Design and Build of Proposed Halls of Residence Project by L&D Contracting Company

Superstructure Category 1
Design and Build of Proposed Halls of Residence Project by L&D Contracting Company
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

Superstructure Category 2
METHOD STATEMENT
The L&D Contracting Company known for its experience in Civil Engineering and Construction
projects is responsible for the design and construction of Hall of Residence for the University
campus to support its expansion and growth at a new location. The three major activities that will
be performed by the superstructure category during the design and construction of the Hall
Residence include pouring concrete, formwork for stair core and lift, and installation of the steel
frame. These activities are discussed below:
Pouring Concrete
Concrete is made by the bonding of coarse and fine aggregate together with a fluid cement that
hardens after sometimes. When the aggregate is mixed with water and dry Portland cement, the
resultant mixture is a fluid slurry that can be molded and poured into the required shape. The
production of concrete involves mixing the various ingredients namely cement, aggregates, and
water to produce concrete1. Once the concrete has been produced, the workers can then pour the
concrete in the required place before hardening. The workability of concrete is a significant
factor since it enables the fresh concrete mix to properly fill the mold or form with the desired
work during vibration, tamping, spreading, pumping, or pouring.
The workability of concrete is affected by cementitious age and content, aggregate size and
shape distribution, and water content. The process of pouring concrete during construction of
floor slab include formwork erection, reinforcement placement, pouring of concrete, finishing
and compacting concrete, and concrete work curing2. The formwork should be designed to
1 M. Juez, B. Cazacliu, A. Cothenet and R. Artoni, "Recycled concrete aggregate attrition during mixing new
concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 116, pp. 299-309, 2016.
2 M. Maghrebi, A. Shamsoddini and T. Waller, "Fusion based learning approach for predicting concrete pouring
productivity based on construction and supply parameters," Construction Innovation, vol. 16, pp. 185-202, 2016.

Superstructure Category 3
withstand construction loads such as weights of machines, operators, and fresh concrete pressure.
Different materials like aluminum, steel, and wood can be used for concrete floor slab
formworks.
Figure 1: Formwork of concrete floor slab3
The locations and dimensions of the concrete members should be checked and inspected to
confirm that they conform to the structural plans before the placement of concrete floor slab
reinforcement. The reinforcement details should be indicated in the design drawings as well as
required cutting length and designated bar size4. Handling, transporting, and mixing of concrete
should be coordinated properly with finishing and placing works. Concrete should be deposited
as close as possible to its final position to prevent segregation.
3 M. Daukšys, "Productivity analysis of concrete slab construction by using different types of formwork," Journal of
Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 15, 2016.
4 O. Hussien, "Relation between slab thickness and dimensions of formwork," Structural Concrete, vol. 20, pp. 32-
37, 2018.

Superstructure Category 4
Figure 2: Concrete placement5
Concrete should also be adequately compacted to mold it within the forms and around the
reinforcements and embedded items and to remove entrapped air, honeycomb, and stone pockets.
External or internal vibration is used widely for consolidating concrete.
Figure 3: Vibrating and placing concrete6
An appropriate method should be used to adequately cure the concrete after the finishing process
is completed. These slab curing methods include mist spaying, ponding, flooding, and water
cure. Moisture and temperature are both significant factors in the proper drying of concrete. The
5 T. Yoshikane, H. Takada and S. Hatanaka, "Discussion on Minimum Slump at Concrete Placement and on Quality
Classification of Ready Mixed Concrete," Concrete Journal, vol. 51, pp. 563-570, 2013.
6 J. Huang, P. Jianzhong, L. Yang, H. Yang and J. Zhang, "Investigation on aggregate particles migration
characteristics of porous asphalt concrete (PAC) during vibration compaction process," Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 243, p. 118, 2020.

