Critical Thinking in the Workplace: Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values

This document discusses the importance of critical thinking in the workplace and its impact on beliefs, attitudes, and values. It explores different management theories relevant to the role of an assistant manager and how these theories can enhance performance and productivity. The document also provides insights into the role of beliefs, attitudes, and values in organizational culture and the benefits of effective relationships within the organization. Additionally, it discusses Tuckman's Teamwork Theory, Bureaucratic Management Theory, Scientific Management Theory, Human Relations Theory, and Contingency Theory.

Developing Workplace
critical thinking
1

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Explanation of beliefs, attitude and value along with difference between them as per
theoretical model....................................................................................................................3
Explanation of role at workplace along with management theories relevant to role.............5
Critical assessment of my belief, attitude and values on particular management theory in
context to assistant manager...................................................................................................9
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................9
Critically make a assessment of the attitude , belief and value on the behaviour of a workplace
................................................................................................................................................9
Identification of a range of management theories to assistant manager role in the workplace
and what range of activities are undertaken.........................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
2

Introduction
Critical thinking is a process that is related with a skill that can help in taking decisions for
achievement of the laid down business objectives. It is very necessary from point of every
organisation for increasing their overall profitability and productivity. Critical thinking is also
regarded as a person ability of developing and understands the situation in a correct manner. It
has different course of advantages for every organisation. In the present report there os Pizza
selected as the base organization and a scenario of the post of a assistant manager working in this
organisation has been developed in order to understand the overall process of critical thinking
associated with this position ad responsibilities & function associated with the human resource
departments. Pizza hut is a American restaurant and it has a international franchise that was
started in the year 1958 and it is known for its Italian cuisine. They are making world’s largest
pizza and side dishes. There has been discussion of the value, attitude and belief associated with
the help of different management theories that have been given by many great philosophers.
TASK 1
Explanation of beliefs, attitude and value along with difference between them as per theoretical
model
Believes attitudes and values are those three features which have direct impact on
organisation working and influence the culture within the organisation which is helpful in
development and growth. These are internal factor which have impact on staff of organisation in
performing better growing their abilities and skills for achievement of personal goals. But can be
filled by performing the different task which brings specialisation in work. That’s why these
factors have different outcomes which are shown in the table mentioned below.
Difference among Belief, Attitudes and Values
3

Figure 1Key aspects of belief, values and attitudes for a organisation
Believe attitude and value are those factors which have direct impact on the performance
of employees in an organisation where employees perform their duty for achievement of
organisation goal (Sturdy, Wright and Wylie, 2016). This can be said that a satisfactory staff
always lead to good performance and effective management because of optimistic thinking, this
also promote good efforts as well as improvement in management and working abilities but there
are some difference between believes attitude and values. These differences must be specifically
known by management staff for increasing performance of employee as well as managing
behaviour in organisation.
Basis Belief Value Attitude
Meaning Believes can be said as the
understanding of
community this is because
of the religion which is
being understand by an
individual in whole life
(Meisenbachand Jensen,
2017).
Value can be defined as
the component which
helps a person in
directing the behaviour
in particular time
duration. This is also
factor which motivates
employees of an
organisation to do their
work in specific
direction.
Attitude can be said as
and tendency which is
related to reaction of a
person in an optimistic
pessimistic me for certain
circumstances. This
reaction also helpful in
identifying the behaviour
of an individual and
classify them according
to the need of
4

