Cryptography and Security: Assignment 2 - Analysis of DES and AES Algorithms

CSC8419 - CRYPTOGRAPHY AND SECURITY - ASSIGNMENT 2

Table of Contents
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................2
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................5
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................9
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................13
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Task 1
Verification of the Debian DVD ISO image
For the verification, the entire files have been downloaded from the website:
https://goo.gl/8CNeyc . In order to check the completeness of the ISO images including its
signature files for SHA-1, the following steps are done.
 In the first step, entire files are documented in the directory so that every file should be at
the proper place
 Now go for the check for correct signature with the help of GNU Privacy Guard. This
check is for SHA-1.
As the command will run for the first time, there is no availability of the public key on
the system. This command will let the result as ID= ‘6294BE9B’. This ID will help in
retrieving the public key as explained in the step below.
 Now, from the Debian key server, download the public key by using the ID ‘6294BE9B’
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 In this step, the verification is done on both the checksum files by comparing the
signature files
In order to confirm the authenticity of the image of Debian DVD, a statement is appeared
as “Good signature from "Debian CD signing key <[e-mail]>”. For
the comparison of the listed key in the link: https://www.debian.org/CD/verify, the
generated fingerprint key is used and the key is DF9B 9C49 EAA9 2984 3258 9D76
DA87 E80D 6294 BE9B which matches to the listed fingerprint keys.
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 Atlast, the content of the ISO image is verified. After this, there will be verification of the
checksum of the ISO images and their matching with the expected checksum file.
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Task 2
Step 1: Firstly show the global variables in the two forms of encoded and text format
Step 2: Prepare to extract the Public or private key from the given variables
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Step 3: In this step, the public key is extracted
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Step 4: From the instructor, the private key and public key is retrieved and these keys can be
used for the generation of the shared secret key
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Step 5: For the correct shared key generation, the generated key must match with the key
generated at the instructor side.
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Task 3
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Task 4
Abstract
Technology becomes advanced to a higher level where different aspects of the data and the
network are considered. One such aspect is the security of the data which is being transferred
from the sender to the receiver from any points of the world. Some of the data is confidential
which must be secured from all the threats and for this, there are several types of
mechanismsavailable for the security. One such method is cryptography and with this data can
be converted into another form which can be understood by only the sender and receiver. This is
done using some block cipher algorithms and the main algorithms which are used most popularly
are DES and AES (Rock and Nyberg, 2013).
Introduction
Most popularly used algorithms of symmetric key block cipher are AES and DES. These
algorithms are widely used to encrypt and decrypt the data which is being transferred on a non-
secured network channel. This report includes a brief discussion on both these algorithms.
DES (Data Encryption Standard) and its operation
Data Encryption Standard is a type of algorithm which protects the data available in electronic
format. The data is firstly converted into the gibberish language known as ciphertext and during
decrypting the cipher text is converted into the original data. It takes an input data of 64 bits and
having output data of similar size. There are four types of round that are followed during each
round of conversion and they are a permutation, shifting, substitution box and instantiations
(Simmons, 2016).
Figure 1: DES
Source:
Strengths of DES
 Secret key of 64 bits is converted into the output of the same size
 In case, if the key is expanded to a larger size then the extra can be used in the later
operations
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 This algorithm is difficult to break
 Difficult to crack the codes
Weakness of DES
 Keys used are less scalable to the software implementation
 Security aspects are limited toa change in security protocols(Oukili and Bri, 2017).
Application of DES and its future possibilities
 Financial transactions
 Increases speed of the ATM’s functioning
 Mostly used in routers and servers
DES is used in most of the sectors and provided high specific security to the data during its
transfer. It allows the high encryption level as there isthe availability of higher versions of DES
in the security field such 3-DES. However, computing resources such as bandwidth and memory
are limited in case of DES (Khiabani, Wei, Yuan and Wang, 2012).
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and its operation
AES is another form of cipher encryption and decryption standard in terms of symmetric keys. In
this blocks of plaintext are converted into the cipher coding and this can be done by using keys
of sizes 128 bits, 192 bits and 256 bits. There are specific rounds decided by the size of keys
such as there are 10 rounds for the 128 bit and so on. in each round, there are four types of
transformation that take place during one round and they are sub-bytes, rows shifting, column
mixing and add round key(Kumar and Farik, 2017).
Strengths of AES
 Easy implementation of the domain hardware
 Size of the keys are available in a wider range
 Breaking of the algorithm applied to the data is difficult
 High range of applications
Weakness of AES
 Easily understandable design of the algorithm
 Implementation of this algorithm on software is hard
 Similar algorithms are used in all blocks which leads to more risk (De and Bhaumik,
2014)
Application of AES and its future possibilities
 In almost all data transactions
 E-commerce
 Electronic banking
 Confidential email transfer
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There are various future developments in the field of AES algorithm and is the optimum choice
for different security services and its implementation in various numerous applications. There are
huge aspects of research, developments, deployments and their analysis for better performance
and efficiency (Hsiao and Liou, 2014).
Conclusion and recommendation
In this report, research has been done in the field of the typecipher algorithms and they are AES
and DES. Here strengths and weakness of the standards have been discussed in addition to their
working and applications. Both these type of algorithms are good for the encryptions and
decryption of the data. After the analysis, it was found that AES provides better encryption and
decryption as it provides better security to the data. AES also provides a wider range of key sizes
which increase its durability with the changing demand for security.
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References
Oukili, S. &Bri, S. 2017, "High throughput FPGA implementation of Advanced Encryption
Standard algorithm", TELKOMNIKA, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 494
Kumar, J. &Farik, M. 2017, "Cracking Advanced Encryption Standard-A Review", International
Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 101-105
Rock, A. & Nyberg, K. 2013, "Generalization of Matsui's Algorithm 1 to linear hull for key-
alternating block ciphers", Designs, Codes and Cryptography, vol. 66, no. 1-3, pp. 175.
Simmons, G.J. 2016, Data Encryption Standard (DES), Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
Khiabani, Y.S., Wei, S., Yuan, J. & Wang, J. 2012, "Enhancement of Secrecy of Block Ciphered
Systems by Deliberate Noise", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 7,
no. 5, pp. 1604-1613.
De, S. &Bhaumik, J. 2014, "TBLT-AES: A Robust Image Encryption Scheme", Journal of
Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 273-288.
Hsiao, F. &Liou, G. 2014, "Application of Advanced Encryption Standard to Chaotic
Synchronization Systems: Using an Improved Genetic Algorithm as Auxiliary", IEEE, , pp. 1.
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