitative data (Jamshed, 2014).

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2. The open-ended questions that were asked to gather information helped in gathering
an unlimited number of convincing answers delivered qualitative data. The process
gives an unexpected insight and helps in gathering a better understanding of the
answer given by the participates (Weller et al., 2018). The data collection was also
done by the anthropological method, and it has four steps, such as observing the
participates, in-depth interviews, focusing upon a particular group of participates, and
analyzing the process textually (Grossoehme, 2014). The audio-interview was
analyzed by NVivo 9 software, which is used in research to construct the answer in a
structured form. The three most important finding that strengthened the study are
1- helped in gaining an honest review
2- opinion about the usefulness of the supervised injection sites
3- helped in identifying behavioral responses along with health hazards,
The most common response was being overdosed in the absence of InSite; prior to the
opening, the mortality rate was high. It was also found it reduced the use of the drug in public
and also the use of the same needles for taking the drug intravenously. The findings also
highlighted about the reduction of infectious diseases. It increased the quality of life and
provided safety. The result ultimately highlighted that the service must be provided to other
countries as well (Jozaghi & Andresen, 2013).
ANSWER NO. 2
The study that was conducted by the researchers to find out the usefulness of this
supervised injection service highlighted many benefits in terms of both health and behavioral.
The top four-associated theme that emerged from this study is
1- the reduction of an overdose of drugs which in-turn reduced the death rate; it reduced
the risk of development of diseases like HIV and Hepatitis.

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2- It also formed a refugee camp for the users and reduced the chance of theft and
murder,
3- it also identified and established the usefulness of expanding the service to other
community to provide easy access to the drugs and which in-turn helps in saving time
of the user. The participate clearly spoke about the incidence of high death rates in
North America before the opening of the service.
4- Another participant spoke that due to the development of this service, it reduced the
unhealthy and unhygienic state of equipment like sharing needles and reduced the
chance of development of HIV and Hepatitis. They also highlighted the fact that it
reduced the chance of theft and increased safety and services. Another participant
from Vancouver stated that is made the service easy, which in-turn saved time in
traveling (Jozaghi & Andresen, 2013).
ANSWER NO. 3.
The two practical application of the finding are-
1-safe use of equipment’s and supply of equipment’s to the population to reduce the harmful
disease.
2-The study will also be helpful in understanding the behavioral need and pattern of blood-
borne diseases that the survivors are suffering.
The study is also helpful to assist the people with the safe use of injecting equipment
along with educating the people with the risks about the infectious disease and providing
guidelines about safer use. The nurse can also provide useful counseling to the people to
reduce the intake. The study also enlightened the fact that establishment of the supervised
injection site establishment of this service lead reduced the high mortality rate among the
drug users and developed a safer environment The Vancouver General Hospital provides the

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facility for the diagnosis of the condition and also provides counselling (Jozaghi & Andresen,
2013).
ANSWER NO.4.
The study gave knowledge about the reduction in injecting behavior by using
supervised injection services. It enhanced the chance of effective communication with the
addicted patient and opened a chance of counselling practice in order to reduce the overdose
condition among the population which can be used as a practical application in nursing
practice. It also enlightened with the fact that it is cost-effective, which in-turn reduced the
chance of development of blood-borne diseases. The study also helped in understanding the
fact that the drugs that are available outside in the market give severe effect in behaviour such
as suicidal tendency, murder which is effective reduced by this service. The important fact
about the service is that it helped in reducing the public disturbance and increased the chance
of development of a peaceful environment by maintaining a proper ethics (Bouvier et al.,
2017). There are few challenges in this system that is the system is harmful for person who
are trying to overcome the use of substances. The service can also experience violence
attitude of the drug addicts if the centre is full or unavailability of drug.

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References
Bouvier, B. A., Elston, B., Hadland, S. E., Green, T. C., & Marshall, B. D. (2017).
Willingness to use a supervised injection facility among young adults who use
prescription opioids non-medically: a cross-sectional study. Harm reduction
journal, 14(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0139-0
DelVillano, S., de Groh, M., Morrison, H., & Do, M. T. (2019). At-a-glance - Supervised
Injection Services: a community-based response to the opioid crisis in the City of
Ottawa, Canada. Aperçu - Services d’injection supervisée : mesure d’intervention
communautaire en réponse à la crise des opioïdes à Ottawa (Canada). Health
promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and
practice, 39(3), 112–115. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.39.3.03
Grossoehme D. H. (2014). Overview of qualitative research. Journal of health care
chaplaincy, 20(3), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2014.925660
Jamshed S. (2014). Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation. Journal of
basic and clinical pharmacy, 5(4), 87–88. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.141942
Jozaghi, E., & Andresen, M. A. (2013). Should North America’s first and only supervised
injection facility (InSite) be expanded in British Columbia, Canada?. Harm Reduction
Journal, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-1
Mitra, S., Rachlis, B., Krysowaty, B., Marshall, Z., Olsen, C., Rourke, S., & Kerr, T. (2019).
Potential use of supervised injection services among people who inject drugs in a
remote and mid-size Canadian setting. BMC public health, 19(1), 284.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6606-7

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Weller, S. C., Vickers, B., Bernard, H. R., Blackburn, A. M., Borgatti, S., Gravlee, C. C., &
Johnson, J. C. (2018). Open-ended interview questions and saturation. PloS
one, 13(6), e0198606. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198606