Cross Cultural Management: Case Study of HG Organization
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This report focuses on a case study of HG Organization, a US-based organization working on a major dam project in Tanzania. It discusses the challenges related to national culture, communication, negotiation, motivation, and HRM in cross-cultural management. Recommendations are provided to address these issues.
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CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1 Overview of the case study..........................................................................................................1 National culture...........................................................................................................................1 Communication and negotiation..................................................................................................3 Motivation and HRM...................................................................................................................4 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................6 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6 REREFENCES................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION Cross culture management can be defined as a kind of management study in context of cross culture. It is one of the most important study for organizations that operates globally because it helps an organization to deal with people coming from different cultural background and can understand then as well as their needs and requirements in a much better and appropriate manner(Thomas and Peterson, 2016). It further helps the managers and management to deal with clashes or issues created due to diverse culture especially for organizations that operates in more than one nation. This report will focus upon a case study of US based organization HG (Hydro Generation) Organization and will help in identifying problems related to national culture, communication and negotiation, Motivation and HRM. MAIN BODY Overview of the case study HG is a US based organization that is working upon a major dam project in Tanzania, Africa. They are facing various kinds of issues that are working as a barrier in completion of major dam project. Not only this, but due to these issues overall image or reputation of the organization is also getting impacted at global level. Some of the most important issued by the organization that are required to be resolved and focused upon by the organization are: high turnover rate of local employees,localtribal rituals,damage of organization’simage at international level. Other than these, there were many other issues because of which overall image of organization was getting impacted and work of dam was also getting affected. National culture National culture is one of the most important factors that impacts overall way in which organizations manage their workforce and work in different countries. National culture can become of the main and most important factor because of which processes, operations and work of an organization in a particular country can bet affected both positively and negatively(Bird and Mendenhall., 2016). Due to this reason it becomes important for organizations to focus upon national culture of country in this organization is operating and then accordingly they can bring changesor developmentwithintheiroverallorganizationalstructureandotherprocesses accordingly. This can help an organization to gain stability and will further help the firm to sustain within the cultural environment in which they operate. Manager of HG has already successfully completed preliminary and construction phases of the project within specified time 1
period and cost by adopting Tanzanian way of doing business. Some of the positive impact of adopting national culture was that Jones was easily about to adopt the national culture of Tanzanian due to which he was above to gain local support for the project, helped foreign engineers to settle and become comfortable with working and living stands of Tanzanian. But it had some negative issues or problems as well, such as HG was facing high local employee turnover rate i.e. a greater number of local employees were leaving the organization. This was mainly because of difference within national culture of Tanzanian and national culture of America due to which various kinds of misunderstanding were getting created. It was becoming a bit difficult for HG to accept and adopt local tribal ritual or culture of Tanzanian. In order to convince local villagers and gain their support they had to follow these rituals but due to this their overall image was getting impacted at global level. Due to this Not only overall image of organization was getting impacted but various kinds of questions about their operability were being raised. Due to these differences between both the nation cultures image, work and operability of HG was getting impacted. There are various kinds of different national culture theories that can be used to explain this difference between different national cultures. One of the most commonly used national culture theory that can be used to explain differences between culture of different nations is: Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory. As per this theory there are six dimensions on the basis of which culture of various nations is different from each other. These dimensions also helps in explaining ways in which operability of an organization is impacted in different countries. This also helps in explaining ways in which cross culture communication take place and ways in which it can help in resolving issues faced by HG. Six main dimensions of Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory are: Power distance index: Degree to which lower level employees or people accept that power is distributed unequally(Kim, 2017). It majorly focuses upon ways in which people handle distribution of power. Individualism versus collectivism: Individualism focuses upon level till which individuals can take care of themselves as well as of their families. Masculinity versus Femininity: Masculinity focuses upon preference of society for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material rewards for success or it can also be said that in this society 2
