This assignment covers the principles and techniques of dental radiography, including IRMER regulations, ionising radiation safety, types of radiographs, manual and automatic processing, digital radiography, quality assurance, and film storage and handling.
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PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUE OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY
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Table of Contents TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3 1. Principle of IRMER.................................................................................................................3 2. Ionising radiations...................................................................................................................3 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3 1. Table........................................................................................................................................3 2. Use of intensifying screens in extra oral dental radiography..................................................4 TASK 3............................................................................................................................................4 1. Manual processing of radiograph............................................................................................4 2. Chemicals used in developing radiograph...............................................................................5 3. Precautions...............................................................................................................................5 4. Developing radiograph using automatic processor..................................................................5 5. Digital radiograph....................................................................................................................5 TASK 4............................................................................................................................................6 1. Rationale to rotate stock..........................................................................................................6 2. Storage of radiographic films..................................................................................................6 3. Reasons to avoid use of deteriorated films..............................................................................6 TASK 5............................................................................................................................................6 1. Methods of mounting radiograph............................................................................................6 2. Quality assurance control system............................................................................................7 3. Grading of radiographs............................................................................................................7 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
TASK 1 1. Principle of IRMER Ionising radiation regulation 1999:This regulation ensure that exposure to ionising radiations is kept as minimum as possible. Ionising radiation regulation 2000:It aims at preventing harmful and hazardous impact of radiations on living beings and environment. ALARP:It stands for “As low as reasonably practicable” and states that risk must be reduced to this level. 2. Ionising radiations Safe use of x-ray equipment:Proper training must be taken before using the machine and shielding must be checked before turning on the equipment. A safe distance must be maintained from the equipment. Ionising radiation hazards:The exposure to these radiations can cause skin burn, cancer and several others genetic disorders (Iannucci and Howerton, 2016). Role of dental personnel when using ionising radiation:Dental personnel must follow the safety standards related to the radiations so that ALARP can be followed. TASK 2 1. Table RadiographIntra oral or extra oral Area seenPurpose of taking radiograph BitewingIntra oralLower and upper area of teeth in particular area of mouth To detect tooth decay andbonethickness due to gum disease. PeriapicalIntra oralWhole toothDetect changes in root
and bone structures. OcclusalIntra oralTeeth in jawTotrackthe placementofteeth arch. Lateral obliqueExtra oralJawsTo assess the presence orabsenceofteeth andun-eruptedteeth aswellas pathological lesions. CephaolostatExtra oralLateral view of faceFordiagnosing orthodontic problems. OrthopantomographExtra oralUpper,lowerjaw teeth on single film Toanalysethe problemsrelatedto jawboneand temporomandibular. 2. Use of intensifying screens in extra oral dental radiography This screen reduces the intensity of X-ray dose exposed to the patient so that hazardous effects can also be decreased. TASK 3 1. Manual processing of radiograph Instead of machines films are moved directly with the hands or using pen for processing radiograph. 4 faults occurring during process: Careless handling of film Interaction of wet films with adjacent films Crimp marks Scratches in film emulsion (Berkhout and et.al., 2015)
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Storage, disposal and handling of chemicals: Chemicals must be handled with care. Safety data sheet must be prepared so that chemicals are handled effectively. Durable and non reactive chemical storage tank and covers must be used. Managing chemical spillage: The spilled or splashed chemicals must be cleaned immediately and clothes must be rinsed so that its traces are washed away. Accidental intrusion: The undesired exposure of radiation into surrounding must be avoided so that radiations do not cause harm to other individuals. Quality management: Through proper handling of film the quality of radiograph can be controlled. It is necessary for assuring the accurate diagnosis. 2. Chemicals used in developing radiograph Developers and fixer chemicals such as alkaline and reducing agents are used for developing radiograph. 3. Precautions The direct contact with chemicals must be avoided and gloves should be used so that chemicals are handled carefully. 4. Developing radiograph using automatic processor An automatic device consisting tray and bin is used for moving films so that radiograph can be developed (Çalışkan and Sumer, 2017). 5. Digital radiograph Faults: Geometric distortion due to improper centring
Poor radiographic contrast Fogging Actions to be taken during equipment failure: In the event of equipment failure the reason of failure must be analysed so that it can be repaired. It must be ensure that accidental intrusion is not caused by the failure. TASK 4 1. Rationale to rotate stock Stock is rotated so that older films are used first and deterioration can be reduced. 2. Storage of radiographic films Radiographic film must be stored in a clean, dry place which is not away from heat, humidity and chemical fumes (Iannucci and Howerton, 2016). 3. Reasons to avoid use of deteriorated films The deteriorated film gives inaccurate and unclear interpretation to the practitioner. TASK 5 1. Methods of mounting radiograph Following methods can be used for mounting film: Labialmethod:Labialperspectiveisusedtoviewtheradiographandconvexsideof identification point must face the viewer. Lingual method:Lingual perspective is used and instead of convex, concave side is used. Results of incorrect mounting: The incorrect mounting cause confusion and make it hard to interpret the accurate results.
2. Quality assurance control system It regularly monitors the elements in x-ray imaging system. It is necessary to ensure that consistent and high quality images are produced with minimum radiation exposure to personnel and patient. 3. Grading of radiographs Grade 1No errors in exposure, processing or positioning so excellent quality radiograph. Grade 2Some errors but radiograph is diagnostically acceptable. Grade 3Full of errors which make radiograph unacceptable.
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REFERENCES Berkhout, W.E.R., Suomalainen, A., and et.al., 2015. Justification and good practice in using handheld portable dental X-ray equipment: a position paper prepared by the European AcademyofDentoMaxilloFacialRadiology(EADMFR).Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.44(6). p.20140343. Çalışkan, A. and Sumer, A.P., 2017. Definition, classification and retrospective analysis of photostimulablephosphorimageartefactsanderrorsinintraoraldental radiography.Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.46(3). p.20160188. Iannucci, J. and Howerton, L.J., 2016.Dental Radiography-E-Book: Principles and Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences.