Discrimination by nationality in construction industry: case study at Cousins Refurbishment LTD

This research project focuses on exploring the nationality discrimination and harassment faced by ethnic minorities in the construction industry. The case study is conducted at Cousins Refurbishment LTD, a construction company operating in London and nearby areas. The aim is to understand the experiences of workers related to racial discrimination and harassment, determine the impact on their mental and physical health, and develop organizational strategies to address these ethical issues. The research highlights the significance of promoting a socially inclusive working environment and protecting workers from discrimination.

Research Project
Discrimination by
nationality in
construction industry:
case study at Cousins
Refurbishment LTD

Table of Contents
Research Title: Discrimination by nationality in construction industry: case study at Cousins
Refurbishment LTD.........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................1
Research objectives................................................................................................................2
Rationale of research..............................................................................................................2
Significance of research.........................................................................................................2
Research Limitations..............................................................................................................2
Activities and Timescales.......................................................................................................2
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................5
Introduction............................................................................................................................5
Literature Review...................................................................................................................5
Chapter 3: Methodology..................................................................................................................8
Research Onion......................................................................................................................8
Research Design.....................................................................................................................8
Research Methods..................................................................................................................8
Research Strategy...................................................................................................................9
Data Collection.......................................................................................................................9
Data analysis...........................................................................................................................9
Cost, Access and Ethical Consideration.................................................................................9
Chapter 4: Data collection and analysis.........................................................................................13
Data Analysis, Presentation and Discussion........................................................................13
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................20
Conclusion............................................................................................................................20
Recommendations................................................................................................................20
Chapter 6: Personal Reflective Statement......................................................................................21
Reflection on research methods............................................................................................21
Alternative research methods...............................................................................................21
Consideration of further area of research.............................................................................21
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22

Research Title: Discrimination by nationality in construction industry: case
study at Cousins Refurbishment LTD
Chapter 1: Introduction
Today, with development of organisations, equality at working environment has also
been achieved, where each and every company focuses on reducing discrimination at workplace
(Messeri and et. al., 2019). For this purpose, many rules and regulations have been made yet, like
Equality Act 2010, Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and more. But still, people face inequality in
employment due to some personal traits, race or nationality, characteristics and more, which are
beyond their control. Evidence of suffering from discrimination at workplace, can be identified if
an individual or certain group of community people are denied for getting a job or appraise for
promotion; treated unequally or face harassment; prohibited to speak in another language etc.
(Macheda and Nadalini, 2018). These conditions impact directly on productivity of employees as
well as raise ethical issues for such companies also, where discrimination is done. From last few
years, it has been evaluated that construction industry is criticized for nationality discrimination
and its poor image, because it is mainly dominated by blue collar, white collar and male workers.
The blue collar or non-white collar minorities face more harassment and discrimination within
construction industry. To evaluate the discrimination faced by minorities, an investigation is
done of Cousins Refurbishment Ltd., which deals in construction sector. This firm has been
incorporated in 1990 and operate business at micro level with less than 10 employees. It offers
high quality of painting and decorating as well as building refurbishment services, in London and
nearby areas. But from last few years, its workers experience of nationality discrimination which
raise ethical issues at its workplace.
Research aim: “To explore the nationality discrimination and harassment amongst the
ethnic minorities within construction industry”. A case study on Cousins Refurbishment LTD.
Research objectives
 To access the workers' experiences within construction industry related with racial
discrimination and harassment.
 To determine the impact of discrimination by nationality on mental and physical health of
ethnic minorities in construction sites.
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 To develop the organisational strategies for Cousin Refurbishment Ltd. to address such
ethical issues at its workplace.
Rationale of research
The main purpose of conducting the present research is to identify the condition of non-
white ethnic minorities within construction industry, who plays major role in completion of
every project but due to lack of progression and unlawful racial discrimination, it arise barriers
for companies to retain them for longer period (Simon, 2019). In this regard, conducting study on
this helps in evaluating effectiveness of laws that have been made yet, to improve condition of
workers, especially people that come under category of ethnic minorities in organisations. Along
with this, measures by which condition of workers and way to protect them from discrimination
can be developed.