organisation.
Importance It always helps in
identifying the behaviour
and concepts related to
external factors of an
organisation. It also
helpful in creating and
optimistic belief of staff
towards it managers of the
organisation which is
important for pizza hut to
examine work within
organisation and try to
develop a good
management function
where performance of an
organisation can be
improved.
It is important function
as it support
organisation in hiding as
well as deciding the
good and bad items. The
manager in pizza hut
accomplishes the staff
desire and develops the
values in front of them
for better performance
of organisation
(Ljungholm, 2016).
Attitude is related to likes
and dislikes of a people
toward in something
specific. This is an
important part of
organisation which helps
in maintaining behaviour.
For pizza hut it can be
said that it will helpful in
developing good team
behaviour in organisation
which will helpful in task
management as well as
maintaining the
behaviour of employees
for effective decision
making.
Explanation of role at workplace along with management theories relevant to role
Pizza hut is famous for their pizza chain is the chain across the world. In the organisation,
assistant manager play an important role where is accountable for learning and growth of
organisation as well as formation of working strategies within organisation. Here manager can
use number of management theories which are helpful in identification of a way by which they
can achieve success and growth. Management theory are consists of various tools and techniques
which are related to effective management with the help of planning, organising, controlling and
directing (Casiraghi and Aragão, 2019). There are number of theories which will helpful in
representing the company for performing its business in a market. Management theories related
to set certain guidelines for a manager and leaders of organisation which can motivate their
5

employees to work better. So, the theory which is appropriate for assistant manager role is
discussed below:
Bureaucratic management theory:
Figure 2key principles of BUREAUCRATIC THEORY
This theory was propounded by Max Weber, he said that bureaucracy is the most
effective way which can used by and firm for developing and managing its operations
effectively. This theory has main focus on management of organisation in a fair way as well as
information to every employee about distribution of labour work. For assistant manager of a
company it is essential to perform the rules and all the activities related to the organisation
(Kamis, and Khan, 2019). Good manager must have critical knowledge about the rules,
regulations and process within the company which are helpful in management of activities; it
must also have knowledge of higher authorities of organisation. This theory also profound
organisation different development area in a well-defined manner, This become the reason that
the theory aids in in increasing the factors which are related to development of information and
smooth flow within poll organisation from top to lower administration and clearly identification
of roles and responsibilities within the organisation where relations can be established for
improvement of employees performance.
6

Scientific management theory:
Figure 3Main aspects of theory of scientific management
These theories related to management of work in an organisation as well as managing the
flow of work in organisation in an effective manner (Ning, and You, 2018). The main aim of the
theory is to increase the economic efficiency as well as labour productivity in an organisation for
achievement of goals in and cost-effective manner. This theory was founded by Frederick
Winslow Taylor, according to tailor there are number of principles which an organisation should
follow for increasing the productivity as well as economic efficiency. Instead of assigning any
kinds of job to workers, this is essential for business entities to allocate jobs in accordance of
capabilities & skills of employees there must be monitoring of the performance of every
employees suggestion to improve their efficiency and effectiveness.
There must be differentiation in work of employees and manager so that they both can
create an effective planning in strategies which will help them introduction of wasteful activities
(Su, 2017). There must be additional benefits in terms of monetary and non-monetary things to
motivate employees which can help them in increasing their performance. Effective training and
development is also essential according to this theory this is because it help in performing
complex task within the specific time limits. so overall it can be said that scientific management
theory is based on the mechanism and automation in theoretical concepts and development of
management.
7

Human Relations
Relations are the important part of organisation as they will help in managing the culture
as well as functioning of organisation and reduce the chances of conflicts because of strong
relationship between employees of firm (Parker, 2016). Human relations can be identified as a
process or a manner which helpful in identification of reaction of an individual for another
individual. In context of pizza hut, it is important to us for organisation to conduct different
activities where it can manage the relationships within the organisation. This is because it has
number of advantages and benefits which can be helpful in increasing the performance of
organisation. As effective relationships within organisation will help up and retaining employees
for a long period of time because of their personal interest within organisation this will also
improve the performance of employees for particular task and enhance productivity of
organisation.
8

