Diabetes Type II: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Strategies for Prevention

Running head: DIABETES TYPE II
Topic: DIABETES TYPE II
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1DIABETES TYPE II
Non communicable diseases are also known as chronic diseases. Such disease are
always long-term and often result from the agglomeration of physiological, environmental as
well as genetic factors. One of the most prominent non communicable diseases are
cardiovascular diseases inclusive of strokes as well as heart attacks. Such disorders occur
disproportionately and often people belong to middle as well as low income countries which
have witnessed more than 32 million deaths (Who.int. 2019). The following essay would
highlight the prevalence of diabetes type II being a common non-communicable disease and
the increased risk in people who are obese. Moreover, the epidemiology of the disease along
with the increased rates of morbidity and mortality, the age group mostly at risk and the
implementation of strategies for health promotion would be highlighted throughout the essay.
Diabetes is defined as a chronic diseases which often occurs due to insufficient
production of insulin by the pancreases or when there is ineffective utilization of the insulin
produced by the body. One of the most common effects of diabetes type II is hyperglycemia
causing damage to nerves as well as blood vessels of the body. Obesity is related to Diabetes
type II obesity increases the stress into the intracellular environment (Sahoo et al.,2015).
Overeating specifically stresses the network of membranes which is inside the endoplasmic
reticulum. When the load of nutrients much more. A signal is send instructing the cell for
dampening down or reducing the production of from in insulin receptors in the cell surface.
This translation leads to insulin resistance which this further is due to the ever-increasing
levels of sugar and glucose in the blood which is definitely a sign of diabetes. Regarding
incidence of the disease, in 2014, almost 8.5% of adults 18 years of age and older suffered
from diabetes. Diabetes type II have been the most prevalent non communicable disease over
the years (WHO, 2019). Prevalence of the disease globally among adults more than 18 years
of age of age have increased from 4.7% near 1980 to almost 8.5% in 2014. Over the years,
affected people has risen rapidly from 108 million in 1980 to a whopping percentage of 422

2DIABETES TYPE II
million in 2014. Prevalence of the disease have risen much rapidly from middle and low
income families. According to statistical estimates by WHO, diabetes have been the seventh
most prevalent diseases causing death in 2016 (WHO, 2019). Over the years there has been
poor prognosis of the disease especially for patient where the levels of sugar is not under
control causing risk for the disease. Patients suffering from diabetes II often carry a 15%
increased risk for premature death as compared to people who are healthy (Ceederberg et
al.,2015). Moreover it has been found that the risk of deaths are much high for people whose
age is more than 65 than those who control their sugar levels poorly and who have suffered
from liver diseases. In addition to these factors being diagnosed with diabetes increases the
risk of cardiovascular diseases from the onset which reduce a person’s risk of death or cause
increased risks of mortality (Zinman et al., 2015). In 2016, more than 11.6 million deaths
have been caused due to diabetes. Diabetes have been the direct cause if almost 1.6 million
deaths in 2016 and high blood glucose levels has been the reason of almost 2.2 million deaths
in 2012 (WHO, 2019). Obesity counts as one of the most important risk factors for type II
diabetes. Studies based in the Swedish National Diabetes register have witness a hazard ratio
of 1.15 for patients suffering from diabetes II (Jung, Park & Jeong, 2017). According, to the
cohort studies done by Alva et al (2017), cohort studies have been done for estimating
various age specific risk equations for people suffering from type II diabetes in middle aged,
young as well as US adults more than 40 years of age. The cohort studies have observed that
risk equations have been more successful in adults as compared to old as well as young
populations. Cohort studies have also been done for finding the relation between obesity as
well as metabolic syndrome which would link the increased cases of diabetes with obesity. It
has been found that body mass index as well as metabolic factors are important for the
prevalence of diabetes. Moreover, co variants like socio demographic variables, behavioral
factors as well as marital status, age, sex, gender has been important in finding the effect of