Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump

This article discusses the design and performance evaluation of ground source heat pump systems. It explores the different types of systems, their operations, and the impacts of specific parameters on their performance. The study aims to investigate the performance of ground source heat pumps and recommend ways to enhance their performance.

Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump 1
DESIGN OF GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP
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Introduction
There have been numerous concerns in relation to the environmental impacts, as well as
the prices of fuels and commodities, which have prompted a majority of the homeowners to turn
to alternative means of heating and cooling their homes. One alternative that has been
substantially adopted, and seems to gain grounds is the use of ground source heat pumps
(GSHP). Homeowners, as well as companies, have widely accepted the use of ground source
heat pumps (GSHP). In this kind of technology, the heat flows from reservoirs which have high
energy to the one having low energy. Ordinarily, heat pumps are generally aimed at reversing the
flow of heat through transferring energy from the reservoirs with low heat energy to the ones
having high energy by applying an input (Athresh et al., 2016).
In order to achieve this cycle, a ground source heat pump is made use of which enables
the exchange of the thermal energy within the earth. Currently, two types of ground source heat
pumps exist, which allows the transfer of thermal energy. These pumps include water to air
systems and water to water systems. The different types of ground heat source pumps utilize the
numerous variations available in the e heat exchangers to bring about energy exchange in the
water or air. The water to water systems generates hot water for the domestic hot hydroponic
systems as well as other household applications. On the other hand, the water to air systems
generates cooling and heating conditions, which are utilized in the conventional duct systems for
the requirements of the spaces. For the purposes of classifications of these systems, the types of
ground loop exchanger also is a determinant where the two major categories include open loop
exchangers and closed loop exchangers (Feng et al., 2017).
Linking of the open loop systems to the earth is made possible by either groundwater or
use of surface water, which exchanges heat during the thermal cycle. Contrarily, the closed-loop

Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump 3
system will rely on the high-density polyethylene paper to allow thermal transport between the
soil and the working fluid.
Scope of the project
Joe foster was among the first persons to evaluate the ground source heat pump
performance. The primary focus of this project will thus be to re-evaluate the performance of the
ground source heat pump from the originally gathered data. Besides, a comparison of the heat
pumps ratings, as well as recommendations would be done, with regards to the analysis of the
initially collected data.
Limitations of the study
During the design of the ground source heat pumps, some challenges were encountered,
some which were handled while others were beyond control. The significant limitation encounter
was time, as the available time was minimal. However, the design for the ground source heat
pump (GSHP) managed to be successful. Besides, it was difficult finding the various
equipment’s to be sued in ensuring that the design is optimum, but then the once used are also
one of the best and recommended vis-à-vis their characteristics.
Aims of the study
The principal aim of this study is to design the ground source heat pump which will be in
tandem with the optimal conditions of humidity, temperature among other parameters
Objectives of the study
The objectives of the study include
 To investigate the different types of ground source heat pump systems as well as their
operations
 To examine the performance of the ground source heat pumps in relations to the costs

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 To determine the impacts of specific parameters on the performance of ground source heat
pumps
 To recommend various ways of enhancing the performance of a ground source heat pump
with regards to the analysis and design.
Problem statement
Several research has been published detailing information on the ground source heat
pump. For instance, information on the process, evaluation, and application of ground source
heat pump with the vertically closed-loop systems for use in the residential structures are
available. However, there is limited information on the implementation of the ground source heat
pump in residential places. By extension, the information available on the system efficiency,
coefficient of performance of the ground source heat pump is still insufficient.
In this design system, various control systems, data acquisition systems, and sensors are stalled
at specific locations. Some of the parameters which these control systems determine include inlet
and outlet temperatures, room temperature, wells temperature, system power, inside as well as
the outside humidity. The measurements relating to the efficiency of the system and the
coefficient of performance is determined.
Research questions
1. What are ground source heat pump systems?
2. How do ground source heat pump systems work?
3. What are the main challenges faced by the existing ground source heat pump systems
concerning their performance?
4. What is the performance coefficient of ground source heat pumps under various working
conditions?