Superstructure Category 5
risk associated with pouring concrete is exposed to wet concrete resulting in skin irritation or
third-degree chemical burns7. This risk can be minimized by wearing alkali-resistant gloves, eye
protection, full-length pants, and waterproof boots.
Formworks for Stair Core and Lift
The foundations on which the stair core and lift should be constructed properly so that loads of
the stairs are successfully transferred into to ground and to prevent movement of the stairs and
lift. The most significant step in the construction of stairs and lift is the use of suitable formwork.
The riser, dimension of thread, and angle of flight should be checked properly8. The type of
formworks that will be used in stair and lift construction is traditional timber formwork which is
built on site out of plywood and timber. This type of formwork is easy to produce and more
flexible compared to other types.
Figure 4: Formwork for stairs9
7 M. Shafeeque, B. Sanofar, P. Praveen, R. Jithin and V. Nikhil, "Strength comparison of self-curing concrete and
Normal curing concrete," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 56-61, 2016.
8 K. Brózda and J. Selejdak, "Safety of Formworks in the Engineering and General Construction Sector," System
Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment, vol. 1, pp. 284-290, 2019.
9 M. Daukšys, "Productivity analysis of concrete slab construction by using different types of formwork," Journal of
Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 15, 2016.

Superstructure Category 6
The boards should be placed 2" thick to support the weight of the concrete. The entire structure
of the form must be supported by 4x4 posts. The wooded boards are used to create the steps and
are fastened with many screws to the lateral structure of the formwork.
The lift shaft is made of module formworks joined conventionally by the use of wedge and pin or
clamps while the standard vice is used for the corner. Both sections of the formwork made of
four blocks located in the inner corners. This module formwork on the lift can hold and support
fresh concrete in a position to attain the desired shape of lift shaft before hardening, curing and
setting10. The risks associated with the erection of formwork of lift and stair include falling of
workers during erection and fixing of formwork and collapse of the formwork. These risks can
be prevented by the use of access to scaffold and ladders for access purposes.
Figure 5: Formwork for lift11
Installation of Steel Frame
10 D. Crivelli, R. Ghelichi and M. Guagliano, "Failure analysis of a shaft of a car lift system," Procedia Engineering,
vol. 10, pp. 3683-3691, 2011.
11 Anonymous, "Foundation Formwork and Lift Shaft Systems for Foundation," Faresin, pp.
https://www.faresinformwork.com/products/lift-shaft/, 2020.

Superstructure Category 7
Steel frame installation involves the use of a skeleton frame of horizontal I-beam and vertical
steel columns constructed in a rectangular grid to support walls, roof, and floors of the structure
which are all attached to the frame. There are different dimensions of steel column section to
select and these steel columns are produced commonly in advance. The most important point in
the installation of a steel column is the connection between the column and foundation and
splices between the columns12. The process of steel frame installation starts by establishing that
the foundations are safe and suitable for the installation of steel frames. This can be done through
the various test to determine the load-bearing capacity of the foundation. The next stage of steel
frame installation is lifting and placing of steel frames into position by the use of cranes and then
bolting the joints to secure the steel frames.
After bolting the steel frame connection, the next step is checking of alignment of the structure
by investigating if the column bases are level and line. Bolting-up is the final stage of steel frame
installation and all the bolted connections can be completed to secure and provide rigidity to the
steel frames13.
12 A. Khoshraftar, "The Evaluation of Steel Frame Structures with Viscoelastic Dampers," International Journal of
Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, pp. 269-272, 2016.
13 Y. Wang, L. Miao and Z. Zhang, "Comparison between New Concrete Filled Steel Tube Frame Structure and Steel
Frame Structure," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 204, pp. 1024-1027, 2012.

