Leadership and Management: Definition, Roles, and Responsibilities

This document discusses the definition, roles, and responsibilities of leadership and management in contemporary organizations. It explores alternative theoretical approaches and profiles successful leaders like Jacinda Ardern, Robert Mueller, and Satya Nadella. The document also covers methods for leadership and management development.

Developing
Leadership
And
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.............................................................................................................................3
1. Analysing the definition, roles and responsibilities of leadership and management.........3
2. Assess alternative theoretical approaches of leadership and management with their
relevance of contemporary organisation................................................................................5
3. Discuss different methods of leadership and management development to implement and
evaluate intervention effectively............................................................................................8
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is the ability of leaders to perform their actions with skills and are capable
to lead whole team effectively that complete their actions for achieving specific target.
Manager is the individual who directs and control the activities performed by whole team to
determine errors which are to be rectified as soon as possible in order to accomplish
organisation goals and objectives. This project is based upon three case scenarios in the first
case it is requested to analyse the definition, roles and responsibilities of leadership and
management. The second phase of case determines the alternatives theoretical approaches
that are relevant for contemporary organisation. Three leaders selected as Jacinda Aredern,
Robert Mueller and Satya Nadella, which are successful and effective leaders that are able to
achieve success. The Jacinda Ardern is the 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand, Robert
Mueller is the director for Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013. Satya
Narayan Nadella is the Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft. Additionally, the third phase
describes different methods for development of leadership and management that are
implemented to evaluate intervention effectively.
MAIN BODY
1. Analysing the definition, roles and responsibilities of leadership and management
Development:- It is the procedure which develops growth, progress and positive
change in economic, social, environmental and demographic components. the main purpose
of development is to expand local regional income by creating employment opportunities for
population. This creates the ability to fully utilise scarce resources that develops the
possibility for growth and stability of business.
Leadership:-
 According to Abas, 2015:- The leadership is the ability of lifting the mission and
vision of business owners through raising the performance of whole team at high
standard by building man's personality beyond its limitations.
 According to Islam, 2018:- Leadership is the process by which a leader influence
and emphasize its workers to accomplish goals and objectives of business. It is done
by leaders through directing and controlling their actions towards the mission and
vision of an enterprise. This makes the procedure of workforce more cohesive and
coherent to achieve success by competing with its rivalries.
 According to Kestenbaum, 2019:- The effective leadership includes ability to
inspire and influence thinking, attitudes and behaviour of workers by motivating them
to achieve their target efficiently. It is the process of directing their efforts towards the
accomplishment of specific target that provides possibility for business to
achieve their goals and objectives.
Roles of leadership:-

 Inspire trust:- The role of leader is to develop trust among its workforce for each
other by allowing its employee to engage themselves that develops good relation. It
increases trust and the ability to co-operate with one another at the time of need that
reduces their extra efforts. The leaders are responsible to increase employee
engagement and involvement that develops trust and faith among each other through
interaction that build relationships.
 Create target:- Leaders create a specific target that is to be accomplished by the
whole team through their engagement and involvement. This creates opportunity for
leader to achieve its goals efficiently at particular time period and reduce the option
for delay. It furthers benefits the business to achieve its success and to compete with
rivalries through their competitive strategy of internal strength. The leaders are
responsible to create target as they decide the methods through which the goal is to be
achieved by accumulating its workers to perform actions as effective team.
 Execute strategy:- The responsibility of leaders is to execute strategy for attracting
their employees in completing their task within the prescribed time. It is most
probably done by motivating them through monetary and non-monetary rewards. This
encourage workforce to perform their actions in accomplishment of individual and
organisational goal. The leaders are responsible to execute strategy as on that
prediction the whole team perform their actions to achieve target. The leaders guides
and control the activities of their workers by analysing the mistakes that affect the
possibility of goal achievement efficiently for competing with rivalries (Hammer,
Pratt and Ross, 2014).
 Coach potential:- Leaders are responsible to coach their workers through proper
training and development skills which specialise their skills and expertise them to
reduce mistakes which might further delay in goal accomplishment. The leaders play
the role of coach by guiding and instructing their workers to complete their action
with superior quality that improve effectiveness of business. The leaders are
responsible as the coach for whole team as they have the potential to lead workers on
the direction to achieve success. This result in enlarging customers by supplying
superior quality products that attracts them to purchase and result in maximisation of
revenue, profitability ratios and market share.
Management:-
 According to Nguyen, 2019:- Management refers as the set of activities performed in
planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling the actions of business for
reaching its goal and objectives effectively by producing qualitative products.
 According to Orencio, 2014:- The management is described as the procedure of
designing and maintaining good atmosphere for the members of business which
attracts them to perform their actions through motivation. It increase employee
engagement, involvement and determination as the individual co-ordinates with each
other through sharing their views and works that result in performing activities
efficient within particular duration to achieve success.