Significance of research
In UK, the ethnically diverse workplace in construction, is noted as place where racial or
national discrimination is occurred (Grinza, Kampelmann and Rycx, 2020). In this regard,
through present investigation which is done on one of the construction business of UK i.e.
Cousins Refurbishment LTD., helps in exploring discriminatory experience, including working
conditions experienced by the ethnic minorities. This research paper also aid to gain insight into
nationality discrimination problems and need for development of specific policies to promote
socially inclusive working environment, which protect workers within construction industry
against any kind of discrimination.
Research Limitations
Lack of time and insufficient amount of resources, limited the scope of present research,
which might impact on effectiveness of outcomes. But to overcome from this limitation,
researchers will work in more collaborative manner that helps in getting proper teamwork for
maintaining relevance of result.
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Activities and Timescales
3

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
Literature review refers to be most important section of a research, where past articles
and information gathered by other researchers, are reviewed and summarised to address present
objectives of a project (Romani, Holck and Risberg, 2019). This would help in collection the
large data and obtain specific outcomes more easily. With this assistance, under the present
project, a number of articles have been explored from internet, to identify the worker conditions
in construction industry due to racial discrimination, including its impact on organisation.
Literature Review
Workers' experiences of nationality discrimination and harassment
According to Seymour (2019), Construction sector is considered one of the fastest growing
industries in The United Kingdom, where projects related to development of major
infrastructure, refurbishment of buildings, site and more, are the main means to stimulate
economic growth (Racial Discrimination in the Construction Industry, 2020). In this regard, due
to strategic importance, there has been seen a significant growth within demand for construction
workers, who are more experienced and skilled. Along with this, labour market issues at global
level, which includes an ageing workforce and a war for talent, etc. has made it difficult for
companies dealing in construction business to fill operative roles with consideration of not
occurrence of any discrimination (Lohne and et. al., 2019). Therefore, Construction companies
reliant more on employing foreign construction labourers, to complete every project
successfully.
As per EHRC (The Equality and Human Rights Commission), it has been identified there is
a lack of opportunities for ethnic minorities (especially for non-white collar workers) to get high
position in construction industry. Along with this, in UK there is a number of students are
undertaking the construction related courses, but as compared to white collar workers, only few
of them gets employment (Manant, Pajak and Soulié, 2019). The reason behind this, is difference
in culture and linguistic issues, that creates barriers to entry. Furthermore, people who get
employment in this industry face a number of problems at workplace, like harassment, bullying,
unequal or unethical behaviour etc. Due to these problems, it arises vulnerable condition of
labours within construction industry.
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Impact of discrimination by nationality on mental and physical health of ethnic minorities
in construction sites
As per the article given by Stephanie, James and Laia (2016), it has been identified that
exposure to racial or nationality discrimination, there is a high impact on mental and physical
health of ethnic minorities. Due to different biological characteristics and ethnic culture
differences, blue collar workers in construction industries feel more pressure and stress because
other people (white-collar workers) refused to work with them in collaboration or a team (Rico
and Cabrer-Borrás, 2018). This would lead to increase physical ill health, mental losses and
demotivation, which directly reduces their productivity at workplace also. Along with this, not
getting desired training reduces chances of them to make their career more bright in future,
because position of management and other high post generally acquired by white collar workers
only, so they discriminate non-white workers to meet their needs (Wijerathna and
Hewapathirana, 2019).
Furthermore, as work in construction sector is more hazardous and full of dangers, therefore,
not getting proper training and safety measures increase chance of heavy losses in terms of
serious injuries and even death of also of workers (Li, Lang and Leong, 2018). Under this
condition, blue collar workers feel more unsafe while working, that causes highly mental issues
for them (Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities
in the United Kingdom, 2016). Thus, it has been identified that ethnic minorities especially non-
residents of UK, in Cousin Refurbishment Ltd. and other construction companies experienced
discrimination and harassment both indirect and direct manner (Belavusau and Henrard, 2018).