Tuckman's Teamwork Theory:
Figure 4stages in Tuckmans theory
Tuck man theory is a theory related with the team that has to nb managed in such a way that
information ahs to be passed on complete before completion of a project. This theory as a in to
deal with challenges that are associated with team building. According to this theory there are
some challenges that can help in development of a team as given below:
 Forming: it is the initial and first stage in which the team has to collect and gather at a
particular place and then a particular task is assigned to them. All the members of the
team have to perform their assigned responsibilities according to their leader. In the first
stage all the team members to know each other and neither do they posses any type of
trust at this stage.
 Storming: In this stage there us a a time at which the team has to start finding various
tasks that hive to be performed by them and the end stage that they have to reach towards.
They posses and start developing some relationships with each other as there are sharing
of ideas and thought of how to perform the assigned work by all the team members. Such
as ways of how to work collectively and individually has to be developed at this stage.
 Norming: In this stage there is the point where team actually starts to find different type
of risk that is associated with the performing with the work and various responsibilities.
Such type of risk must be identified earlier only us that they can contribute towards the
overall and ultimate objective the team, the risk mostly occur because of the creativity
that is lacking and tram member strategy to rely on each other (Kwon, 2017).
 Performing: At this stage, there ius a fixed structure and a clear structure that is created
so that team members are able to focus on their overall mission. There are different
problems that can occur and those have to be dealt in such a manner that there are
9

positive results that can be came out from the overall contribution made by such team
members (Parker, . and Jeacle,2019)
 Adjourning: It is the last stage were the most of the goals have been achieved and this
the decision making time and evaluation stage where the identification is done of the
amount of exact contribution made by each team members and the appreciation take
place at this stage, also, there is compilation of gaols that is taking place at this stage
where team members also are willing to move away and finally are working on the
allotted responsibilities in the usual course of the business as the team is finally resolved.
Contingency theory:
Figure 5Appliaction of contingency theory in an organisation
Contingency theory is a management theory that was founded by Fred Fiedler and this
theory is based on a assumption that there is not a single best way of leading a organisation so
this theory suggested that there are certain factors on which the overall attitude and behaviour of
the person is depending (Joslin, , 2019). It is also very necessary for the manager of an
organisation that they have to make a analysis of the factors and elements that can posses a
impact on the employees. This theory pf management is identified to enhance the performance of
the organisation. In pizza hut there are certain ways through which overall behaviour of
employees. There are many different ways that can be used by managers and leaders according
to contingency theory it is a concept that is related with the concept of situation and management
theory in three various factors as discussed below:
10

Leader member relations: It consists of the relationship that exists between managers
and leaders with their employees (Csaszar and Ostler,., 2020). It is going to have an impact on
the employee performance and also consist of the feeling of loyalty, confidence. It is necessary
that manager and leader in organisation have to develop trust from their workforce so that they
can be taught how to work and make higher amount of contribution.
The position power : It is a factor that is related to the structure and its accomplishment,
it is necessary that employees must possess clarity related with the job and the overall job role so
that business activities can be performed with high amount of motivation of employees. It is a
factor that is related with the power that is posses by leaders and managers for punishing and
rewarding of their employees who have to actually perform their work (Williams, Ashill, . and N
Task structure: It is the element that is related with the structure and accomplishment of
various associated activities. It is very important that employee must possess clarity about the
functions that have to be performed by them and their job role in perform various activities of
business in a efficient way.
System theory
Figure 6Process of application of system theory
This is a theory of the management that is related with the disciplinary system (Hall,
2016). It is a theory that is related to state that is very important for a organisation to conduct
work in appropriate manner (Otley, 2016). It is a theory that is effective to deal with various
complex situations in an organisation. System theory is a management theory that is a very
important framework, helping in management of the organisation in understanding the employee
attitude in following up of a particular situation. It is a theory that is part of the social system
11

theory related to the study of the complex arrangement of various that is part of this theory
posses impact attitude, belief and values of employees.
Critical assessment of my belief, attitude and values on particular management theory in regards
to assistant manager.
Management theory has been regarded various aspects that can aid for strategy for direct
manager in management practises in efficacious manner. It will also aid in assisting the staff
alignment of efforts worth the objectives of a organisation.
As the assistant manager in Pizza Hut, for their staff management that is very vital for
performing their respective role as a scientific management theory. It is a theory that has been
established Fredrick Taylor. It is concentring on development of the effectiveness and skills of
performing in an organisation.
It is a theory related to the management that helps in performing the enhancement of
employee performance and achievement of goals of the organisation. Such as Taylor has
recommended that task has to be done that has to be performed each day. It does leads towards
maximisation of the efficiency & skills for increasing productivity. Assistant manager has to
concentrate for management of work in the organisation at regular time intervals that can help in
maximisation of productivity. Manager has to keep their focus on improvement of employee
capabilities & skills. It will lead to accomplishment of set objectives according to the changing
attitude of the workforce. It will help in affecting the attitude, belief and values of employees
which play a crucial in performance of employees and affecting their working so scientific
management theory, the assistant manager for Pizza hut so that employees and their
performance.
12

