Leadership and Management: Qualities, Skills, and Styles
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This report explores the qualities, skills, and styles of leadership and management. It covers contemporary definitions and perspectives, alternative theoretical approaches, and methods of development. Case studies of Satya Nadella, Pony Ma, and Jacindra Ardern are included.
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Developing Leadership and Management
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Executive Summary This report undertakes the role and responsibility of a leader and a manager. In this report the qualities, skills and personality which needs to be possessed into a person mention here. The report also covers the different approaches to management and leadership styles. For reference purpose, the example of three great leaders are taken; Satya Nadella, Pony Ma and Jacindra Ardern along with their style of leaderships they exercise.
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 SECTION 1......................................................................................................................................1 Evaluation of contemporary definitions of leadership and management, and their current perspectives of the roles and responsibilities of both leaders and managers generally.............1 SECTION 2......................................................................................................................................4 Alternative theoretical approaches to leadership and management and their relevance within contemporary organisations.......................................................................................................4 SECTION 3......................................................................................................................................7 Different methods of leadership and management development and how to implement and evaluate interventions effectively..............................................................................................7 CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................................................9 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10 ..................................................................................................................................................11
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INTRODUCTION A leader is a person who sets visions for the organisation whereas a manager is the person who manages the work and people working under him. The roles and responsibility of both a leader and a manager is different from each other (Swanwick and McKimm, 2014). They both are necessary for the organisation as they add institutional value. For reference purpose this report has taken the examples of some great leaders who have successfully influenced people and have done very significant work in their lives and they are (1) Satya Nadella, a chief executive officer of Microsoft. (2) Pony Ma, a Chinese business magnate, investor, politician, and philanthropist. And (3) Jacindra Ardern, a politician of New Zealand serving as the 40thprime minister of the country. All the people mention above are great leaders who inspire the others to follow at the same path they have chosen to follow. The report will cover their leadership theories upon which they stands and practice. This report undertakes the importance of leader and management into an organisation along with their roles and responsibilities. The report also covers the theoretical approaches to leadership and management and their relevance within an organisation (Chowdhury, 2013). SECTION 1 Evaluationofcontemporarydefinitionsofleadershipandmanagement,andtheircurrent perspectives of the roles and responsibilities of both leaders and managers generally. Aleaderis a person who inspires and motivates the people to action; they have a personality of can-do and a strong and courageous leadership skills is their most attracting and leading trait. And theleadershipis a art where group of people gets motivated by their leader to act to achieve a common goal (Renz, 2016). In a business scenario, this mean directing the workers and employees towards the direction which helps them in attaining the company's goals and needs with a proper strategy. Role of a leader:Coach-Being a leader is a bigger responsibility. A leader has to coach others in their roles to get them succeed. The responsibility of a coach is huge as he needs to take care of the career of his students. He takes full responsibilities of that student and trains him for his future goals. Similarly, a leader is full responsible for his organisation and employees working for him. It is the role of the leader to become a coach for his employees and motivates