Superstructure Category 8
Figure 6: Steel Frame Structure14
The most serious risk during steel frame installation is related to falls from height either while
gaining access to the steel frames or from working positions. These risks can be prevented by the
use of access to scaffold and ladders for access purposes.
SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
A Site Waste Management Plan is a plan that illustrates the type and amount of waste that will be
generated in a construction site and how it will be disposed of, recycled, and reused.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
(SWMP)
L&D CONTRACTING COMPANY
Project Details: Expansion of University to support its expansion and growth at a new location
Project Name: Hall of Residence
Site Address: Winston Churchill Avenue
Project Type: Yes New Construction Renovation
Project Size (Floor): 13 Floors
Project Start: Project Finish:
Contact Details (Waste Management Champion)
Contact Name: Design and Build of Hall of Residence Project
Company Name: L&D CONTRACTING COMPANY
Responsible person Member of Superstructure team
Email:
The Purpose of SWMP
14 S. Zhang, "All Steel Structure Portal Frame Light Building Structure Design," Applied Mechanics and Materials,
vol. 496, pp. 2575-2577, 2014.

Superstructure Category 9
 To promote sustainable use of materials
 To reduce waste and cost of disposal
 Improved workplace and public safety
 Improved community trust and relations
 To allocate responsibilities of waste management
Plan of Waste Management
The priority of waste management practices are as follows:
 Reduction in material use
 Re-use of materials
 Recycling of waste materials
 Recovery
 Residual Disposal of hazardous waste through landfill15
Responsibility
The responsibilities of waste disposal, recycling, and collection during the different phases of
construction majorly fall under the contractor. However, waste management activities will be
performed according to the activities involved in construction16.
Type of Waste
Material
Collection
Responsibility
Transportation off-
site responsibility
Recycling
responsibility
Disposal
responsibility
Concrete &
Masonry Superstructure team Superstructure team Superstructure team Superstructure team
Plasterboard Substructure team Substructure team Substructure team Substructure team
Timber Finishes walling team Finishes walling team Finishes walling team Finishes walling team
Packaging Finishes walling team Finishes walling team Finishes walling team Finishes walling team
Insulation Finishes walling team Finishes walling team Finishes walling team Finishes walling team
Metals Superstructure team Superstructure team Superstructure team Superstructure team
Other Substructure team Substructure team Substructure team Substructure team
Type and Amount of Waste
15 B. Josimović and I. Marić, "Multi-criteria evaluation in strategic environmental assessment for waste
management plan, a case study: The city of Belgrade," Waste Management, vol. 36, pp. 331-342, 2015.
16 M. Usmani, A. Wahab and H. Sultana, "Solid waste management plan of pharmacy faculty in Karachi university,"
International Journal of Scientific World, vol. 2, p. 75, 2014.

Superstructure Category 10
The major types of wastes generated during the process of pouring concrete, formwork of start
core and lift, and installation of steel include concrete, plasterboard, timber, packaging, metals,
and insulations17.
Types and Amounts of Waste Generated
Type of Waste Material Estimated
Quantity % Volume Estimated
Weight (kg) % Weight
Concrete & Masonry 180 tons 45% 180,000 45%
Plasterboard 82 tons 20.5% 82,000 20.5%
Timber 48 tons 12% 48,000 12%
Packaging 37 tons 9.25% 37,000 9.25%
Insulation 14 tons 3.5% 14,000 3.5%
Metals 32 tons 8% 32,000 8%
Other 7 tons 1.75% 7,000 1.75%
TOTAL 400 400,000
Waste Management
The management of waste revolves around the reduction in material use, re-use of materials,
recycling of waste materials, recovery, and residual Disposal of hazardous waste through
landfills.
Waste Management
Type of Waste
Material Sources Actions to Minimize Waste
Concrete &
Masonry
Include bricks, concrete, and
concrete masonry unit
 Re-use of concrete and masonry waste on sites for
driveways, walkways, backfill, and landscaping.
 Recycle dry concrete through crushing and used in
making new concrete
 Grinding concrete for use as subbase material
Plasterboard Include boxboard, cardboard,
and flattened boards
 Onsite recycling by chipping for landscape mulch
 Non-hazardous gypsum should be disposed of in landfills
Timber Include particleboard,
plywood, clean dimensional
 Dimensional timber is a good condition to be stockpiled
and reused when short-length pieces are required
17 A. A. Umali, M. Sundo and P. Velasco, "End-of-pipe Waste Analysis and Integrated Solid Waste Management
Plan," Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 5, pp. 1970-1982, 2019.

