Diet Analysis and Discussion on Human Nutrition and Food
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This text provides a template for diet analysis and discussion on human nutrition and food. It covers topics such as key nutrients, energy requirements, and metabolism. The text also discusses the potential consequences of following a new eating pattern long term.
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HPC1000 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN NUTRITION AND FOOD 2018 2B4 ASSESSMENT TASK 2 TEMPLATE 1.Diet analysis table. Complete the Excel template provided to address the following: a)Identify the serves of the main food groups that the diet outline provides; b)Compare these serves with the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating food group serving guide for Person A and identify whether the intake of each food group is low, adequate or high compared with the serving guide; c)For all food groups shown on the table, identify 6 key nutrients (macronutrients and/or micronutrients) supplied by each food group; d)Calculate the estimated energy (kJ) provided by each food group, how much total energy is supplied by the diet overall and how this compares with Person A's estimated energy requirements (derived from question 2b discussion). Note: Students are expected to use the calculation functions in Excel to complete the table. For submission, upload the Excel table as a separate file inExcel format
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HPC1000 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN NUTRITION AND FOOD 2018 2B4 ASSESSMENT TASK 2 TEMPLATE 2. Discussion a)From the findings of your diet analysis table, how do the food groups represented in Person A’s intake compare with the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, and what are the key nutrients associated with the food groups that may impacted and in what way? (~200 words). According to Australian Guide to Health Eating, a balanced diet must comprise of five food groups of Grains, Vegetables and legumes, Fruits, Milk and milk products, lean meats and seeds, along with small amounts of fats and negligible processed foods and alcohol. Person A’s diet is completely deficient in Australian Dietary Guidelines recommended ‘core food groups’ of grains, milk products and fruits (Chaiet al.2016). Grains provide carbohydrates, dietary fiber, Vitamin E and Thiamine (Joneset al. 2017). Avoidance would result in constipation and inefficient bowel movements – which may inflict long term impacts of colon cancer and metabolic diseases (Kohet al.2016). Lack of sufficient carbohydrates may also result in gluconeogenesis – a condition where the body derives from energy fromproteins, leading to loss of the protective protein functions (McCommiset al.2015). It may also result in fatal ketoacidosis- due to incomplete metabolism of fats (Hayamietal.2015). Milk and milk products are rich in calcium, Vitamin D (if fortified), along with riboflavin (Handford, Campbell and Elliott 2016). Avoidance of such foods may result in calcium deficiency and long term loss in bone functioning, fracture susceptibility and possible osteoporosis in the future (Taiet al.2015). Fruits are rich sources of soluble fiber along and antioxidants Vitamins A and C. Deficiency can lead to loss of immune function, oxidative stress and free radical formation, resulting in metabolic disorders and possibility of cancers (Ruiz-Rodriguezet al.2014). Person A is also observed to consume excessive amounts of meat and fat sources which may result in high lipid levels resulting in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (De Souzaet al.2015). b)Calculate the body mass index and estimate the energy requirements for Person A (show calculations).How does this compare with the estimated energy intake indicated in the diet diary and what are the possible implications regarding energy balance? (~100 words). Body Mass Index ( BMI )= Weight(Kg)/ [Height(m)]2= 65/1.72= 22.49 This BMI value is acceptable as this in the WHO(1998) healthy weight range. (BMI : 18.5 – 24.9)
HPC1000 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN NUTRITION AND FOOD 2018 2B4 ASSESSMENT TASK 2 TEMPLATE Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) = BMR x PAL MJ/day(NRV 2018) For person A , EER = 5.4 x 1.8 MJ/day = 9720 KJ/day Estimated Energy Intake of person A = 13390 KJ/day The daily energy intake of person A is higher than the estimated energy requirement. When an individual consumes calories at rates higher than expenditure, the calorie surplus isstored by thebody in the form of fat. Excessivefoodconsumptionalsoresultsinhigherinsulinsecretion furtherresultinginexcessivestorageofadiposefromcalories consumed, due to the anabolic functions of insulin (Samuel and Shulman 2016). Hence, long term implications of high calorie consumption results in fat deposition, obesity, increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders suchasdiabetesandcardiovascularailments.Obesityandhighfat storage can also put Person A at a risk of oxidative stress and future implications of cancer occurrence (Ducasseetal.2016). c)What is metabolism? Comment on the claim that a particular eating pattern can “improve metabolic processes” (~100 words). ‘Metabolism’ implies as chemical procedures occurring life sustenance, along with the rate of calorie expenditures (Smithet al.2018). An eating pattern comprising of small, frequent meals a day can improve the metabolism of the body. Prolonged meal timings results in loss of blood glucose and protein catabolism, leading to muscle breakdown. This further leads to a fat accumulation and insulin spikes during meal consumption. Consumption of foods rich in fiber are beneficial for maintenance of steady levels of energy and blood glucose, due to their high glycemic index – hence improving and sustaining metabolism. Person A must incorporate small frequent meals and high fiber foods like grains and fruits for improved metabolism (Anandet al.2015). 