They perceived that such conditions led to mental stress, because other people at same workplace
cracks racist jokes on them. However, to move business on global level, firms deal in
construction sector, concerns more on increasing diversity at workplace, by hiring workers of
different culture and of other nations (McGinnity and et. al., 2018). But due to ineffective
organisational policies, culture and ignoring the specific needs of workers, it becomes difficult to
get their high commitment to achieve corporate goals. Along with this, due to work under
guidance of white collars, ethnic minorities feel more dissatisfied from their jobs, where no
efficient policies have been made to motivate them (Simon, 2019). It causes mental stress in
them and arise difficulties for management to retain them for longer period of time.
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Organisational strategies to address the ethical issues at its workplace
From the perception of Zulu and Muleya (2019), it has been evaluated that without retention
of both white and blue collar workers, construction companies cannot complete their projects
successfully. In context with, Cousin Refurbishment Ltd. as this firm operates its business in UK
only, where number of established firms are already run therefore, to get competitive advantage
over them, it needs to hire both blue and white collar workers in major proportion (Peiró and et.
al., 2020). Along with this, equal policies are also needed to be made to meet specific cultural,
training and other demands of them, by considering the labour laws and other legislations. This
would help in creating effective environment for ethnic minorities, where they can feel more safe
and equality (McGinnity and et. al., 2018). As it has been identified that blue collar workers face
many discriminative problems at workplace, that highly affect their mental and physical health.
In addition to this, white collar workers also refuse to work with them in team or collaboration,
which arise disparities in making social relationship (Belavusau and Henrard, 2018). Therefore,
for this purpose, there are a number of ways in which management of Cousin Refurbishment Ltd.
can develop social interaction among diverse culture as well as more culturally tolerant, with
inclusive working environments as given below –
 Considering the current legislation like Equality Act 2010, that protect ethnic minorities
workers from racial and other type of discrimination, help management of Cousin
Refurbishment Ltd., to create inclusive environment at workplace.
 By implementing the principle of equality, management of construction industries can
provide equal and ethical treatment of people, regardless of their diverse cultural
backgrounds (Li, Lang and Leong, 2018).
 Offering equal opportunities by effective employment and organizational policies
including the provision of diverse-culture awareness, will help ethnic minorities to get
chance of career development and achievement of better position like white collar
workers at workplace (Wijerathna and Hewapathirana, 2019).
 Organizing training to reduce gap skills, knowledge and language barriers, will help blue
collar workers to increase their social relationship with others.
 Implementing all safety policies and procedures for both white and blue collar workers,
will help construction companies to improve and increase their productivity at workplace,
to complete projects on time.
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Chapter 3: Methodology
Research Onion
This is the first part of research methodologies, which illustrates stages for studying,
collecting, analysing and interpreting the information, systematically. It includes research
designing, methods, strategy, approaches, methods of data collection and analysing etc. as
explained below –
Research Design
This part describes the framework and techniques, used for creating a minimum bias in
study, which directly leads to increase accuracy and reliability of research outcomes. It generally
includes three main parts as – data collection, measurement and analysis, including type of
research as experimental, correlational or survey. The present is survey based research, where
both primary and secondary sources are used for collecting relevant data, by designing in
descriptive manner.
Research Methods
This part illustrates the type of methods used for collecting and analysing information i.e.
research approach. It refers to a plan and procedure which consists a number of steps to conduct
in-depth analysis or make broad assumptions on a particular topic, through specific methods of
collection of data, analysing and interpreting the same. As per basis of nature of research
problem, research approach is normally divided into two main categories, viz. approach of data
collection and approach of interpretation (Rico and Cabrer-Borrás, 2018). In this regard, data
collection can be gathered by using three main approaches as qualitative, quantitative and mixed.