TASK 2
Critically make a assessment of the attitude , belief and value on the behaviour of a workplace
In every organisation there are employees working at different levels and all of these
posses their own set of belief and attitude that help them in working towards smooth functioning
of overall organisation. All of these, posses a huge impact on the overall organisational
performance and also employee behaviour towards various activities of the organisation. It is
very necessary for a assistant manager that they have to manage performance of each employees
and try to enhance it according to the respective gaols and objectives of their organisation. The
belief and values of a employee poises a impact on the task and profitability of a organisation.
Such as employee who possess a negative attitude many not perfume their assigned task and
responsibilities in a more appropriate manner and contribute to the maximum of their present
level of potential. It can lead to high amount of conflicts that are talking place between
employees and organisation. It is the duties and responsibility of the employee working at the
pose of assistant manager that they have to manage employees and help ion converting their
negative attitude towards the organization into a positive attitude. It is also going to support them
and help them in working towards their organisations overall goals.
Identification of a range of management theories to assistant manager role in the workplace and
what range of activities are undertaken.
There are different management theories that can lead to provide assistance to managers so
that they are able to perform their job role in a better manner. It is also necessary to conduct the
activities of business for a respective organization. Such as assistant manager on Pizza hut has
the responsibility of establishing clear lines of communication with all the employees and also
mangers in every functional department.
HAWTHRONE STUDIES
It is a study that was done on the workers that were working on the Hawthorne plant at the
western electric company. The study was conducted in the 120s by Elton Mayo & Fritz
Roethlisberger. Hawthorne studies, is a very important part of the managerial strategies that can
help in development of understand the concept of various socio psychological pasecst that are
part of human behaviour in a organisation. It is a study that can help assistant manager of a
13

organisation so that they can influence the transition from a classical approach towards a human
relations approach.
According, to the classical approach of the employees, management those posses physical
and economical needs. It is very important part of every organisation to have a focus on the
overall financial needs and also physical needs of the workforce. HAWTHRONE effect is
helpful in enhancement of the employee output by understanding the employee output by
understand their response. It is helpful for the assistant manager in establishment of relationship
with their employees and understands their overall response. It will also identify different types
of social factors that can lead to impact on the productivity of employees. In case of Pizza hut,
assistant, manager has to identify certain requirement and needs of employees and then try to
fulfil the so that they can establish better relationship amongst them and with them.
Stage of problem solving & decision making
Figure 7stages of decision making in a organisation
14

Problem solving is a very important skill that is required to be present in manager and
employees working at different levels. It is very important that in case of a assistant manager of a
organisation such skills have to be present so that they are able to perform their responsibilities
in a better manner. There are various stages that can help in making proper decision and solving
of issues. It is very important for the manager to identify and evaluate each stage so that correct
and timely decision can be made. It is also important for manager to make an evaluation of each
stage for better decision making. Different stages of problems solving are mentioned below:
Identifying problem: For the purpose of resolving various issue and problems that are very
important for an assistant manager for making better decisions so that various problems can be
resolved. Problems are to be identified with the help of collection of data related to observing
employees and making a detailed analysis of various issues that are being faced by such
employees.
Searching alternatives: There are various alternatives that can be helpful in solving various
issues and in case of a assistant manager it becomes very essential to identify and make a
detailed research of all such problems and alternatives so that better decision can be made as if
the alternative courses will be effective then it is going to automatically lead towards selection
among the bets courses of action available with the decision maker. It is also going to lead
towards solving of issues and in a more efficient and effective way.
Selecting appropriate alternative: After identification of the various courses of alternative it
becomes very important to select the best course of alternative as it has been identified by the
assistant manager and which is best according to his way of critical thinking. It is going to help
towards identification and selection of an alternative based on the prose and cons associated with
every action. It will lead towards selection of the most appropriate choice of decision making in
a organization.
Implementing alternative or choice – after the best course of action has been selected
among the available alternatives then it becomes the responsibility of the assistant manner that
they have to implement that action properly and in the most appropriate manner.
Evaluating results: After there has been selection and implementation of the best course of l
alternative it is the last stage where the problems are solved or it is not solved. In this stage there
is the growth of the organization that has to be evaluated in detail and various results have to be
also assed based on the understanding of the decision maker.
15