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is more competitive whereas, femininity is a kind of society in which society is more consensus- oriented. Uncertainty avoidance index: It is a degree till which members of society are comfortable within unambiguity or uncertainty. Long- term versus short- term orientation: Lower scope means people are short- term oriented and of not think about their future whereas, high score in this dimension means that people of the society focus upon preparing for future. Indulgence versus restraint: Indulgence means that society allows free gratification whereas restraint means that society or people prefer sticking to their social norms(Bücker, Furrer. and Weem, 2016).This theory clearly explains that there are various factors on the basis of which national culture of a country varies from other countries. HG was putting pressure upon their manager to understand Tanzanian culture so that they can work upon developing strategies to motivatelocalemployees.Understandingofnationalculturealsohelpsindeveloping understanding between different culture employees and management of the organization in a much better and appropriate manner. Communication and negotiation It is necessary to communicate in effective way in a project so that all data and info is passed easily. However, there are various types of communication style or way which is followed that is verbal, non verbal, etc. moreover, there are various ways as well of it like formal and informal. It plays a vital role in communicating with another in effective way. In addition, there are different theories of communication that is applied. the use of theory depends on type and way of communication(Bullough, Moore. and Kalafatog, 2017) . It is defined as below Social responsibility theory- it states that duty of people needs to understand each other views and thoughts. This has to be based on perception and it allows in share of data and info. so, it is based on social thoughts and views. Negotiation theory- here, it the theory state that negotiation depends on views and opinions of both parties. It means that there has to be change in things that how those views are listened and then presented. From case study it is found that in HG there was lack of communication between jones and local. Also, it was found that between headquarter and jones it was similar issue. So, due to 3
that no proper data and info wasshared between them. Hence, it lead to rise in issue as jones was not able todeal with what local people needs are. However, there was no method of communication followedas well in it. Similarly, in abc as well negotiation between jones and local was not done in proper way. It is becausethere was no mediator in between and it led to changing things frequently. Thus, jones was not able to deal with them and communicate in proper way. Motivation and HRM Motivation and HRM are interrelated to each other. This is because it is the function of HRM to encourage staff so that goals are attained in effective way and employee performance is improved as well. It is the responsibility of manager tomotivate staff so that their efficiency is increased. For that there are various ways to do so. Apart from it, there are different theories of motivation that is available. they can be used in it. Maslow theory – it is most common theory of motivation which state that human needs are categorised into 5 stages. He said that in order to motivatepeople these all needs has to be attainedone by one. Also, it encourageour behaviour. The theory was stated by him in 1964. So, the 5 stages are as below Physiologicalneeds- they are the basic needs which is required for survival of human being. They are food, water, shelter, etc. so, it is primary needs and has to be fulfilled. Safety needs- it comes at second stage where people wants security and safety from crime, theft, property, etc. these has to be satisfied once physiological needs are fulfilled. Love and belongingness needs -it is those needs in which human requires friends, society , family, etc. for social environment and sharing feelings and thoughts. It is needed to develop relationship with them. Esteem needs- here, it is divided into two that is esteem for oneself that is dignity, achievement, and desire for status, reputation. This enables in creating a feeling of satisfaction as it is also an important need. Self actualisation – it is last need that is fulfilled when a person desire toachieve goals that he can. This is satisfied when all above needs are fulfilled. Herzberg two factor theory – this theory was proposed by herzberg in which he stated that there are some factors that results in both satisfaction and dissatisfaction. So, he said that opposite of 4