 According to Salim, 2017:- it is the process that enables organisation to manage its
various projects effectively that results in optimal growth of business. The
management structure has the ability to establish relationships among various
departments through their duties, responsibility and line of authority and
communication to perform their actions for particular goal.
Roles of management:-
 Planning:- This role of management refers as to strategise new Innovative ideas that
develops the possibility for growth and stability in perfect competition market. The
responsibility of managers is to analyse strategies adopted by their competitors that
may create threat for business and to examine the competitive strategies of business
which develops external opportunities to remain stable in global market (Lemos and
Scur, 2019).
 Organising:- It refers as to execute the strategy within various departments that are
capable to perform their actions with specialisation. This improves efficiency as the
task is decentralised through division of work that creates opportunity to compete
action with perfection and at less time consumption to achieve success. It is the
responsibility of manager to distribute work in accordance with the capability of their
employees to perform that reduces extra efforts and possibility of mistakes.
 Directing:- The managers direct and guide the actions which are to be implemented
by its leaders to achieve the mission of business. It is the responsibility of managers to
guide the importance of target that is to be achieved efficiently which further
elaborates its value to workers that result in goal achievement.
 Controlling:- It is the activity of managers to monitor and control the actions of their
leaders that might have the possibility of errors which are to rectified easily that does
not delay in achievement of success. The responsibility of managers is to examine the
actual results with expected budget for identifying variance that result in mistakes
which are to be solved with corrective measures.
2. Assess alternative theoretical approaches of leadership and management with their
relevance of contemporary organisation
The three leaders which are selected from the list of top 10 leaders are mentioned
below:-
 Jacinda Ardern:- The full name is Jacinda Kate Laurel Ardern who was born in
Hamilton at 26 July, 1980. She has completed her education from Morrisville College
and University of Waikato. She is the New Zealand politician since 26th October,
2017 as being the 40th Prime Minister. She has also served her life in becoming the
political leader for the Labour Party since 1st August 2017. Her rise was so meteoric
that it earned a proper name as "Jacindamania." She became the youngest female
Prime Minister of the country by describing the impact of leadership through
sympathy, love and kindness to make the work done by other through affection and
developing employee engagement and develop relationship (Mugandani and
Mafongoya, 2019).

 Robert Mueller- The full name of Robert Mueller is Robert Swan Mueller III, who
was born on August7, 1944 in New York (U.S.). He was the director for Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013. He was considered as a special
council for Department Of Justice investigation in 2017-19 for Russian interference in
the U.S. presidential election of 2016. Mueller had done his private law practices in
San Francisco, Boston and Washington, D.C. He investigated everything from street-
corner crimes to terrorist bombings and bank fraud. He was selected for investigation
by White House for finding the connection between the Anthrax and Al-Qaeda, the
militant Islamist organisation who were responsible for the September 11 attacks. In
July 2011, from the approval by Congress through passing a bill and signed by
President Barrack Obama, Mueller was assigned to serve for two years as director of
FBI. In 2013, he left his job and was succeeded by James B. Comey.
 Satya Nadella:- The full name of Satya Nadella is Satya Narayan Nadella who was
born in Hyderabad at 19th August, 1967. The education has been done from Manipal
Institute of Technology (B Eng.). He is an Indian American business executive as
being the Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft. Before achieving the position of
CEO, he was the executive Vice President of Microsoft's cloud and enterprise group
as being responsible for running the company's computing platform (Nur'Afifah,
2017). The leadership qualities of Satya Nadella was to make sure that great leaders
must create clarity, energy and success that does not matter with any circumstances
and to achieve its goal efficiently that creates opportunity for organisation to achieve
success.
The different approaches of leadership and management are described as:-
The different theoretical approaches of leadership and management are explained with
reference to three prescribed above leaders are as follows:-
 Situational:- This approach was introduced by Hersey and Blanchard in 1969 which
is most probably based on Reddin's (1967) 3-D management style theory. It states that
leaders must match their actions in accordance with their employees for receiving best
output/ results. This concept of situational leadership construct and develops the ideas
to move employees forward and backward in an business to achieve success that
creates opportunity for growth and stability of an enterprise in global market.
 System:- It is the leadership style that is mostly based on interrelation and
interdependence of one another which essentially focus on co-ordination of
employees and leaders to perform their actions for accomplishment of certain specific
target. This is the procedure to complete the activities in particular system with
discipline that restricts the possibility of errors repeatedly.
 Contingency:- This approach is similar to situational approach which defines
leadership as a way to interact with situation, leader and its followers to deal with
various circumstances. it is the combination of both situation and system leadership
that states the concept of management with the ability of developing idea as the
business does not have any particular process of management as it keeps on changing
in accordance with the planning for new idea of managers.
The comparison between three leaders is as follows:-
Features Jacinda Ardern Robert Mueller Satya Nadella
Leadership Styles The leadership style The leadership style The leadership style