them to follow the direction or path which will attain the objectives of both the employees and organisation (Stacey, 2012). Strategist:A leader build strategies about how he will reach to his goals. He makes strategies which can get follow by him and others also. He thinks the things in a big picture in mind and plot the path and directions which helps him in reaching the desired results. It is the role of a leader to build the strategies for his whole organisation. He sets a vision and mission for his company has plans strategic the paths which also can be easy for his employees to follow. Change Agent:A leader acts as a change agent (Foli and et. al, 2014). He brings the change if he feels that something which has been practise by others is wrong or outdated. A leader through becoming a change agent acts as an innovator. He innovates the ways and style which is new and influences people to follow. As a leader it is the role of him to detect the need to change and initiates it into the organisation. It is his role to form the strategy about how the change can be brought and how the organisation can adapt it. Responsibilities of a leader:Inspiration and Motivation-A leader has an ability to inspire others. He motivates the people to complete the tasks and reach the objectives. A good leader also delegates his works to his workers and colleagues. Delegation of work inspires the employees and motivates them to perform the best (Bolden, 2016). The employees also feel a sense of purpose in the organisation. Setting an Example:A leader needs to prove himself to first get people influence by him. To prove himself before others, he needs to work hard with full dedication and optimism. A leader is a person who sets an example to live up to. A leader wins the confidence of his employees by setting an example (Simkins, 2012). He shows them that how a particular work is done by making them show by himself. CommunicatingVision:Aleaderisapersonwhosetsvisionforhimselfandforhis organisation. He thinks out of the box and sees the things at a bigger picture. A leader responsibility is to communicate his vision to its employees so that they understands the objectives and goal of their leader (Coltart and et. al., 2012). A leader must make their workforce understands about the how their daily activities can relate to their long- term vision. Whereas, amanageris a person who is responsible for monitoring, supervising and motivating the employees in an organisation. The task of manager is to manage any business, institution, office etc. They handles the affairs and expenditures. He is a person who is in charge
of a team and develops strategies to attain the goals and objectives of his team and its members. Managementis concern with the planning, organising, staffing, directing or monitoring and controlling of business and business activities (Law, 2012). In management the planning is done about how to achieve the setted goal, then organising of activities are done with relation to the planning. After organising the staffing of work force at their rightful place is done where employees are placed at their respective jobs according to the skills they posses. After that directing and controlling of work is exercised where employees work is monitored and their performance is analysed. Rolesofamanager:Amanagerhas3basicrole,whichareinterpersonalrole, informational role and Decisional role. Interpersonal role:In interpersonal role a manager performs three task, they are Figurehead-In this the mangers is responsible for legal, social and ceremonial things. Leader-The manager acts as a leader and show directions. Liaison-As a liaison, a manager performs the functions of communication, motivation, giving encouragement to its team and the like (Daire, Gilson and Cleary, 2014). Also he maintains the coordination between the activities of his subordinates. Informational role-In this the manager performs 3 major tasks- Monitor-He monitors and observe the internal and external business environment. Disseminator-He communicates the important information to internal people. Spokesperson-He acts as an representative of his team and organisation and speaks on behalf of them. Decisional Role:The manager performs the following roles- Entrepreneur-The manager not only creates abut also controls the changes within an organisation- grabbing new opportunity and generating of new ideas, and implementing them. Disturbance handler-The role of a manager is to resolves and handles any sort of issue or disturbance created in an organisation. ResourceAllocator-Themanagerallocatestheresourcessuchasfunds,staffs, machineries and others. Negotiator-He negotiates with the team members, department or with the organisation. Responsibilities of a manager:Daily Operations-The major responsibility of a manager is to monitor and control the daily functioning of the team and its members.
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Staffing-The responsibility of a manager is to hire the talented people for the organisation. Set goals-It is the responsibility of a manager to articulate the short as well as long term goals to his team members (Sonnino, 2013). By clear communication of objectives, the team members have an idea about the company's aim and their work in achieving it. SECTION 2 Alternative theoretical approaches to leadership and management and their relevance within contemporary organisations. A leader is a person who sets an examples for other. The public get influence by them and tries to follow their path of success (Bush, 2012). This report undertakes three major influencer who has proves themselves before others and sets an example to live up to. These 3 influencer are- (1) Satya Nadella, a chief executive officer of Microsoft. (2) Pony Ma, a Chinese business magnate, investor, politician, and philanthropist. And (3) Jacindra Ardern, a politician of New Zealand serving as the 40thprime minister of the country. All these leaders have some style of leadership which they practice and accordingly takes decisions. The follow some theoretical approaches which they personally believes and stands upon it. Some of these approaches to leadership and management are as follows- Theory One:The great man theory The great man theory says that the leadership is an great heroic act of an individual. In other words, there is something so unique about that leader. Unique in terms of his personality, ruling traits, communication traits and personal abilities and caliber of that person which sets her different from the crowd. This theory is also known as Trait based leadership theory. The personality, confidence and personal ability of Jacindra Ardern has differentiate herself with the rest of the crowd. She is an inspiration of majority of people in New Zealand. She communicates her vision and mission she had for the country. Her ideas and motives were different and so unique that the general public got impressed by her motives and visions and supports her. She has the personality of positive attitude, commitment towards his work and an ability to inspire and get inspired. The great man theory is very much captivating in its simplicity. For a long time, businesses are looking for the individuals who posses the abilities of a leader. Who can inspire