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5. What is the relationship between the performance coefficient of the ground source heat pump
and their costs?
Literature review
Contemporarily, most of the mechanical or rather systems which are eco-friendly are the
ones recommended, and Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems prove to be one of them.
Majorly, these systems are aimed to lessen the costs of energy as well as reducing the emissions
of carbon into the atmosphere. However, one significant set back towards the implementation of
these friendly programs is the high initial cost required for the installations. When it comes to
determining the costs, factors which are of significance include the performance of ground heat
exchange systems, installa5tion systems, and the design system.
Various scholars have presented information in relation to the ways of evaluating the
performance of the operational plan of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems. Wing GAO
Et Al. investigated the progress of underground thermal energy storages in comparison with
Evaluating the performance of the operational plan of a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)
globally. Additionally, the colleagues investigated the instigation of the underground thermal
energy storages, as well as the development of evaluating the performance of the operational
plan of a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP). From their investigations, a preliminary plan is
suggested which would be applied in the coming days in China. In Denzel, turkey, using u
shaped pipes, the Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system was installed (Karabacak et al.).
Besides, some parameters such s humidity, external temperature, speed of the wind, and
performance coefficient of the systems were determined.

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In an archive structure in China, a constant temperature-air conditioning system and
humidity controlling system which relies on Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP was designed.
Measurements of the heat and soil vicinity were then taken as well as the Ground Source Heat
Pump (GSHP energy cost. These measurements illustrated that there was a decrease in soil
temperature. Additionally, the team further proposed a maximum distance, which was used for
the two boreholes located in China, Shanghai. In Bengali, turkey, a horizontal closed loop
Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system which was fixed with a storage pump for purposes of
determining the latent heat was designed. From the model, it was clear that a horizontal closed
loop Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) –PCM is very appropriate in the greenhouse heating
application.
Further, Zhai and Yang constructed a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system in
Shanghai, China, within two years. A comparison was then made in terms of the operating costs
of the air source for the heat pump system and the A Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system.
Besides, analysis of the applications of A Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system, which
relates to the various climatic zones in China was then established. A different term to be used in
describing transient operating conditions of the air tunnel of the heat exchanger during thermal
performance evaluation of deterioration of the earth was suggested by Bansal et al. using both
the numerical and experimental analysis, the maximum drop of air temperature was determined.
Pulat et al determined the operation of the horizontal Ground Source Heat Pump by taking into
consideration the various systems which occur around GHE pipes, thereafter, made Aikins et al.
then made a comparison between the findings and the conventional methods of heating in the
performance of the economic analysis (Jradi, Veje and Jørgensen, 2017).analysis of the certified
heat pump units. In the Korean Republic, whereby proposals were made. Some of the

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recommendations reached include revision of the certification standards in regards to the flow
rate of underground circulation to reduce the installation cost and energy used in the Ground
Source Heat Pump systems in the country under study.
In Northern Greece, Michopolous et al. installed a ground surface heat pump in eight
years. Further, the energy efficiency ratio and the performance of the system was determined.
Kim et al., went ahead to determine the coefficient of performance, temperature alongside the
relative performance humidity for a close vertical ground surface heat pump system located in
Korea. Form their findings; it revealed that the ground temperature remained constant at depths
of 10 meters below the ground. Zhu et al. developed deterministic and probabilistic methods.
The group utilized Monte Carlo simulation model in determining the methods for the single
ground surface heat pump located in Pensacola. Among their efforts, was to assess the variation
of data during the analysis, whereby they concluded the findings that in comparison to the
traditional split system, ground surface heat pump option was more cost saving in long term
applications.
Kim et al. found a new verification technique for the specific operating performance of
the ground surface heat pump. The method was applied in the kier site and Korea site installation
zones. By way of comparison, the manufacturer's output data, the temperature of the incoming
water, the temperature of the leading water, flow rate, capacity, power, and coefficient of
performance with regards to the ISO standards was looked at against the actual performance of
the ground surface heat pump system. Karsh et al. determined the cooling and heating for a
reference building. By taking different global warming in different climatic conditions, an
assessment was done of the primary energy required to power the ground surface heat pump
system for each case including the configurations of the two ground heat exchangers (Kim et al.,