adopted by Jacinda
Ardern is
Contingency
Approach as she is
target-oriented and
not being afraid of
any circumstances
that occurs in
business and handles
it effectively.
adopted by Robert
Mueller is system
approach as he
performs it by
leading actions which
are legal as being the
special council for
Department of
Justice Investigation.
adopted by Satya
Nadella is situational
approach as he focus
on the situation arises
in business which
creates threat by
managing it
effectively. He
reduces controllable
and uncontrollable
risk and develops
competitive strength
for business.
Position The position of
Jacinda Ardern is
being the 40th Prime
Minister of New
Zealand and was the
political leaders of
Labour Party.
The position of
Robert Mueller as
being director for
Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)
from 2001 to 2013.
The position of Satya
Nadella as being the
Chief Executive
Officer of Microsoft.
Power The power of Jacinda
Ardern has the right
to advise the
government for
appointing,
dismissing, accepting
and resigning of
ministers.
The power of Robert
Mueller is to appoint
the President of
country and to advice
him to perform legal
actions in accordance
with the ethos, norms
and code of conduct
that are legal and
have lawful
obligations (Rohlfer
and Zhang, 2016).
The power of Satya
Nadella as being
CEO has the highest
ranking in an
enterprise. His
responsibilities
include strategic
decision making,
utilise full scarce
resources effectively,
and act as main point
between board of
directors and
corporate leaders.
Education The education of
Jacinda Aredern is
from Morrisville
College and
University of
Waikato.
The education of
Robert Mueller had
done his private law
practices in San
Francisco, Boston
and Washington,
D.C.
The education of
Satya Nadella has
been done from
Manipal Institute of
Technology followed
by Bachelor of
Engineering.
Successful The Jacinda Ardern
is successful leader
for its ability to deal
with every
circumstance
effectively by
making the work
done from other
through sympathy,
The Robert Mueller
is successful leader
as he has investigated
everything from
street-corner crimes
to terrorist bombings
and bank fraud.
The Satya Nadella is
successful leader as
he was the executive
Vice President of
Microsoft's cloud and
enterprise group as
being responsible for
running the
company's

love and kindness.
She does not get
afraid from the
problems and handle
it smoothly.
computing platform
through clarity,
energy and success
that does not matter
with any
circumstances.
3. Discuss different methods of leadership and management development to implement and
evaluate intervention effectively
The different methods of leadership and management development are explained as
below:-
 Transactional:- This leadership style is used to interact between leaders and team
followers. It is the procedure which starts with premising team members that agree to
obey their leader to perform action in accordance with their job to achieve specific
target. The team members are capable to improve their job satisfaction under
transactional leadership style as they are provided some control from leader. This
motivates them to increase their incentives by encouraging the business to attain high
standards in good quality of productivity.
 Autocratic:- In this leadership style all the decision making powers are centralised by
leaders to dictate the actions of employees in accordance with their capability to
perform certain action with specialisation. Here, all the activities are performed in
particular systematic and disciplinary action. In the autocratic leadership the leaders
only take decisions without consulting to their team members which result in quick
decision-making process and improve efficiency (SHRESTHA, 2019).
 Transformational:- This leadership style defines that leaders create valuable and
positive change as an ideal of followers. The transformational leader believes in
transforming and converting the leaders to help and look each other through
engagement by developing relation. It increase the motivation, morale and
performance of his followers group as whole team achieve its target effectively.
 Servant:- It was introduced by Robert Greenleaf in 1970 that describes that servant
leadership focus was on leader who perform its action as servant as role in
developing, enabling and supporting the whole team to achieve the target by
increasing their potential and delivering their best action. This is a form of democratic
leadership as whole team is involved in strategic decision-making procedure.
 Charismatic:- This leadership style is the ability to believe more in leader as
compared to its team members. It enhances high responsibility and need long-term
commitment from the leader to achieve short and long-term goal and objectives with
their effective efforts to achieve target for mission and vision. it mainly focus on
developing enthusiasm and making energetic workers which drives them to move
forward that result in target achievement.
 Demographic:- It is also known as participative leadership style in which leader
make final decision with involvement of its team members. The individual members
of effective team are provided training and development that leads to increase their