While data can be analysed either by using inductive or deductive approach. In context with
present research, mixed method approach has been utilised, where researchers have first
administered the quantitative survey for assessing the experiences of nationality minorities due to
racial discrimination and harassment, on construction sites (Manant, Pajak and Soulié, 2019).
Then, stakeholders of same industry like east Europeans or Asian, Russian or other workers,
contractors, supervisors and leaders are chosen for conducting primary survey, to get their views
for the same. As mixed approach is used for collecting data therefore, both inductive and
deductive approaches are used for analysing the gathered information (Lohne and et. al., 2019).
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Here, inductive analysis is done by using thematic analysis under literature review, while
deductive one is used through inferential statistics under which quantitative information is
represented in graphical form first, then interpreted accordingly.
Research Strategy
It refers to step-by-step plan, which enables researchers to systematically conduct the
study. This would mainly be done by choosing best strategy for carrying study specifically.
There are four main types of strategy available can be choose as case study, quantitative survey,
qualitative interview and action-oriented research. Among these, both quantitative and
qualitative survey based strategies are chosen for present research.
Data Collection
For gathering essential information in a research, two types of methods can be used, that
are primary and secondary (Messeri and et. al., 2019). Using primary methods, original and more
reliable data can be collected, while secondary one helps in gathering past collected information.
Under present research, both types of data are collected by using article and journals for
collecting secondary data and self-questionnaire method for primary information. Along with
this, for primary data collection, sampling method has been used, for selecting a sample from
large population either randomly or non-randomly (Romani, Holck and Risberg, 2019). When
every participant gets equal chance of being selected in the sample or participating in primary
survey, then it includes random sampling method, otherwise it is non-random. In present
research, random sampling method is used for selecting 20 participants from stakeholders of
Cousin Refurbishment Ltd., for conducting accessing workers’ experience of discrimination.
Data analysis
For analysing the primary data, inferential statistics method is used, by representing
information in graphical form (Grinza, Kampelmann and Rycx, 2020). This would help in
interpreting information more easily in order to conclude the outcomes.
Cost, Access and Ethical Consideration
To develop and maintain accuracy as well as reliability of any research, it is essential for
project makers to consider three main aspects, that are cost, access and ethical considerations.
Here, consideration of cost helps in utilising resources which are essential for conducting the
research, like cash, internet, stored device (pen drive) and more (Macheda and Nadalini, 2018).
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While for maintaining ethics during evaluation, factors like informed consent, confidentiality,
anonymity and access the relevant components only can be considered.
Self-questionnaire:
Questionnaire
Name:
Gender :
Question 1: Are you aware with the concept of racial
discrimination at workplace?
Frequency
a) Yes 15
b) No 5
Question 2: Do you believe that some workers face
discrimination in construction site?
Frequency
a) Agree 13
b) Disagree 7
Question 3: Which factor arise discriminations against
nationality minorities within construction industry?
Frequency
a) Unequal employment 10
b) Failure to promote effective social interaction 7
c) Exclusive working environment 3
Question 4: Do you think that racial discrimination impact on
mental and physical health of ethnic minorities of construction
industry?
Frequency
a) Yes 17
b) No 3
Question 5: Do you think for expanding business, it is essential
for management of Cousins Refurbishment Ltd. need to
eliminate nationality discrimination from workplace?
Frequency
a) Yes 12
b) No 8
Question 6: Which organisational strategies management of Frequency
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Cousins Refurbishment Ltd. needs to develop for enhancing
experience of ethnic minorities at construction site?
a) Compliance the labour laws 6
b) Giving equal opportunities 7
d) Promoting good race relations 7
Question 7: Do you think that promoting good social and
nationality relations between workers, help in improving their
working condition?
Frequency
a) Yes 12
b) No 8
Question 8: In few words , how you will improove a better relationship at work with
another colleques and not to give them the chance to feel discriminated
Most of the people asked answered with positive suggestions such as: integration into
society matters to us and those around us and there should be no discrimination of any
kind and we should treat ourselves kindly and respectfully so that we can manage our
society in a pleasant and productive way.