3. Conclusion.From your responses above, provide a brief conclusion about the potential consequences of Person A following their new eating pattern long term. (~100 words). Hence, it can be concluded that Person A’s new eating pattern will result in long term negative health complications. Long term avoidance of grains will result in dietary fiber deficiencies, severe constipation and serious gastrointestinal effects such as colon cancer. Lack of sufficient milk consumption can lead to negative bone health implications in the form of reduced strength and possible
HPC1000 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN NUTRITION AND FOOD 2018 2B4 ASSESSMENT TASK 2 TEMPLATE osteoporosis. A low fruit intake also put Person A at a rick of low antioxidant profile and high inflammation which may lead to cancer or metabolic diseases as future implications. Hence, Person A must follow a moderate calorie diet, containing all food groups for beneficial future health implications. Insert word count(excluding in-text referencing): 4. Reference list: Anand, S.S., Hawkes, C., De Souza, R.J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M.A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A.M., Krauss, R.M. and Kromhout, D., 2015. Food consumption and its impact on cardiovascular disease: importance of solutions focused on the globalized food system: a report from the workshop convened by the World Heart Federation.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,66(14), pp.1590-1614. Chai, L.K., Macdonald‐Wicks, L., Hure, A.J., Burrows, T.L., Blumfield, M.L., Smith, R. and Collins, C.E., 2016. Disparities exist between the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the dietary intakes of young children aged two to three years.Nutrition & Dietetics,73(4), pp.312-320. De Souza, R.J., Mente, A., Maroleanu, A., Cozma, A.I., Ha, V., Kishibe, T., Uleryk, E., Budylowski, P., Schünemann, H., Beyene, J. and Anand, S.S., 2015. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta- analysis of observational studies.Bmj,351, p.h3978. Ducasse, H., Arnal, A., Vittecoq, M., Daoust, S.P., Ujvari, B., Jacqueline, C., Tissot, T., Ewald, P., Gatenby, R.A., King, K.C. and Bonhomme, F., 2015. Cancer: An emergent property of disturbed resource‐rich environments? Ecology meets personalized medicine.Evolutionary applications,8(6), pp.527-540. Handford, C.E., Campbell, K. and Elliott, C.T., 2016. Impacts of milk fraud on food safety and nutrition with special emphasis on developing countries.Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,15(1), pp.130-142. Hayami, T., Kato, Y., Kamiya, H., Kondo, M., Naito, E., Sugiura, Y., Kojima, C., Sato, S., Yamada, Y., Kasagi, R. and Ando, T., 2015. Case of ketoacidosis by a sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in a diabetic patient with a low‐ carbohydrate diet.Journal of diabetes investigation,6(5), pp.587-590. Jones, J.M., Korczak, R., Pern, R.J. and Braun, H.J., 2017. Carbohydrates and vitamins from grains and their relationships to mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.Cereal Foods World,62(2), pp.65- 75. Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. and Bäckhed, F., 2016. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites.Cell,165(6), pp.1332-1345. McCommis, K.S., Chen, Z., Fu, X., McDonald, W.G., Colca, J.R., Kletzien, R.F., Burgess, S.C. and Finck, B.N., 2015. Loss of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 in the liver leads to defects in gluconeogenesis and compensation via pyruvate- alanine cycling.Cell metabolism,22(4), pp.682-694. Ruiz-Rodríguez, B.M., de ANCOS, B., Sánchez-Moreno, C., Fernández-Ruiz, V., de Cortes Sánchez-Mata, M., Cámara, M. and Tardío, J., 2014. Wild blackthorn
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HPC1000 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN NUTRITION AND FOOD 2018 2B4 ASSESSMENT TASK 2 TEMPLATE (Prunus spinosa L.) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) fruits as valuable sources of antioxidants.Fruits,69(1), pp.61-73. Samuel, V.T. and Shulman, G.I., 2016. The pathogenesis of insulin resistance: integrating signaling pathways and substrate flux.The Journal of clinical investigation,126(1), pp.12-22. Smith, R.L., Soeters, M.R., Wüst, R.C. and Houtkooper, R.H., 2018. Metabolic flexibility as an adaptation to energy resources and requirements in health and disease.Endocrine reviews,39(4), pp.489-517. Tai, V., Leung, W., Grey, A., Reid, I.R. and Bolland, M.J., 2015. Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis.Bmj,351, p.h4183.