This article critically evaluates the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak and the international response to it. It discusses the impact, death toll, global efforts, and prevention methods. The importance of disease surveillance and the One Health movement is also highlighted. Relevant research and statistics are included.
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Running head: CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK Critique of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Outbreak Name of the Student Name of the University Author’s Note:
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1CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK Introduction: In the last decade, new threats have been emerged for global health in the form infectious diseases. These diseases are new strains of virus or bacteria which were previously non-existent (Leung &Nicoll, 2010). One of those incidents is the H1N1 influenza outbreak in the year 2009. The viral strain was first detected in the United States of America and it was quickly spread across the global due to modern commute and transport system. In regard to the previous statement, it can be stated that any infectious disease can spread across the world very quickly if proper prevention method has not been employed. Hence, there is an urgent need of developing disease surveillance system to control and assess the risk of disease management. At present, most of the available disease surveillance system comes in to effect after the outbreak of the disease (Morens&Fauci, 2013). Thus, there is a need to develop a disease surveillance system which will be warn about an outbreak before its occurrence by studying relationship between the disease outbreak and risk factors. In this regard, the aim of this article is to critically evaluate a global disease outbreak in respect to the international response against it. The outbreak that was chosen with that regard is the H1N1 influenza outbreak in the year 2009. Therefore, in the following sections, the effect of this outbreak and worldwide response to this outbreak will be critically evaluated. Discussion: This H1N1 influenza outbreak started on the April of 2009 and lasted about a year. It was classified as a pandemic due to its massive spread and death toll. The viral strain that was responsible for this outbreak is classified as influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus (Peiris, Poon & Guan, 2009). Centre for Disease Control has estimated that around 12,469 people were died in one year just in the United States of America. The worldwide death toll was massive and
2CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK the death toll lies between the ranges of 151700 to 575400 as per CDC estimation(Cdc.gov, 2019). It has been reported that the around 0.001 per cent to 0.007 per cent of world’s population were died by this virus in the first year of the outbreak (Cdc.gov, 2019). World Health Organisation (WHO) declared on August 10, 2010 that the pandemic has been ended. Although,thisparticularstrainiscirculatesandemergeasaseasonalinfluenza virus(Who.int, 2019). Due to the huge death toll caused by H1N1 virus worldwide in 2009, this outbreak has been chosen for the critical evaluation. In order to properly evaluate the 2009 H1N1 outbreak, contemporary research publication has been consulted. In order to find the most relevant publication regarding this matter, a search strategy also employed. Google scholar was used for the searching of this published journal (Google Scholar, 2019). To make the journal contemporary and relevant selection criteria was applied. Journal from peer reviewed article and published within the last 10 year were selected for the consultation purpose. Statistical data were collected from the CDC official website. The purpose of this paper is to critique the international response of the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak. To critique the outbreak a roadmap a plan is followed in this regard. The plan or framework that was followed here was according to the framework adopted by Scott, Crawford-Browne and Sanders (2016). In their paper, similar like this, they have also evaluated and critiqued the response of Ebola outbreak. Hence, this plan or framework was chosen for the evaluation of H1N1 influenza outbreak. The global response for this influenza pandemic went generally well after the first outbreak. The infection made by this viral strain was confirmed by almost every country in the world and it was spread among almost every territory of the world. After the first isolation of this viral strain, the knowledge was shared immediately around the world.
3CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK Detection assays were developed which was also spread among the countries globally. Additionally, antiviral medicines were developed soon after the isolation of the strain and the antiviral were available in almost every affected country. As a result, the death was for this influenza outbreak was relatively small in comparison with the previous two influenza outbreak reported in the 1968 and 1918. Amongst them, maximum death toll was recorded in 1918 pandemic (Guan et al., 2010). Another factor which influenced the management and control the 2009 H1N1 outbreak is that it is the first major outbreak to occur after the various global initiative were taken to counter pandemic. It was also the first pandemic outbreak which occurs within the set regulations of the International Health Regulations and global governance. As a global response to this outbreak, different intervention method was employed to contain the outbreak. The intervention method can be classified as non- pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical. Under the non- pharmaceutical intervention, border measures like quarantine, screening, and isolation was implemented. The intention behind this intervention was to delay and reduce the spread of the outbreak. However, various countries did not implement these procedures due to the logistics issue or cost – benefit consideration.Although,Hong Kong, China, Japandid implementedtheseprocedures (Girard et al., 2010). Another non- pharmaceutical that was implemented was targeted at the general population and the objective of this employ personal protective measure like hand hygiene,maskandcoughetiquette.Underthepharmaceuticalinterventionapproach, vaccines and antiviral treatment were employed. In the course of human history, bacteria and viruses have been evolved and new strain of bacteria or virus has been emerged in regular interval. New emergence of bacteria generally brings devastating harmful effect to a new population in comparison with the diseases that have been present for years. In addition to the natural aspect, human plays a vital role in the emergence of the new infectious diseases with respect to travel patterns,
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4CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK population range and population density (Kozlowski, 2012). Along with that, movement of animals also influence the emergence of new strain in the environment. Similar like human, change population, range and density in the animal population also influences the emergence of the new pathogens. In Australia, some pathogens have emerged due to this reason and Hendra virus,Bat Lyssavirus, and Tularemia are example of these type of emergence over the last 30 or 40 years (Jackson et al., 2012). This is also true in global sense in last 30 to 40 year and HIV orHuman Immunodeficiency Virus is one example of this. HIV is particularly responsible for the re- emergence of Ebola virus and tuberculosis. From the above discussion it can be seen that the particular care and prevention method need to be taken for the management and control of this kind of outbreak. In this scenario, One Health movement plays a significant movement. One Health movement is based on the belief that health of animal, human and ecosystem are all intertwined and interconnected.TheOneHealthapproachisbasedontheimplementationof collaborative,coordinated, cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary approach for the management of the potential risk which might engender at the human- animal – ecosystem interface(One Health | CDC, 2019). This approach of the One Health movement have gained a significant movement and it has been supported and endorsed by various organisation including US CentresforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),EuropeanCommission,theUS Department of State, World Bank, US Department of Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations System Influenza Coordination (UNSIC),World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), NGOs from all over the world along with many Universities. In the year 2011, an expert meeting has been taken place in the Atlanta, Georgia, USA on One health global network and governance and a road map for way forward has been laid in that meeting(One Health | CDC, 2019).
5CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK It can be said from the above discussion that understanding of natural environment, history, and ecology is essential for the management and prevention of outbreak of infectious disease. To cite one example, Hendra virus outbreak in Queensland, Australia was due to the close proximity of the horses and flying foxes. Epidemiological investigation has found out that the subsequent contact of bat saliva or urine was responsible for the inception of the disease (Smith et al., 2014). Then it was spread to the human from horses. Therefore, it can be stated that these factors have to be considered while managing and controlling infectious outbreak. The International Health Regulation plays a major role in the prevention and management of pandemic outbreak. The International Health Regulation is in effect since 2007 and it is fact between 196 WHO countries who all have decided to work together for the prevention of major outbreak (Mackenzie et al., 2014). However, data in epidemiological sector is very volatile and therefore, WHO have developed an ‘event management system’ for the management of outbreak with respect to public health. Independent researchers are working and investigating in this area and some of the researchers have provided outbreak risk management system like BBN or Bayesian belief network (Liao et al., 2017). Conclusion: Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that the H1N1 influenza outbreak in the year 2009 was one of the major pandemic in the recent years. It was not as devastating as previous two influenza outbreak in 1968 and 1918. This outbreak was fairly well contained and WHO declared that the end of the outbreak within a year and half. All the countries work togethertopreventthisoutbreakintermsofcollaborationandsharinginformation. Preventive measured is required for early warning system and WHO has developed an‘event management system’ for this purpose. Additionally, academic researchers are also working together is this regard.
6CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK References: Cdc.gov. (2019). CDC Novel H1N1 Flu | The 2009 H1N1 Pandemic: Summary Highlights, April 2009-April 2010. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/cdcresponse.htm Girard, M. P., Tam, J. S., Assossou, O. M., &Kieny, M. P. (2010). The 2009 A (H1N1) influenzaviruspandemic:Areview.Vaccine,28(31),4895-4902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.031. Google Scholar. (2019). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/ Guan, Y., Vijaykrishna, D., Bahl, J., Zhu, H., Wang, J., & Smith, G. J. (2010). The emergenceofpandemicinfluenzaviruses.Protein&cell,1(1),9-13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-010-0008-z. Jackson,M.,McGregor,A.,Cooley,L.Ng,J.,Brown,M.,Ong,CW.,(2012). FrancisellatularensisSubspecies holarctica, Tasmania, Australia, 2011.Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18: 1.http://dx.doi: 10.3201/eid1809.111856 Kozlowski, T. T. (Ed.). (2012).Fire and ecosystems. Elsevier. Leung,G.M.,&Nicoll,A.(2010).Reflectionsonpandemic(H1N1)2009andthe internationalresponse.PLoSMedicine,7(10),e1000346,doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000346. Liao, Y., Xu, B., Wang, J., & Liu, X. (2017). A new method for assessing the risk of infectiousdiseaseoutbreak.Scientificreports,7,40084, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40084. Mackenzie, J. S., Drury, P., Arthur, R. R., Ryan, M. J., Grein, T., Slattery, R., ...&Bejtullahu, A.(2014).Theglobaloutbreakalertandresponsenetwork.Globalpublic health,9(9), 1023-1039, doi:10.1080/17441692.2014.951870.
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7CRITIQUE OF 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA OUTBREAK Morens, D.M., &Fauci, A.S. (2013). Emerging infectious diseases: Threats to human health andglobalstability.PLoSPathogens.9(7):e1003467. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 OneHealth|CDC(2019).OneHealth|CDC.Cdc.gov.Retrievedfrom: http://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/ Peiris, J.S., Poon, L.L., & Guan, Y. (2009). Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans.Journal of Clinical Virology.45: 169-73. http://dx.doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.006 Scott, V., Crawford-Browne, S., & Sanders, D. (2016). Critiquing the response to the Ebola epidemic through a Primary Health Care Approach.BMC public health,16(1), 410. Smith, C., Skelly, C., Kung, N., Roberts, B., & Field, H. (2014). Flying-fox species density-a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in Eastern Australia.PLoS One,9(6), e99965, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099965. Sullivan, S. J., Jacobson, R. M., Dowdle, W. R., & Poland, G. A. (2010, January). 2009 H1N1 Influenza.In Mayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 64-76). Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2009.0588. Who.int. (2019). WHO | The international response to the influenza pandemic: WHO respondstothecritics.Retrievedfrom https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/briefing_20100610/en/