Question 9 :In your opinion if your company - firm , will propose you all to go for a
training and socialise with all your colleques , is the discrimination going to affect
the ,,meeting ,, ?
Most of the responds been marked as a positive answer and replyed as no.
Question 10: If you have any recommendation or suggestion on how to avoid / prevent
discrimination at work place.
Some answers been collected as : a recommendation or suggestion on how to avoid /
prevent discrimination in the workplace would be that respect for one's neighbor,
colleague, neighbor or people around us be mutual for good conduct in society and
prosperity in the workplace, social or private so that measures should be taken by each of
us to change something around us
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Chapter 4: Data collection and analysis
Data Analysis, Presentation and Discussion
Theme 1:
Question 1: Are you aware with the concept of racial
discrimination at workplace?
Frequency
a) Yes 15
b) No 5
Interpretation: It has been interpreted from this graphical figure that several respondents i.e. 20
out of 20 are properly familiar with the concept of discrimination at workplace. They have
acknowledged with its impact on mental and physical well-beings of workers who face such
issues where they work. While remaining ones are not so aware with its impact and issues faced
by nationality minorities.
Theme 2:
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Question 2: Do you believe that some workers face discrimination
in construction site?
Frequency
a) Agree 13
b) Disagree 7
Interpretation: Since workplace of construction industry is mainly divided into two main
categories that are,, guests,,and hosts ,,. Therefore, it is essential for management of such
companies to focus on specific needs of both, while making organisational policies. But from
point of views ,that due to ineffectiveness of such policies, other nationality who come in ethnic
minorities, face major discriminations especially due to nationality difference. It highly affects
their mental and physical abilities while working over construction site, which leads to decrease
their productivity as well.
Theme 3:
Question 3: Which factor arise discriminations against
nationality minorities within construction industry?
Frequency
a) Unequal employment and organisational policies 10
b) Failure to promote effective social interaction 7
c) Exclusive working environment 3
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Interpretation: As it has evident that ,,guests ,, workers face a number of issues due to
discrimination at workplace, therefore, before making any decisions for reducing the same, it is
essential to identify the factors first which lead such problems. From this mention figure, 9
stakeholders out of 10 believe that due to unequal employment and other organisational policies,
discrimination among workers has been occurred. While other 7 respondents think that failure
for promoting effective social interaction among workers of diverse culture, create
discrimination with ethnic minorities. Instead of this, remaining 3 participants believe that
creation of exclusive working environment, which do not allow workers to work in cooperation
with each other, results in arising discriminative type of issues.
Theme 4:
Question 4: Do you think that racial discrimination impact on
mental and physical health of ethnic minorities of construction
industry
Frequency
a) Yes 17
b) No 3
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Interpretation: Any kind of discrimination whether on the basis of culture, language, racial,
sex, gender and more, impact highly both on emotional and physical state of people at
workplace. In context with construction industry, due to difference workers on the basis of
nationality, ethnic minorities face discriminations. It increases mental stress, physical illness as
well as on productivity of them, in adverse manner. From this figure, it has been evident that 22
respondents out of 17 are agree on the same statement. While remaining 3 ones, do not agree on
this.
Theme 5:
Question 5 Do you think for expanding business, it is essential for
management of Cousins Refurbishment Ltd. need to eliminate
nationality discrimination from workplace?
Frequency
a) Yes 12
b) No 8
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Interpretation: To run business at global level, it is essential for every company to maintain
ethics and sustainability first, otherwise it will highly affect their reputation in marketplace and
create barriers for their entry. In context with Cousin Refurbishment Ltd, as per 12 respondents,
it has analysed that its management also requires to promote equality in its diverse workplace.
While remaining 8 respondents do not believe on same.
Theme 6:
Question 6: : Which organisational strategies management of
Cousins Refurbishment Ltd. needs to develop for enhancing
experience of ethnic minorities at construction site?