people towards the common goal of the organisation and motivates them in achieving it. People who inculcates such traits any find themselves in a dominant position in the race of leadership. The trait based leadership theory has its own limitations. The problem is that the researchers are not able to pin down a universal set which states about the characteristics that needs to be a successful leadership (Rhodes, 2012). The theory only considers the character traits but not the behavioural traits of an individual. It also undertakes the individual's work environment which can greatly affects leadership potential. Along with it, the theory underestimates how different personality characteristics are required at different situations. Theory two:Behavioural Theory- the lewin theory\ This model have been endured by most of the people. In this lewin has argued that there are 3 types of leaders: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire. Autocratic leadership:In Autocratic leadership, the leaders act as a dictator and passes the orders to their follow workers and subordinates. In this style, the leader does not considered the opinions and ideas of any body (Swanwick and McKimm, 2017). Decision-making is very fast as the leader does not involves anybody in his decisions. This type of style is appropriate where the deadline of the work is very near and short. Communication is one-way, which can be frustrating for the workers as they need to get dependent on the boss. Democratic leadership:A democratic leader is allows the participation of his workers before making any decision, so responsibility and outcome of the result from decision is shared. This style of leadership is associated with a good and healthy working environment for employees as people are encouraged to put their opinions and ideas on the table. Laissez-fair leadership:Laissez-fair means “ let people do as they choose”. In this style of leadership, the leaders do not interfere in the working of their employees and allows them in getting on their jobs in the way they choose (Farrell, 2014). In the right and good environment allowing employees to do their jobs in their own style brings out more productivity and best work from them. The leader,Satya Nadella, CEO follows the democratic style of leadership. He before taking any decision takes advices and opinions from his employees and colleagues. He practice full transparency of work. This leader also shares the success with all the people associated because he feels that the decision was make by all the people and its is the contribution of all. As
a leader Satya Nadella is communicative as he communicates clearly about the goals and objectives of organisation, he is transparent, innovative and creative, have vision and purpose. Theory Three:Situational theory of leadership; the hersey and blanchard model. In situational theory of leadership, the style of leadership of a leader changes with accordance of his followers and situation (Drennan, 2012). In this style, it is the leader who focuses on followers rather than the whole workplace environment. They change behaviour according to the situations and needs of their followers. Adapt and progress with according to the demands of followers. This model is more than just a theory. It serves as a tool for evaluating the level of maturity of followers. According to the theory, there are four groups of employees, and they are- Low maturity ( low competence/ low commitment) :In this, the employees are unwillingly to perform their task by their own and needs guidance at every task. Low- medium maturity ( low competence / high commitment) :These are the employees who are willing to perform but cannot perform the tasks autonomously. Average maturity ( high competence/ low commitment):These employees are capable of performing tasks but they are not willing to perform it autonomously. High maturity ( high competence / high commitment) :these are the employees who are highly capable and also have willingness to perform the tasks autonomously. The leader, Pony Ma practice the situational leadership. He as an business man, investor, politician and philanthropist takes the advice of all the associate people in making a particular decision and have behaviour according to the need of situation. As a business man and investor he takes the advices from his employees and colleagues before taking any decision or putting any investment and solves for issues and problems which require different set of behaviours (Murphy and Reichard, 2012). As a politician, he takes the opinions of general public about their needs and problems and then makes policies and run schemes accordingly. As a leader, Pony Ma is confident, empathic, resilient, exercises honesty and integrity towards his public and performs commitment and passion into his work.