Superstructure Category 11
wood, pallets, and packaging
wood.  Scrap wood to be chipped for landscape mulch18
Packaging
Include spools and pallets for
electrical cables, cartons,
wooded boxes, cardboard,
and plastics
 Return the packaging is possible such as spools for
electrical wire
 Request for recyclable packaging from suppliers
 Recycling of packaging materials through material
recovery facilities
 Reduce the use of packaging by minimizing the number,
weight, and volume of materials used19
Insulation Include foam, cellulose,
fiberglass, and wool
 Recycled through a material recovery facility
 Reduce the use of insulations
 Use of landfill for biodegradable cellulose and wool
Metals
Include wire, painted metals,
and cut steel frames,
damaged steel frames,
aluminum case on job site
 Can be sorted and sold to local dealers of scrap metal
 Reduce the use of materials by ordering the exact
quantity required
Waste Disposal
The different methods of waste disposal relevant during the process of pouring concrete,
formwork of start core and lift include waste collection companies, material recovery facilities,
local recycling depots, landfills, and clean fill operations, and hazardous waste disposal20.
Waste Disposal
Name Address Phone Contact Name
Waste Collection (Skip Bin) Companies
North London Rubbish
removal Company
16 Steele’s Rd, London NW3
MGM Haulage and Recycling
Ltd
460B Alexandra Ave
Material Recovery Facility
Southwark Integrated Waste
Management Facility
43 Devon St, London SE15
RTS Waste Management Unit 1 Stockholm Rd, London SE16
Local Recycling Depot
Paramount Recycling The recycling center, Gallions CI
18 V. Zedda, C. Trois and P. Everitt, "Management of Construction and Demolition Waste and its Use for Road
Construction in a South African Municipality," The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, vol. 40, pp.
375-388, 2014.
19 P. Sivapullaiah and B. Naveen, "Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Construction and Management-A Few Concerns,"
International Journal of Waste Resources, vol. 6, 2016.
20 B. Josimović and I. Marić, "Multi-criteria evaluation in strategic environmental assessment for waste
management plan, a case study: The city of Belgrade," Waste Management, vol. 36, pp. 331-342, 2015.

Superstructure Category 12
Services Ltd
L & b Recycling Depot Hannah CI, London NW10
Landfill and Cleanfill Operation
Temporary waste storage
awaiting reuse and recycling
Should be situated within the
construction site and near the
building
Waste Measurement
SWMP Targets
Waste Measure Target Actual
Project wastes by weight (kg) 74,000(kg) 400,000(kg)
Project wastes by volume (%) 18.5% 100%
Project wastes/m2 of floor-area:
5692.31(kg) 30,769.23(kg)
(m³) (m³)
Rate of Recycling Rate by Volume (%): 18.5%
Plan Communication and Training
The SWM plan is expected to be communicated through regular meetings which are generally
held on Monday of every week and during these meetings, all the workers are trained on waste
management practices and the responsibility of every individual in ensuring effective waste
management21. The training should be conducted by environmental specialist who has vast
knowledge is waste management practices.
Accountability of SWM Plan
21 A. A. Umali, M. Sundo and P. Velasco, "End-of-pipe Waste Analysis and Integrated Solid Waste Management
Plan," Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 5, pp. 1970-1982, 2019.