skills and behaviour which improve efficiency and motivates them to achieve tangible
and intangible rewards that is beneficial for them (Sołoducho-Pelc, 2014). This
leadership have the capacity to produce high quantity and superior quality products
that enlarge customers through providing them high level of satisfaction which is
possible with co-operation and high team spirit.
 Laissez-faire:- This leadership style is also termed as hands-off style. In this, the
managers provide little or do not provide direction and employees have freedom to
perform their action in accordance with their authority and power to determine goal,
make decisions and resolve problems on their own. It is beneficial as employees are
responsible as it create job opportunities by aspiring them to discriminating their
activities through division of work. The managers are benefited with this leadership
style as it develops employee relation through co-ordination with high morale to
achieve success.
 Bureaucratic:- This leadership style emphasise it's procedure mostly on historical
methods for changing the environment in useful manner. The leaders of bureaucratic
attempts to solve the problems of effective team by controlling the powers of team
and monitoring the flow of information (Topal and Torun, 2014). This style of work
involves safety from risk through working with machinery, toxic substance, cash-
handling, etc.
The comparison of leaders on the basis of their skills and behaviours:-
Features Jacinda Ardern Robert Mueller Satya Nadella
Skills The skills of Jacinda
Aredern are self-
motivated, self-
discipline and
passionate to achieve
the target efficiently
as to achieve success
for competing with
its rivalries to sustain
in global market.
The skills of Robert
Mueller are positive
minded and
trustworthy as it’s a
belief that legal
justice will play role
in accordance with
focusing the
capabilities of its
effective team
members.
The skills of Satya
Nadella is creative,
delegating and
responsible as it
focus on developing
strategic decision
making to create
opportunity for
growth and stability
of business in perfect
competition market.
Behaviour The behaviour of
Jacinda Aredern is
target-oriented as she
mainly focus on its
target most probably
whether there may be
any circumstance that
are to be solved
effectively for
accomplishment of
organisational goal
and objectives.
The behaviour of
Robert Mueller is
grounded in ethics
and integrity by
building trust among
the workers of
effective team that
their decisions will
surely lead to achieve
objectives.
The behaviour of
Satya Nadella
encourage innovation
by strategising new
ideas that is difficult
for competitors to
analyse it easily. This
further promotes
encouragement
among its workers
through motivation
by monetary and
non-monetary
rewards with bonus,

incentives, degrees,
certificates,
promotion, etc., that
develops employee
relations through co-
ordination.
Followers The followers of
Jacinda Arederrn are
benefited as they are
provided sympathy,
love and kindness
from their leader.
This restricts fear to
convince their
problem to leader
and develops hope
that it will surely be
approved.
The followers of
Robert Mueller are
advantageous as they
are able to
communicate their
views and share
information to leader.
The followers are not
properly able to
convince as they fear
that if they are wrong
in any manner than
they might be bound
for penalties.
The followers of
Satya Nadella are
helpful with activities
of their leaders as
they keep their
promises and stick to
commitments. The
follower does not
fear from leader as it
develops engagement
and involvement
among one another.
The team member
also does not fear to
experience new
things that develop
specialisation in
performing activities
through division of
work.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it have been concluded that leaders play effective role
through their leadership style which develops employee relations through engagement and
involvement. This project covers the three scenarios in which the first case demonstrates the
definition, roles and responsibilities for leadership through inspire trust, create target and
executes strategy to increase potential capability of coach and management through planning,
organising, directing and controlling of managers. The second phase assesses alternative
theoretical approaches that are relevant for contemporary organisation through situational,
system and contingency. The three leaders which are Jacinda Aredern, Robert Mueller and
Satya Nadella are compared on the basis of their leadership styles, position, power, education
and successful nature. Apartly, third case describes various methods for development of
leadership and management that are transactional, autocratic, transformational, servant,
charismatic, demographic, Laissez-faire and Bureaucratic leadership style. These are
implemented to evaluate intervention effectively in business through skills, behaviours and
followers of leaders.

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