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2017). Madan et al. then simulated three different control mechanism for the ground surface heat
pump system depending on the annual climatic conditions. By extension, the groups performed a
comparison by use of controlled temperature and energy saved for such techniques with one
another.
Criteria for evaluating the performance of ground-source heat pump systems
There exist various indicators which must be put into consideration when evaluating the
performance of ground-source heat pump systems, just like in the evaluation of performance for
the conventional heat pump systems. Some of these parameters have to be taken care of includes
 Overall System Coefficient of Performance is regarded concerning the ration of the
cumulative energy consumed to collective energy transferred.
 Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio is the ration of the cumulative output of seasonal heating
or cooling during a given period of usage to the collective input of energy during the same
period. It may be used in the determination of the cooling as well as heating seasons (Han &
Yu, 2016)
 Heat Coefficient of Performance refers to the ration of the rate of transfer of the heating
energy to the rate of supply of energy
 Energy efficiency ratio refers to the ratio of the energy of output cooling in the British
thermal unit to the cumulative energy input in Watt-hour (Michopoulos et al., 2017). Energy
efficiency ratio and coefficient of performance are correlated in which energy efficiency ratio
is equivalent to the product of the coefficient of performance and the factor of conversion
from BTU/h to Watts
 Estimation of the cooling of energy efficiency ratio for the available air source heat pump
average heating coefficient of performance, the cooling energy efficiency ratio for the

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available ground-source heat pump systems as well as The mean heating coefficient of
performance in the united states have been done (Liu et al., 2015). The results indicate that in
regards to the coefficient of performance, there exist numerous advantages of the ground-
source heat pump systems in contrast to the conventional heating systems.
Inalli et al. (2004) utilized the overall system coefficient of performance as the criteria for
experimental evaluation of the thermal performance of the horizontal ground-source heat pump
systems. Installation of the systems was done in turkey, whereby the general system coefficient
of performance for the horizontal ground heater exchangers was taken as 1 m and 2m deep and
established as 2.66 and 2.81 correspondingly.
Using heat exchangers that are horizontally coupled slinky ground source, Wu et a.
(2010) experimentally evaluated the coefficient of performance of a heat pump for a ground-
source heat pump system by the help of simulation tools. From the results obtained, there were
indications that the mean coefficient of performance of the heat pump was approximately 2.5,
and it reduced as the running time diminished (Liu et al., 2017). Besides, the verified 3D
numerical modelling results indicated that the extraction rate of heat per unit length was directly
promotional to the coil diameters, for instance, got increased with the increase of the diameter of
the coil.

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Empirical studies done in Erzurum by Bakirci et al. (2010) revealed the performance of
Vertical ground-source heat pump systems. The design of the experiment constituted numerous
vertical ground heater exchangers, associated equipment for measurement, heat pump unit as
well as pumps for circulating water. The results obtained in the experiment indicated that the
mean heating coefficient of performance was approximated at 3.0 with the overall system
coefficient of performance was at 2.6 during the coldest months of the season of heating
respectively (Luo et al., 2016).
Lee et al. (2013) experimentally evaluated the coefficient of operation of a heat pump for
a vertical ground-source heat pump system incorporated with a pre-stressed concrete of high
strength pile. The results indicated that the coefficient of performance of the heat pump was
between 3.9 and 4.3. These figures seemed to be relatively lower than the ground-source heat
pump systems, which are characterized by ordinary vertical ground heat exchangers. By
extension, a comparison with the vertical ground-source heat pump systems indicates an 83.7%
reduction in the cost of drilling.
In Southern Germany during the evaluation of energy efficiency ratio of the heating
system, Luo et al. (2015) performed an analysis of the total four years monitored data of
operation of the ground-source heat pump system. The overall coefficient of performance for an
ordinary winter day of the system heating was calculated at 3.9, while it was determined to be
8.0 for summer. There was the corresponding relationship between the seasonal energy
efficiency ratio of the ground-source heat pump systems as it recorded an annual increase at a
rate of 8.7% with 4$% decrease in the coefficient of performance of the seasonal system by the
end of the period.