Frederick Taylor
Figure 8Taylor's theory of scientific management
Frederick Taylor is a father of the theory of scientific management. He has able to
develop management theories and scientific principles that are very helpful in a organization for
carrying on their business functions, according to the theory of scientific management the
assistant manager of Pizza hut must not use any hard decision for the employees who are having
any type of misconduct or wrong behavior in the organization (Burtz, Bright, and Shortsleeve,
2020). Instead they must try in a way that they should be made understand what they are doing is
wrong and to apologies for the wrongful activities that they are doing in the organization. It will
help in improving the performance of employees and make them realize their mistakes that have
been committed and are responsible for reduced organizational productivity. This theory has
been developed for the purpose of making employees more effective and creative at the same
time to perform various activities and assigned responsibilities to them.
16

Henry Gantt-Gantt Chart Information
Figure 9Sample preview of preparing a Gantt chart
Gantt chart is an effective tool that can be applied by various assistant managers to ensure
more effectiveness in the structure of their organization. Gantt chart was founded and established
by Henry Gantt in the year 1919 and the major objective of this chart was to provide assistance
to the managers in performing their work in a better manner (Doran, Hanss, . and Larsen, 2017).
Gantt chart is basically responsible for shoeing the various activities according to the time frame
aligned with each set of activity that has to be performed in a organization. It is very essential to
list activities that have to be completed in the allotted time frame, it lead to completion of
activities and actually the whole work is completed in specified time period.
17

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Figure 10Key points of theory of Frank and Gilberth
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth are the ones for development of a theory related with
increasing the employee performance at a workplace (Albarracin, and Shavitt, 2018). They are
majorly responsible for developmental and formation of various regulations and rules according
to the productivity of employees, with the help of regulation and consistency among employees
they will be able to focus on their work and identify the specific process that needs to be adopted
and followed in a organization. According to the theory of management in case of Pizza Hut
there is a requirement to reduce the number of task that are in motion is that there can be more
focus that has to be done on the increment in employee performance.
18

Bureaucratic Management
Figure 11key principles of bureaucratic management
It is a management theory that was developed by max Weber and It is considered and is
related to the functions of public activities, Bureaucratic Management
Can be described as a structure of a organization that consist of various regulations and rules
that have been identified. It is characterized by the standardized procedures, process and the
number of task that has to be performed by labor. Max Weber ahs developed this theory so that
they can provide guidelines to the organization and the assistant manager of the company so that
they can focus on enhancement of production of a organization according to set rules and
regulations.
Mechanistic vs. Organic Structures
Figure 12Mechanistic vs. Organic Structures
19

There are various types of structure in a organization that can help a organization in
conducting their business functions in a more effective manner. Such as the structure of
organization can be classified in two different parts such as organic structure of the mechanistic
structure (Seo and Choi, 2019). Both these structures are different but posses their own
advantages and disadvantages. Mechanistic organization structure can be defined as a
bureaucratic structure that consist of set and rules pro0cedure, the organization has to follow this
structure that is flat organization structure. In this the employees are free to make communication
and interact with each other and companies are following up the organic structure and encourage
group participation.
Lawrence and Lorsch (1960’s)
Figure 13Key aspects of Lawrence and Lorsch theory
Jay lorsch and Paul Lawrence ahs implemented the contingency theory of management in
the year 1960’s they have the belief that there does not exist just one way of performing the best
business activities and functions (Fergen, and Jacquet, 2016). It is being analyzed that there are
different types of contingency has factors that can have a impact on the behavior and employee
performance, it is very necessary that in case of assistant manager there has to be identification
of the evaluation of both the external and internal factors so that productivity can be enhanced
and at same time there exist a balance between the integration for the success of a organization.
20

CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be said that there are certain factors that are associated with the
critical thinking that play a very crucial role in the growth of a organisation it is very necessary
for organisation to increase their overall productivity so that various business activities can be
performed in a efficient manner. Such management theories that can help identification of such
problems and then resolving them to enhance the performance. It can also be said that belief,
values and attitude are totally different from each other and can posses a impact on the
organisation. So, for every organization both for the manager and the employees it becomes very
necessary to consider all the aspects of management theories and then apply them to a
organisation.
21

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Sturdy, A., Wright, C. and Wylie, N., 2016. Managers as consultants: The hybridity and tensions
of neo-bureaucratic management. Organization, 23(2), pp.184-205.
Meisenbach, R.J. and Jensen, P.R., 2017. Bureaucratic theory. The International Encyclopedia of
Organizational Communication, pp.1-13.
Ljungholm, D. P., 2016. Bureaucratic reputation management in the public sector. Review of
Contemporary Philosophy, (15), pp.46-52.
Casiraghi, B. and Aragão, J.C.S., 2019. Problem-Solving Methodologies Structured On The
Stages of Critical Thinking. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 23, p.e190902.
Kamis, A. and Khan, B. K., 2019. Synthesizing Huber's problem solving and Kolb's learning
cycle: A balanced approach to technical problem solving. Journal of Information Systems
Education .20(1). p.10.
Ning, C. and You, F., 2018, December. A Transformation-Proximal Bundle Algorithm for
Solving Multistage Adaptive Robust Optimization Problems. In 2018 IEEE Conference
on Decision and Control (CDC) (pp. 2439-2444). IEEE.
Su, Y., 2017. Taylor scientific management theory carding and significance of organization
management. Social Sciences, 6(4), pp.102-107.
Parker, L. D., 2016. From scientific to activity based office management: A mirage of
change. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change.
Kwon, N. H .C., 2017. Scientific Management in Healthcare at the International Level. The PPE
Review, 6, pp.82-92.
Parker, L.D. and Jeacle, I., 2019. The Construction of the Efficient Office: Scientific
Management, Accountability, and the Neo‐Liberal State. Contemporary Accounting
Research, 36(3), pp.1883-1926.
Otley, D., 2016. The contingency theory of management accounting and control: 1980–
2014. Management accounting research, 31, pp.45-62.
Joslin, R., 2019. Project Management Methodologies, Project Success, Project Governance,
Contingency Theory, Agency Theory, and Stewardship Theory. In Project Management
Methodologies, Governance and Success (pp. 17-30). Auerbach Publications.
Csaszar, F. A. and Ostler, J., 2020. A contingency theory of representational complexity in
organizations. Organization Science.
Williams, P., Ashill, N. and Naumann, E., 2017. Toward a contingency theory of CRM
adoption. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 25(5-6), pp.454-474.
Hall, M., 2016. Realising the richness of psychology theory in contingency-based management
accounting research. Management Accounting Research, 31, pp.63-74.
Seo, M.K. and Choi, M.C., 2019. Contingency theory and the institutionalism in terms of
management organization.
Fergen, J. and Jacquet, J. B., 2016. Beauty in motion: Expectations, attitudes, and values of wind
energy development in the rural US. Energy Research & Social Science, 11, pp.133-141.
Albarracin, D. and Shavitt, S., 2018. Attitudes and attitude change. Annual review of
psychology, 69, pp.299-327.
Doran, R., Hanss, D. and Larsen, S., 2017. Intentions to make sustainable tourism choices: do
value orientations, time perspective, and efficacy beliefs explain individual
differences?. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(3), pp.223-238.
22

Burtz, R. T., Bright, A .D. and Shortsleeve, A., 2020. Attitudes Toward Water Allocation:
Segmenting the Public on Beliefs toward Water Conservation. Environmental
Management, pp.1-15.
23