Frequency
a) Compliance the labour laws 6
b) Giving equal opportunities 7
d) Promoting good race relations 7
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Interpretation: In order to eliminate discrimination and provide equality to nationality workers
like white ,,guests,,, it is essential for management of Cousins Refurbishment Ltd. and other
companies dealing in construction industry, to take effective steps. It includes considering
employment and labour laws while making organisational policies; giving equal opportunities,
development of inclusive working environment and more. From this figure, 6 respondents have
suggested to take employment policies under consideration, that helps in developing effective
and equal policies to reduce discriminations. Other than this, remaining 7 are in favour with
promoting social and racial relations among ,,guests and hostes,, workers, that helps in reducing
discriminations with them.
Question 7: Do you think that promoting good social and nationality
relations between workers, help in improving their working
condition?
Frequency
a) Yes 12
b) No 8
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Interpretation: From this graphical figure, it has analysed that 12 out of 20 respondents are
agreed that if good racial and social relations among workers be promoted, then it will help in
eliminating discrimination among them at construction site. While remaining 8 do not believe on
same, they suggested that some more measures are needed to be implemented for reducing
discriminations.
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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusion
It has been concluded from the overall case study that workers who belong from
nationality minorities, are working in vulnerable condition at construction site. The reason
behind this is occurrence of nationality discrimination with them, where construction companies
fail to provide them inclusive working environment. Due to this issue, they don’t get promotion
on upper position at workplace, not even cooperative behaviour of other workers .This would
highly impact on their mental and physical health, as well as decrease their morale that decreases
productivity of them also. Along with this, due to not getting essential training which protects
ethnic minorities from hazardous and dangerous working situations, arise feeling of insecurity
and unsafety under them. Therefore, to protect from all such conditions and improve working
experience of ethnic minorities, management of construction companies need to incorporate their
businesses with labour laws and must provide equal opportunities to them, for career
development.
Recommendations
As today, a number of laws have been made in UK like Equality Act 2010, Employment
Rights Act 1996, Employment Relations Act 1999 etc., but still people who belong from ethnic
minorities, face a number of discriminative issues, especially within construction industry. In
context with management of Cousins Refurbishment, to run business ethical and sustainable
manner, it is essential for management of this firm to implement following procedures –
 Develop organisational policies as per Employment Law of UK, which will help in
giving equal opportunities to blue collar workers, to get equality at workplace.
 Implement inclusive working environment for increasing social interaction and
developing racial relations among workers of diverge culture. This would help in
developing collaboration among ,,guests,,and ,,hostes,,workers, that lead to increase
productivity of them also for achievement of corporate goals.
 Providing essential and equal training to both workers as well as implement safety
procedure will help in developing feeling of safety among them. It also protects workers
from unsafe working conditions.
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Chapter 6: Personal Reflective Statement
Reflection on research methods
For conducting the present research which is based on identifying the vulnerable condition
of workers within construction industry, due to nationality discrimination, I have employed
mixed approach method. This would help me gathering both secondary and primary information
from number of resources and interpreting them in easy manner. Through this process, I have got
succeed in obtaining desired outcomes within set period of time. But as I have conducted study
only on construction companies of UK, which depicts main limitation of research. Along with
this, using self-questionnaire method also raise problems in gathering detailed information about
experience of ethnic minorities.
Alternative research methods
Focusing on present limitations of research, in future if same kind of topic I get to make
project, then I will use focus group discussion method and open questionnaire. This would give
participants better chance to entail their views and opinion on topic on which study in being
carried out. Along with this, it would give opportunity to me also for gathering detailed
information, so that effectiveness of research outcomes can be obtained.
Consideration of further area of research
For reducing limitations of present research, I would like to conduct study on global level,
which would help in comparing laws of different-different nations that have been made to reduce
discrimination and improve labour condition. Along with this, would like to consider on using
several approaches and methods for collecting a large amount of data, so that research problems
can be addressed and resolved in efficient manner.
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https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ee0e4443-5186-404e-a414-
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