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SECTION 3 Different methods of leadership and management development and how to implement and evaluate interventions effectively. From the task done in section 1 and section 2, we can draw some common qualities, skills and behaviour of a leader. And these qualities are as follows- Motivation:A leader has a quality to motivates himself and to its workforce. He motivates his employees in such a way that their actions helps to achieve the common goals ( goals of both the company and individual). Confident:The leader should be confident enough that it gives confidence to his employees also. Confident leader gives confidence to his work force. And confident work force gives high performance of work. All these factors are inter related to each other. Democratic:A good leader performs all his functions with the consent of all of his colleagues and employees. He is fair with everybody and exercise transparency with them. A good leader never hides his motives and goals with his followers. Change Agent:A leader works as a change agent into the organisation. He detects the need for change and initiates it (Hallinger and Bryant, 2013). He influence his followers to practice the change. A good leader makes the strategy which initiates the change into an organisation and also follows up the his employees regarding any barrier or problem they may face to accept the change. Positive attitude:A leader has a positive attitude. In believes in himself and on his visions which he has seen for himself and for his organisation. He develops such a confidence in his employees by sharing of his vision. A positive attitude by the leader gives a sense of security in his followers. Leadership and management is one of the crucial aspect of business and it is very important for respective organisation to critically develop management and leadership. This will leadtohavepositiveimpactonperformanceoforganisation.Effectiveleadershipand management will support in accomplishing desired objectives of respective company. There are different methods can be use by company in order to develop leadership and management. Leadership can be describe as the capability of an individual that is helpful in influencing performance of individual (Mujtaba, 2013). There are various way in which leadership skills and capabilities can be developed and enhance in order to perform business activities in appropriate
manner. Where as management can be describe as the way in which manager can control and manage activities of organisation. There are many ways in which organisation can enhance management and leadership practices with in organisation. There are various methods of leadership and management development in mention below in detail. Mentoring and coaching– This is one of the effective method that is useful for developing skills and competencies of a person. Mentoring and coaching initiative taken by organisation will lead to focus on development of performance of an individual so that they can conducting business activities in better manner. This is crucial components in order to develop and enhance effective leadership. This is consider as an effective method as in this mentor or coach have completeinformation and understanding about the strength and weakness of individual. So that they can effectively conduct performance as well as develop skills of appropriate skills to perform organisation activities in required manner. There are various ways through which mentoring and coaching. Leadership development programs –It is important for an organisation to conduct different leadership development programs that will helps in providing complete information to leaders and manager. So that they can develop appropriate skills and potential. Leadership development programs refer as the method or procedure in which organisation can develop better skills. Implementation of leadership programs will lead to allow cultivate leaders with in organisation (Birasnav, 2014). This will helps in transformation of attitude and behaviours of leaders and manager so that they can easily manage talent employees of organisation. This method will lead to have direct impact on overall productivity and performance of employees. Thistypeof leadershipprogramsarevery supportiveincreatingandbuildingeffective relationship of manager and leaders with other employees. Regular feedback– It is crucial to provide right and appropriate feedbacks as this will helps in enhance the performance on individual as well as improving the quality of work. There are many ways through which senior staff can provide feedback to leaders and manager so that they work according. 360 Degree feedback is one of the most effective tool as in this method leaders and managers will be able to gain feedback from employees, seniors, customers and other stakeholders.Thisfeedbackwillhelpsingainingbetterunderstandabouttheoverall performance so that they can improve it. These interventions and methods can get evaluated by the followings-
Performance evaluation:The performance of the organisation can get analyse and evaluated. Through such evaluation we can match the past performance with the present performance. The performance or the development which has come into employees after the leadership and management programmes is noticed and monitored the effectiveness of such programmes. From the performance evaluation, an organisation would get to know about its effectiveness. Monitoring and observing:Through proper monitoring and observing of the behaviours of the employees can be useful also. Here after the proper leadership management training given to the employees, the managers should monitor and observe the change which has changes in them in a positive way. If the programmes for leadership and management does not prove to be some help then the appropriate reasons for its failure should get found by the manager. Feedbacks:Feedbacks can prove to be some help for the organisation. Getting feedbacks world helptheorganisationtoknowabouttheareawherearelackingbehindandrequires improvement. In feedbacks the remarks and suggestions of the employees can also be taken to improve as it can also helps an organisation in improving its productivity. CONCLUSIONS From the report presented above, it can conclude that both the leader and managers are differentfromeachotherbuttheirroleandresponsibilitiesinanorganisationaddsan institutional value. A leader sets the vision and mission for his organisation whereas a manager manages and controls the change into an organisation. A leader plays a role of a coach, change agent, visionary and so forth. And a manager plays the role of spokesperson, resource allocator, liaison and etc. For references, the report has undertakes 3 leadersand their leadership approaches followed by them. There are many approaches of leadership practices by leaders, some are: Situational leadership, Behavioural leadership and Traits leadership.
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Birasnav, M., 2014. Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership.Journal of business research.67(8). pp.1622-1629.