Superstructure Category 13
One person should be designated to be responsible for waste management. This will ensure that
the plan of waste management if followed. Whoever is responsible for waste reduction needs to
be enthusiastic about reducing waste in the construction site. The SWM plan will be kept for 3
more months after the completion of the project after the client is fully aware of the waste
management plan that can effectively be used in the building even after the building is under
operation22.
RAINWATER COLLECTION FOR ROADS AND PARKING RUNOFF
Water is emerging as an important environmental concern globally. The global consumption of
water is rising at double the population growth rate, and in about 20 years, 1.8 billion people will
be staying in regions with the scarcity of water. Rainwater collection is rapidly becoming a
standard process for many industrial plants, institutions, and homeowners as a method of
collecting this natural resource and uses it to minimize the cost and amount of purchased treated
water23. Rainwater collection involves the collection and storage of rainwater that falls on the
roof or any other external surface for use or supplement the main water supply. The collection
and use of rainwater reduce the demand on the main supply and reduce the amount of energy
used for transportation and treatment of water.
The collection and consumption of rainwater have been a common activity of humans for many
years. To reduce contamination, the normal practice is to collect rainwater from roofs through
troughs or gutters, channeling the water through downspouts and into rain cisterns or barrels. The
rainwater is contaminated from gases and particles in the air and also debris from roofs caused
22 V. Zedda, C. Trois and P. Everitt, "Management of Construction and Demolition Waste and its Use for Road
Construction in a South African Municipality," The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, vol. 40, pp.
375-388, 2014.
23 B. Blocken, D. Derome and J. Carmeliet, "Rainwater runoff from building facades: A review," Building and
Environment, vol. 60, pp. 339-361, 2013.

Superstructure Category 14
by droppings of birds, leaves, and dirt, although very clean compared to stormwater collected
from roads and parking runoff24. The rainwater that falls on ground-level surfaces such as
sidewalks, streets, driveways, and parking lots can be defined as stormwater. Stormwater runoff
from parking and roads can be collected and reused in construction to reduce the demand for
water from the main supply. Below is a graphic that shows the process of collecting rainwater
from roads and parking runoffs around the construction site:
Figure 7: Stormwater collection process of roads and parking runoffs25
The runoffs from roads and parking areas are first collected at the stormwater pond or storm
drain which is situated within the construction site near the access roads and parking area. From
the storm drain, the collected stormwater is then channeled to the wet-pond setting through pipe
where the water is treated by removing contaminants and particles to improve the quality of
water26. The stormwater runoff carries pollutants like chemicals, dirt, and oil. These pollutants
can be removed and improve the quality of water through filtration and chemical treatments. The
high level of pollutants and pathogen treatment can increase the cost and limit the range of
24 P. Rodríguez, "Design of rainwater collection systems, a commitment to conservation," Espirales Revista
Multidisciplinaria de investigación, vol. 3, p. 21, 2019.
25 P. Daeryong and J. Sukhwan, "Evaluation of multi-use stormwater detention basins for improved urban
watershed management," Hydrological Processes, vol. 28, pp. 1104-1113, 2012.
26 J. Christian, P. Eureka and F. Kevin, "Evaluation of a small HSSF constructed wetland in treating parking lot
stormwater runoff using SWMM," DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 101, pp. 123-129, 2018.

Superstructure Category 15
practical beneficial application of runoffs considered in this design of the stormwater collection
process. This is the reason why the application of collected water in construction is the preferred
use due to low treatment levels required27. After treatment, the water is pumped to the release
channel where the water is released to the natural system as surface water or groundwater or
even used within the construction of concrete preparation and cleaning purposes.
CONCLUSION
The three major activities during the design and construction of Halls of Residence project
performed by the superstructure category include pouring concrete, formwork for stair core and
lift, and installation of the steel frame. The Site Waste Management Plan illustrated above
explains the type and amount of waste that will be generated in a construction site and how it
will be disposed of, recycled, and reused. Stormwater from parking and roads runoff can be
collected and reused in construction to reduce the demand of water from the main supply hence
promoting environmental sustainability.
REFERENCES
M. Juez, B. Cazacliu, A. Cothenet and R. Artoni, "Recycled concrete aggregate attrition during mixing
new concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 116, pp. 299-309, 2016.
M. Maghrebi, A. Shamsoddini and T. Waller, "Fusion based learning approach for predicting concrete
pouring productivity based on construction and supply parameters," Construction Innovation, vol. 16,
pp. 185-202, 2016.
M. Daukšys, "Productivity analysis of concrete slab construction by using different types of formwork,"
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 15, 2016.
O. Hussien, "Relation between slab thickness and dimensions of formwork," Structural Concrete, vol.
20, pp. 32-37, 2018.
T. Yoshikane, H. Takada and S. Hatanaka, "Discussion on Minimum Slump at Concrete Placement and
on Quality Classification of Ready Mixed Concrete," Concrete Journal, vol. 51, pp. 563-570, 2013.
27 A. McQueen, B. Johnson and J. Rodgers, "Campus parking lot stormwater runoff: Physicochemical analyses and
toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas," Chemosphere, vol. 79, pp. 561-569, 2010.