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Research methodology
The diagram below illustrates the research methodology which will be applied in this
research design. Combination of both simulation results as well as experiments will be the
determinants for the attaining of the objectives. Further, the experimental system was primarily
for evaluation of the impacts of operating configurations of ground exchange heaters on ground-
source heat pump systems performance. During the design of the on ground-source heat pump
systems. A simulation system was erected, which bears the exact representation of the real
ground source air source which connects the heat pump. To easily comprehend the
environmental variations, alongside the economic aspects of the design system, a feasibility
analysis based on simulation of the on ground-source heat pump systems was chosen as the main
climate zones selected in Australia.

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The results which were obtained from both the experiment and the simulation tests were
then utilized in the enabling of the design of the ground-source heat pump systems through the
various objectives as well as the control optimization. A global sensitivity analysis was used to
determine the variables of design of vertical ground-source heat pump.
The design optimization techniques were then established in the optimization of the primarily
noted design variables of a vertical ground-source heat pump with regards to the thermal
economic analysis and thermodynamic analysis. These variables were relayed to reduce the high
costs of installation of ground-source heat pump systems (Hu et al., 2016).
After that, evaluation of the Control optimization strategies for the ground source-air
source together with heat pump system was done for purposes of auxiliary offsetting of the high
costs of installation associated with the use of application of ground-source heat pump systems.
The parameters required to set up a GSHP system in an existing commercial building in
Melbourne Australia?
The GSHP industry in Australia seems to experience similar challenges as other
industries globally. Notable is the climatic changes and variability which takes place in the
region. Further, aspects that promote the need for putting up the structure includes expensive
electricity, low population density, high demand for space cooling, as well as well-established
mining as well as the geotechnical industry. The particular design requirements for Melbourne
chiefly relies on a cooling requirement; and relative requirement of cooling with respect to the
heating (Ikeda et al., 2017).
The designers of the existing ground source heat pumps in Australia seems to be over-
optimistic, or less focused hence creating over- or under-designed systems which are less
competitive. They do not take into consideration the optimization principles of ground source

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heat pumps for the conditions and requirements of Australian zones and the auxiliary strategies
based on existing industry standards. One major factor is the climatic variability of the zones of
Australia, which consequently determines the kind of design to be put into place. Melbourne is
one place that is characterized by temperate climate, such that the spring, summer, and autumn
seems to be warm-hot while the winters are cold (Jensen et al., 2017).
For certain optimization progress, analyzing the parameters which influence the primary
objective and determining the optimal values of the determined parameters helps in achieving the
design. These parameters are the ones to assess energy performance. For the installation of the
GSHP system in Melbourne, the design parameters include geometric variables such as borehole
size, pipe size, among others, geological characteristics, and the operation configurations. The
optimization of the parameters will not only help in enhancing energy performance but as well as
help in decreasing the upfront costs. The figure below gives a detailed view of the design
parameters

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Research design
Development, design and simulation
A model can be a mathemato9ical or physical representation of the real system. They can
either be generated after performing numerical or analytical tasks by the help of computational
methods or manually. In this case, computational methods will be applied.
Model description
For primary and advanced geothermal heat arrangements in heating occasions, energy
analyses, models and comparisons are presented. The examination will be in terms of how
varying the motor efficiency, pump efficiency and compressor efficiency affects the performance
of the system. An investigation into the variations of the operation c0nditions when evaporator
and condenser are included is as well presented. Each model system comprises of two loops
which encompass the ground loop heat exchangers, and the heat pump cycle. For each of the
three methods, the process of arrangements and analysis is similar. The brine for the design is
taken as either propylene glycol mixture or water. For the borehole design, it is comprised of
multiple parallel loops, a single pump, and main flow through the evaporator (Jradi et al., 2017).
At the pump, the pressures are tentatively 9incresed upon the flow of the brine from the
evaporator. This allows for heat absorption from the surrounding. For the heat pump cycle, it is
composed of a compressor, evaporation, expansion valve, condenser, ground loop with a pump,
and an electric motor. A refrigerant is connected to the evaporator, where the thermal energy
gets transferred from the ground loop. From the refrigerant, the brine Is directed to the
compressor, where the pressure of the refrigeran5t increase, allowing exist of superheated vapor.
Upon entering the condenser, the thermal energy gets eliminated and then supplied to space.

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The GHSP system comprises three primary components, meant to supply heat to the building. By
extension, it has five major components, namely: reversing valve, expansion valve, two heat
exchangers and a compressor.
The design
Accuracy of the model is of significant role; thus, an incorporation strategy has been
strictly followed for this design. The initial step is designing the building, after which
progressive systems were, i.e., IC components, heat pump, fan coils and Finlay GSHE with the
EC components. The simulation results for each stage were compared against the experimental
measurements, and appropriate adjustments made appropriately. This kind of strategy allows for
simplification of the detected errors (Kang et al., 2017).

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Modelling of the building
To obtain an air-conditioned area, the building is first incorporated into the model, by
taking into consideration its useful features. A modelling complement, TRNBuild is utilized.
Various building space characteristics, as well as the user's behavior information, is incorporated
into the system, such as the lighting and usage program. Other parameters such as temperature
settings, infiltration and ventilation can be adjusted to come up with a load profile of the
building, which is in tandem with the experimental, measurements. This building model that has
been developed in the TRNBuild will be incorporated in the TRNSYS project. For the objective
simulation of the model, weather information from different locations also has to be included.
Finally, the primary control installation parameters, such as annual operation mode and
installation operations schedules are as well incorporated into the model. The resulting figure
shows the model (Kim et al., 2017).

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Fan Coils
After modelling of the building, the next stage is the modelling of the fan coils, with each
fan coil modelled separately and then coupled into the corresponding room. Further, the
characteristics of the fan coils relied on the working mode; hence, we will have a different model
between the cooling fan coil mode and heating fan coil mode. The diagram below illustrates the
two operating modes.

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The first diagram is represented TRNSYS type 52, which comprises of the heat exchange
as well as the dehumifica6tion parameters. Conversely, the second figure, which is the heating
mode, the type 5 of TRNSYS is applied, a type that only takes into consideration sensible heat
exchange between air and water present in the fan coil (Liu et al., 2017).
For the control of the fan coils, TRNSYS type 2 is used as it models the differential
ON/OFF controller. Besides, this type allows for the comparison of the reference temperature
between the upper and lower bound. Increase of the temperature above the upper bound
switches the control signal to 1. Likewise, when the temperature falls below the lower bound,
the control signal is switched to 0. The control signal can be applied in regulating the switching
of the fan coil in cooling mode, and as well inverted when wants to co9ntrol the switching in
heating mode.

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Internal Circuit and Heat Pump
After modelling of the above components, 5the heat pump is then modelled. The internal
circuit components which exist between the fan coil and the heat pump are thus included in the
model. These components consist of the internal storage tank, ICP, and distribution pipes.
Cueing the original installation, the geometrical and dimensional characteristics of these pipes
are checked and then incorporated into the model. All the above components get collated by the
TRANSYS macro component of the model. The input model generated form the experimental
design is water, and its flow rate is what determines the power consumption, and ICP. The
diagram below illustrates the components in the TRNSYS model (Liu et al., 2015).
The total input parameters include water flow rate, internal and external inlet
temperatures. These inputs allow for the determination of the input heat, and the scale factor, and
the power consumption. The heat which is extracted or injected into the fluid as well as the inlet
temperature helps in determining the outlet temperature for each circuit.