satisfaction is no satisfaction and of dissatisfaction is nodissatisfaction. Thus, the two factors are Hygiene factors- they are those which are necessary to motivatestaff at workplace but satisfaction is not for long term. If they are absent it leads to dissatisfaction. In this the factors are pay, company policy, working environment, etc. Motivational factors- they are those factors which encourage staff to increase their performance so it is known as satisfiers(Bücker, Furrer. and Weem, 2016). It is useful in performing job and provide long term satisfaction to them. They are recognition, achievement, etc. In addition to it, there are various theories of HRM as well which can be applied in solving issues. The use of theory depends on nature and practices of HRM that is followed. Resource based theory – it states that strategic value of firm depends on its capability of HR. This means that competitiveadvantage is gainedwith helpofHR only. In this its principle state that fundamental resources of organisation is HR. So, it is required for manager to understand that how learning can be enhanced. The theoryspecified that HR needs to be developed so that both organisational and personnel goals are attained. Fayol principle theory- the theory is based on 14 principles that are division of work, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, etc. here, fayol ideas are integrated with power and authority in such a way that manager needs to provide equal opportunities. Bureaucracy theory- as per this theory, more control and tight supervision, with severe rules and regulations must be applied in any organization. The vital elements in it are competency development, organizational hierarchy, etc . McGregor two factor theory- in thisthere are two factor that isX and Y.So, here X assume that at severaltimesstaff feel lazy at work with change in their behaviourand attitude. So, these staff is burden on firm. Whereas factor Y state that those employee whose behaviour is happy and motivated are valuable asset for organisation. They are highly creative in doing their work. With help of this theory it is easy to determine needs and behaviour of staff. System theory- It deals with the problems of relationship, of structure and interdependence of organization. They identify the roles of an individual to play in the organization. Thus, an individual's role is determined by the expectations of senders. The theory indicates concepts like inter relationships, communication, etc. 5
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So, as per case study it is analysedthat in HG staff motivation was decreasing in Tanzania. Jones was not able to deal with local people.. he was not able to solve their issues and problems properly. Besidesthat, due to high staff turnoverthe motivation level of other local staff was decreasing. Besides that, therewere no such rewards or benefits given to them. Moreover, they were not properly trained so due to that staff was facingseveral issues in their work. Alongside, in HRM practices as well HG problem was that there were no systematic method of hiring local people. Jones was hiringon basis ofmouth marketing. Likewise, no policy or law was followed in it. Thus, there was no effective practice of training as well followed by company in project in Tanzania(Miao, Humphrey. and Qian, 2018). RECOMMENDATIONS It is essential that HG need to follow some recommendations so that problems occurring in it are solved. Through that it will be ensured that in future there is no such kind of issue occurs in it. Thus, they are defined as below The organisation should develop a specificprocedure of hiring locals in Tanzania. It will be enable in proper hiring of people according to their job role specified and as per skills and knowledge of them. Besides, they can send one seniorHR which willhelp Jones in hiring of people for project. Here, HG can form a flexible structure in Tanzaniaso that locals does not feel hesitated to communicate. This will solve issue of complaint as well. For that a policy can be developed to change structure and revised it(Kassis-Hender. and Cohen, 2019). HG can take support of a local company who is able to deal with locals in effective way and solve all issues. Also, they will be able to train them and manage entire operations of company. Thus, there will be proper communication as well between HG and local company. CONCLUSION Hereby, it issummarised that cross culture management is study of different cultures. HG is a US based organization that is working upon a major dam project in Tanzania. However, they are facing some issues related to cross culture. In national culture, Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory is applied. it compare nation on basis of criteria like individualism, power distance,etc.Incommunicationthetheoriesaresocialresponsibilitytheory.Moreover, motivation theory is Maslow and herzberg two factor. In HRM theory is resource based, fayol principle and many others. HG has to make change in HRM practice. 6
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REREFENCES Books and Journals Bird, A. and Mendenhall, M.E., 2016. From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation.Journal of World Business.51(1). pp.115-126. Bücker, J., Furrer, O. and Weem, T.P., 2016. Robustness and cross-cultural equivalence of the CulturalIntelligenceScale(CQS).JournalofGlobalMobility:TheHomeofExpatriate Management Research. Bullough, A., Moore, F. and Kalafatoglu, T., 2017. Research on women in international business and management: then, now, and next.Cross Cultural & Strategic Management. Kassis-Henderson, J. and Cohen, L., 2019. The Paradoxical Consequences of ‘The Perfect Accent’!: A Critical Approach to Cross-Cultural Interactions. InCases in Critical Cross-Cultural Management(pp. 12-21). Routledge. Kim, S., 2017. National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship usingHofstede’sfiveculturaldimensions.InternationalReviewofAdministrative Sciences.83(1_suppl). pp.23-40. Miao, C., Humphrey, R.H. and Qian, S., 2018. A cross-cultural meta-analysis of how leader emotional intelligence influences subordinate task performance and organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of World Business,53(4), pp.463-474. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2016.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. 8