Superstructure Category 16
J. Huang, P. Jianzhong, L. Yang, H. Yang and J. Zhang, "Investigation on aggregate particles migration
characteristics of porous asphalt concrete (PAC) during vibration compaction process," Construction
and Building Materials, vol. 243, p. 118, 2020.
M. Shafeeque, B. Sanofar, P. Praveen, R. Jithin and V. Nikhil, "Strength comparison of self-curing
concrete and Normal curing concrete," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 56-61,
2016.
K. Brózda and J. Selejdak, "Safety of Formworks in the Engineering and General Construction Sector,"
System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment, vol. 1, pp. 284-290, 2019.
M. Daukšys, "Productivity analysis of concrete slab construction by using different types of formwork,"
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 15, 2016.
D. Crivelli, R. Ghelichi and M. Guagliano, "Failure analysis of a shaft of a car lift system," Procedia
Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 3683-3691, 2011.
Anonymous, "Foundation Formwork and Lift Shaft Systems for Foundation," Faresin, pp.
https://www.faresinformwork.com/products/lift-shaft/, 2020.
A. Khoshraftar, "The Evaluation of Steel Frame Structures with Viscoelastic Dampers," International
Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, pp. 269-272, 2016.
Y. Wang, L. Miao and Z. Zhang, "Comparison between New Concrete Filled Steel Tube Frame Structure
and Steel Frame Structure," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 204, pp. 1024-1027, 2012.
S. Zhang, "All Steel Structure Portal Frame Light Building Structure Design," Applied Mechanics and
Materials, vol. 496, pp. 2575-2577, 2014.
B. Josimović and I. Marić, "Multi-criteria evaluation in strategic environmental assessment for waste
management plan, a case study: The city of Belgrade," Waste Management, vol. 36, pp. 331-342,
2015.
M. Usmani, A. Wahab and H. Sultana, "Solid waste management plan of pharmacy faculty in Karachi
university," International Journal of Scientific World, vol. 2, p. 75, 2014.
A. A. Umali, M. Sundo and P. Velasco, "End-of-pipe Waste Analysis and Integrated Solid Waste
Management Plan," Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 5, pp. 1970-1982, 2019.
V. Zedda, C. Trois and P. Everitt, "Management of Construction and Demolition Waste and its Use for
Road Construction in a South African Municipality," The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and
Management, vol. 40, pp. 375-388, 2014.
P. Sivapullaiah and B. Naveen, "Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Construction and Management-A Few
Concerns," International Journal of Waste Resources, vol. 6, 2016.
B. Blocken, D. Derome and J. Carmeliet, "Rainwater runoff from building facades: A review," Building
and Environment, vol. 60, pp. 339-361, 2013.

Superstructure Category 17
P. Rodríguez, "Design of rainwater collection systems, a commitment to conservation," Espirales
Revista Multidisciplinaria de investigación, vol. 3, p. 21, 2019.
P. Daeryong and J. Sukhwan, "Evaluation of multi-use stormwater detention basins for improved urban
watershed management," Hydrological Processes, vol. 28, pp. 1104-1113, 2012.
J. Christian, P. Eureka and F. Kevin, "Evaluation of a small HSSF constructed wetland in treating parking
lot stormwater runoff using SWMM," DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 101, pp. 123-129,
2018.
A. McQueen, B. Johnson and J. Rodgers, "Campus parking lot stormwater runoff: Physicochemical
analyses and toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas," Chemosphere, vol. 79,
pp. 561-569, 2010.