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GSHE and External Circuit
This stage includes designing of all the external components of the circuit and the GSHE.
An electronic on/ off control from the heat pump controller is utilized, creating a delay of a
minute by the help of TRNSYS 93. Implementation of the Duct Ground Heat Storage is achieved
by TNSYS type 557. It, however, has its limitation as it only generates a steady state response
o0n the temperature of the water. Hence a more robust model is utilized, known as B2G
(Borehole-to-Ground) model. This model has high precision as it can predict the behaviours of
the borehole heat exchange within an instantaneous time. It also has its challenges as it cannot
determine the calculations for long term response of GSHE and thus will have to be coupled with
a g-function. The diagram below illustrates the coupling (Menberg et al., 2017).

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To ensure correct adjustments where necessary, experimental validation is done at each
stage.
Conclusion
This paper presents a complete design of the GSHP system, which has been developed in
the TRNSYS simulation software. The modelling tool allows for detailed as well as the
installation of the individual components. To ensure that the model is developed precisely, a
progressive approach is followed, beginning with modelling of the building, to the ground loop.
Additionally, it allows for modification of the GSHP system parameters. This design is
appropriate for use in Australia and northern Europe, which experiences variations in their
climatic conditions.

Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump 23
References

Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump 24
Athresh, A.P., Al-Habaibeh, A. and Parker, K., 2016. The design and evaluation of an open loop
ground source heat pump operating in an ochre-rich coal mine water
environment. International Journal of Coal Geology, 164, pp.69-76
Feng, G., Xu, T., Gherardi, F., Jiang, Z. and Bellani, S., 2017. Geothermal assessment of the Pisa
plain, Italy: Coupled thermal and hydraulic modeling. Renewable Energy, 111, pp.416-
427
Han, C. and Yu, X.B., 2016. Performance of a residential ground source heat pump system in
sedimentary rock formation. Applied energy, 164, pp.89-98
Hu, P., Hu, Q., Lin, Y., Yang, W. and Xing, L., 2017. Energy and exergy analysis of a ground
source heat pump system for a public building in Wuhan, China under different control
strategies. Energy and Buildings, 152, pp.301-312
Ikeda, S., Choi, W. and Ooka, R., 2017. Optimization method for multiple heat source operation
including ground source heat pump considering dynamic variation in ground
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Jensen, J.K., Ommen, T.S., Markussen, W.B. and Elmegaard, B., 2016. Design of serially
connected ammonia-water hybrid absorption-compression heat pumps for district heating
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energy storage system using solar-driven air-source heat pump for Danish buildings
sector. Applied Thermal Engineering, 114, pp.360-373

Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump 25
Kang, L., Yang, J., An, Q., Deng, S., Zhao, J., Wang, H. and Li, Z., 2017. Effects of load
following operational strategy on CCHP system with an auxiliary ground source heat
pump considering carbon tax and electricity feed in tariff. Applied energy, 194, pp.454-
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Michopoulos, A., Voulgari, V., Tsikaloudaki, A. and Zachariadis, T., 2016. Evaluation of ground
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example of Cyprus. Energy Efficiency, 9(6), pp.1421-1436

Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump 26
Sivasakthivel, T., Murugesan, K. and Sahoo, P.K., 2015. Study of technical, economic and
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Design Of Ground Source Heat Pump 27
Appendix
Working modes: (a) heating mode (winter); and (b) cooling mode (summer).
Plan for research
Proposal Submission
Proposal Acceptance
Background Study and Literature Review
Data Gathering
Results Analysis and Presentation
Results Collation
Project Writeup
19-Jul 7-Sep 27-Oct 16-Dec 4-Feb 26-Mar 15-May
Gantt chart Diagram