Discussion: Developmental Psychology Name of the University Author

Running head: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental Psychology
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Contents
Discussion 1: Popularity in Middle Childhood..........................................................................3
Discussion 2: Weakened Parental relations...............................................................................4
Discussion 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence........................................7
Discussion 4: Moral Development.............................................................................................8
Part A:....................................................................................................................................8
Part B:.....................................................................................................................................9
Discussion 5: Dove Beauty Campaign.....................................................................................11
Part A:..................................................................................................................................11
Part B:...................................................................................................................................11
Discussion 6: Self Discovery Quiz results (Holland Code Career Test).................................12
Discussion 7: Emotional Affairs..............................................................................................13
Part a.....................................................................................................................................13
Part b:...................................................................................................................................13
Discussion 8: Marriage and Longevity:...................................................................................15
Discussion 9: My Death Announcement..................................................................................16
Case Study: Case Study- Observation and interview of a human subject...............................17
Introduction of the participant:.............................................................................................17
Four types of development relevant theories and concepts:................................................17
Stage of development of the subject is experiencing:..........................................................19
Biological, Cognitive, Social, and Personality issues faced by the subject:........................19
Theories and concepts relevant to the individual:................................................................20

2DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Findings, revelations, surprises and difficulties encountered in the study:..........................21
References:...............................................................................................................................23

3DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 1: Popularity in Middle Childhood
During my elementary and junior high years, my social competencies included the
ability to socialize with people, develop communication and interpersonal relations with
them. I was also a low status child and most of my classmates were from families that were
economically rich and higher family income groups.Since I was very good in interpersonal
communication and had strong emotional intelligence, I was able to develop friendships with
children belonging to both high and low status children in the school and thus have a large
friends circle.During the school years, I was very much popular as I was avidly involved in
various extracurricular activities such as sports and debates in which I have represented my
school on a number of occasions at both national and state levels.One popular child I can
recollect from my school memories was an individual who came from a rich and affluent
family who were very much popular in the state. One unpopular child I can recollect was an
individual, who was raised by a single parent and was very secluded and withdrawn from
other children.The popular child was more of an extrovert and outgoing person, preferring the
company of others and enjoying being at the center of attention. This child would often go to
great lengths to impress his friends, throwing parties and showing off expensive gadgets to
his friends. This significantly contributed to his popularity as children got attracted to the
privileges this child inherited.The unpopular child on the other hand rarely spoke with other
children, was hardly seen playing games with others during recess and mostly kept to himself
and was awkward socially. Due to this he was mostly rejected by his peers and was
considered to be unpopular in school.The unpopularity of this child in my opinion have been
caused due to a poor interaction and inadequate communication between the child and his
peers and his introverted and withdrawn nature.

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Discussion 2: Weakened Parental relations
The relationship between the parents and the child are stressed by various factors resulting in
a weakening as sometimes estrangement of the relation. These factors can include:
1) The psychological stress in the first year of after divorce where the children
experience maximum psychological distress, anxiety, anger and disbelief.
2) Emotional impacts on the children when they have to choose between which parent to
live with; a feeling of guilt thinking they might be responsible for their parent’s
separation and anger about the divorce on themselves or the parents.
3) Stressful events such as losing daily contact with one parent; increased amount of
stress on the single parent taking care of the child; changes in schools or shifting to a
new home, changing the neighborhood and sometimes reduced access to resources.
4) Remarriage and adjusting to it.
5) Mental health risks such as anxiety, depression and compulsive disorders
6) Deterioration in academic performance
In order to protect their relation with their children during divorce the following should be
considered and ensured:
1) Equal Responsibility for either parents to take care of the child
2) Co-parent the child after the divorce peacefully, keeping personal conflicts and the
divorce aside
3) Not putting the children in the middle of the conflict between the parents
4) Maintaining a healthy relationship with the child
5) Showing consistency in disciplining
6) Always monitoring the children especially in their adolescence
7) Empowering the children

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8) Develop coping skills among them
9) Give them a feeling of security and safety at home
10) Taking part in parent education and counselling programs.
11) Always maintaining a clear and open communication with the children, especially
when they are growing up.
Reply to Onyx A.CN’s post:
I completely agree that one of the most crucialresponsibilities of parents going
through divorce is to protect their relation with their children through this process and after it.
It is important for the parents to impress upon the children that the divorce is a result of a
mutual agreement between two consenting adults to terminate their interpersonal relation and
would in no way hamper their relation which the children and the parents still has the
responsibility of taking care of the children even after they are separated (Thompson et al.,
2017). Parents should also not put the children in a position where they have to choose
between one parent and another which can increase anxiety among them (Morrison et al.,
2017). As parents, one has the responsibility to look after the best interest of the children,
which means taking every action to ensure the divorce does not leave a child with an
emotional scar (Braithwaite et al., 2016).
Reply to Victoria Ch.MO’s post
The fact that the process of parental divorce and bad parenting can be a learning
experience for a child, as they realize the kind of parenting practice one should not engage in,
learning from their personal experience (Kalmijn, 2015; Jackson et al., 2016). I believe that
such as outlook can develop when the child has enough emotional resilience to overcome the
emotional stress of poor parenting and learn from the experience instead of the experience

6DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
acting as an emotional stressor (Weaver & Schofield, 2015). Good parenting skills and a
sense of responsibility towards children is therefore important as much as emotional
resilience of the child in order to ensure proper early development among them (Bernet et al.,
2016; Yárnoz-Yaben&Garmendia, 2016).

7DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
While the high school, I looked towards my classmates and school friends with
openness towards diversity among people. I was raised by my parents to be acceptable and
open towards differences among people, in terms of their skin color, language they spoke,
eye color, race, religion or ethnicity which significantly influenced how ti though of others.
Since my childhood I was also very comfortable with my body and did not have a
poor body image, which was developed through the parenting I received.
Since I was actively engaged in sports activities since childhood, I had an athletic
body, good height and a healthy weight and BMI score. I also felt that I had a strong posture
and good shape, which made me fairly good looking in the class. According to many of my
friends, I also had a nice smile, which I can agree upon.
During the later years of my high school, I gained extra weight as I reduced my
exercise. This did affect my body image, self-esteem and confidence adversely at that point,
which I was able to overcome later.
Since my early childhood, I was very much fond of food but hardly overate. My
parents further helped me develop healthy eating habits and taught me to avoid unhealthy
food such as junk food and sugar sweetened beverages which were the major sources of
childhood obesity and diabetes. My parents ever forced me to choose certain foods or go for
strict diets, but instead provided me multiple options for healthy food as well as junk food,
with the condition to exercise for extra hour to burn the additional calories.This naturally
limited my intake of energy and calorie rich food and thus improves my dieting practice.

8DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 4: Moral Development
Part A:
How each of the influence can contribute positively or negatively to a child’s moral
development:
Parental Role Modeling:
Parental role modeling can positively contribute to the moral development of the child
since a child learns from his/her relation with parents, and through observation, mimicking
and following how parents behave and the rules srt by them, which have been supported by
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development and attachment theories (Boerner et al., 2017;
Schoeppe et al., 2016). This is only possible when the parents themselves are able to adopt
and exhibit moral standards and behavior. However on the other hand, poor moral standards
can also get passed on to the children, when the parents exhibit immoral behaviors in from of
them and thus adversely impacting their moral development (Bao et al., 2015;
Sengsavang&Krettenauer, 2015).
Peer Influences:
Peer influence can have a positive impact on moral development when the peer group
has a strong moral value that is followed by every member. Peer influence can also help in
the development of interpersonal relations and sense of empathy towards others which can
also foster moral development (Cox et al., 2017). Peer influence can also have a negative
influence when it promotes immoral behavior in the group, thereby setting up wrong moral
standards/codes (Breakwell&Beardsell, 2016).
Concrete Rules:

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Concrete rules provide children an immutable code of conduct that needs to be
followed by the children under all circumstances. These rules develop a sense of obedience
among the children and help the child to develop moral standards by followingthese fixed
rules or codes of conduct. The concrete rules can also be an emotional stressor when the
children are unable to follow them successfully and rules set on weak moral values can
significantly hamper the moral development of the child (Abdel-Aty&Plumert, 2016)
Negotiated/Self-Guided Rules
Negotiated or self-guided rules can help a child develop his/her own set of moral
standards and codes and therefore provide the children flexibility in their behavior. Since
these codes are developed through observation of others, these rules can be both facilitate as
well as challemge the development of moral standards based on the moral standards of others
(Schuck et al., 2019).
Social Constructs and Environmental Conditions:
Social constructs and environmental conditions can provide guidance to a child on
moral behaviors. When social constructs offers a positive normative influence, it facilitates
moral development, while if these constructs are immoral in nature, it can challenge the
moral development in the child (Cameron et al., 2015; Fish, 2017).
Part B:
Reply to Christian’s post:
I agree to the Christian’s argument that morality starts developing from birth in a
child when the child experiences love and support from people around them and when they
form attachments with others. This view is supported through the attachment theory and

10DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
shows how the environment and people in the social circles are important for the
development of morality in the child.
Reply to Nicole’s post
I also agree with Nicole’s point of view that parents are important role models for the
children from whom they can observe and learn important behavior and moral standards. It is
also correct that peer influence also can have a normative influence on the child and have
have a positive or negative effect depending in the circle of friends.

11DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 5: Dove Beauty Campaign
Part A:
I believe that my peers were correct that advertisements such as the ones used by
Dove are deceitful for the consumers and propagates a negative body image by highlighting
specific features as attractive and others as ugly. However, I feel that the overall impact of
such deceitful campaign strategy is an adverse one on the self-esteem of several women who
lack thefeatures deemed beautiful in these advertisements such as skin complexity. Although
it is true that the advertisements are in themselves also a reflection of our own perceptions,
which companies like Dove use to influence the behavior of the consumers strategically and
attracting customers with the false premise that they can enhance their beauty through their
products. It should also be noted that these advertisements also reinforces negative body
image as an ulterior motive to encourage customers to use their products and only focuses on
making few women who has desirable features to feel good about themselves.
In order to overcome such stereotyping of what can be considered as beautiful, it is
necessary that the consumers themselves develops awareness and confidence about their own
body and therefore a positive body image which cannot be easily influenced by what is
shown on the popular media and beauty product advertisements (Honka et al., 2017; Zandstra
et al., 2016).
Part B:
I do not agree to the comment made by Hayley H0 MO in that the campaign does not
promote positive body image among women but does just the opposite to that. The glorified
advertisements showing flawless skin of attractive models only creates a sense of
despondence among many audiences.

12DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 6: Self Discovery Quiz results (Holland Code Career Test)
After the completion of the Holland Code Career Test, I was able to learn about my
career interests more clearly and therefore identify my ideal career path and how to plan my
future career (Reardon, 2017). According to the test, my career interest areas involve traits
such as building, thinking, creating, helping, persuading and organizing. Based on these areas
of interest, the test calculated my career type to be that of a persuader in which I can lead,
motivate and direct others. This can make me competent to take care of jobs such as
managing, deciding, strategizing, selling and motivating others. The test also identified my
core values such as influence, leadership, risk taking, achievement and imitativeness and my
personality traits such as assertiveness, energetic, confidence, ambition and adventurous.
I believe that the tool is significantly applicable for my career development as it can
help me identify the type of work that best suits my personality, skills, strengths and
competencies and therefore ensure by suitability for engaging with the job and therefore
support better professional success. I was not really surprised by the results of the test, as I
always knew I had strong persuasive skills that helped me to develop good terms with others
around me and also help to resolve conflicts among them. The core values and personality
traits identified in the test were also accurate and well described me.

13DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 7: Emotional Affairs
Part a
I believe every interpersonal relationship requires an emotional investment. This is
more so in case of friendship or a romantic relationship. I believe that friendship is an overall
idea of two people being close to each other emotionally, in a way that can support sharing of
personal thoughts and ideas. In such an aspect, a romantic partner can also be a friend and a
friend a romantic partner. Moreover, the emotional connectedness can and often does lead to
a sexual interest or desires which I do not feel essentially to be ‘cheating’. Instead, I feel
cheating has more to do with emotional infidelity (that is keeping thoughts and feelings
shielded or hidden from each other’s) than physical fidelity. Human beings are perfectly
capable of showing love and affection for more than one person, which can be exhibited
through various relations an individual can maintain with various degrees of emotional
investments and closeness, and the physical closeness can be a manifestation of the emotional
bonding two people develop over time, which in my opinion is a perfectly normal and
biological behavior. However, I have also noticed that most romantic relationships develop
on the premise of absolute fidelity between two members, where emotional and physical
closeness and exclusiveness from other such engagements forms the precondition for the
development and continuance of the relation. I believe such relations are doomed to fail as it
inculcates within it a sense of ownership over the personal choices and preferences of the
other, including their choice of friends and the level of emotional and physical closeness that
may develop outside the romantic relation.
Part b:

14DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
I agree to the post by Michael F GB in that sexual tensions can occue between
opposite sexes and even among friends, but that does not necessarily mean cheating if there is
no romantic commitment between the individuals, on in other words strictly platonic.

15DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 8: Marriage and Longevity:
Various studies have shown that marriage is a key non-biological factor that can
improve life expectancy of individuals (Gellatly&Störmer, 2017; Tatangelo et al., 2017). I
believe this improvement is primarily due to lesser risk taking behavior among married
people in terms of health and wellbeing, better health seeking behavior as well as better
emotional health for the married people. Additionally, marriage also facilitates better social
support as well as material support for the individuals and married people can take care of
each other in case of a medical emergency, improving their access to care and thus supporting
their wellbeing (Lawrence et al., 2018; Cooper, 2018). However, I believe that such
conditions are not just peculiar to married people and even single people can have better life
expectance through better care of their own health. Therefore I do not wholly believe that in
order to have a good life expectancy, once needs to be married, even though I agree to the
fact that married people tend to have better life expectancy.
I strongly believe that the longevity of married people and their physical or mental
wellbeing does not solely depend on their marital status, but instead of the dynamics of the
relation between the married people. A healthy, trust and mutually affectionate and respectful
romantic relationship can definitely have a therapeutic effect on people in a marital bond and
thereby result in better health and life expectancy (Umberson et al., 2018). These factors
therefore affect the life and development of people by affecting the dynamics of the
interpersonal relation between married people (Cooper, 2018).

16DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Discussion 9: My Death Announcement
When I am gone, I want people to remember me as a kind, good hearted, humble and
friendly person who cherished each and every personal relation she was involved in. I want
people to think of me as a good soul, who never thought of harming or doing wrong to others,
but instead helping friends and even strangers whenever possible. Also, want to be
remembered as a passionate and an emotional individual, strongly driven by a sense of
purpose, virtues and moral principles and avidly enthusiastic in music. I am a person who
likes to ‘wear ones heart on one’s sleeve’ and did not like to bottle emotions but instead
making them open. I therefore want people to say positive things about me, remembering me
fondly and lovingly, long after I am gone.
The purpose of this death announcement is to help others understand the feelings and
legacy that I would like to leave behind, and how I would like to be thought about after my
demise. The aim of this approach is to always keep reminding me on what I ought to do in
my life (Steinberg, 2018).
It also outlines what I feel are strong moral values and principles, and can also serve
as an influence on others, helping them decide how they want to live the rest of their lives. I
would like to publish this announcement for my family and friends so that they know what I
thought and felt and how I wanted to lead my life.

17DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Case Study: Case Study- Observation and interview of a human subject
Introduction of the participant:
The case study involves a 10 year old girl, Tina who resides in my neighborhood.
Tina is physically active, likes playing tennis and soccer and during summer she participates
in swimming lessons and in the winter she participates in dance lessons. Catching and
observing the behavior of snails is her favorite hobbies. Tina also loves listening to music and
can play acoustic guitar very well. She also loves drawing, painting and travelling and feels
that music and travels helps her to feel alive and energetic. Tina is also a very loving and
caring individual who is affectionate to her parents and grandparents and is a faithful friend
to many. Due to this she is also very popular in her class and neighborhood. When she grows
up, she wants to be a musician or a sportsperson and also wants to research on snails. She
wants to achieve success in life and wants to be a famous person someday, and make her
parents and grandparents proud of her.
Four types of development relevant theories and concepts:
Four important theories and concepts that are relevant to the subject in context of her
early development and developmental stageinclude:
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
According to this theory, behavior of children can be learnt through observations and
modeling. Children actively observe others around them such as their parents and peers
through which they can develop new skills and acquire new information. The theory further
posits that observation plays a critical role in the learning process and involves watching a
live model or by listening to people and their instructions on how to behave. These factors

18DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
significantly influence the behavior and development among children (Bandura, 2018; Lee et
al., 2018).
Erickson’s Attachment Theory:
According to this theory, child learns by forming attachments with others such as
parents, caregivers and peers. Early relationships between a child with their caregivers plays
an important role in the development of the child as the child learns through these
relationships which influences their behavior. The theory also supports that children have the
innate need to form attachments with others which can help their survival through the
providence of protection and care and different styles of attachment can develop between a
child and a caregiver, which affects the personality of the child in later life (Bacciagaluppi et
al., 2018; Kerpelman& Pittman, 2018).
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development:
According to this theory, A child undergoes different stages of cognitive development
such as sensorimotor stage (from birth to the age of 2 years), peri-operational stage (from the
age of 2 to 6 years), concrete operational stage (from the age of 7 to 11 years) and formal
operational stage (from the age of 12 years until adulthood). Each of these stages are
influenced by the stages of brain development that affects the cognitive ability of the child
and therefore how they perceive, understand and learn about their environment and how they
react to it (Houdé, 2019).
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
According to this theory, a child learns about moral values and responsibilities by
following the morality of others around them. At the stage of moral realism, which a child

19DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
starts to develop around the age of 10, helps the child to assess morality of an incident by the
severity of its consequences instead of the motive (Turiel, 2018).
Stage of development of the subject is experiencing:
The subject in the given case study is currently experiencing theconcrete operational
stage of cognitive development as per Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory. At this stage,
the child develops a better understanding about mental operations and hasdeveloped the
ability to think logically about events that are concrete (Houdé, 2019). Even though at this
stage a child thinks more literally, they become better at using logic and the egocentric
behavior exhibited in the earlier cognitive stage starts to disappear and allows the child to
consider the perspectives of others in a given situation, helping them to understand others
thoughts and thereby differentiate them for their own (Turiel, 2018).However children at this
stage still faces challenges understanding abstract and hypothetical ideas and concepts as the
child still depends on literal interpretations (Kaplan, 2018).
Biological, Cognitive, Social, and Personality issues faced by the subject:
At this stage the subject is experiencing rapid physical and biological changes in her
body as she is undergoing puberty. This includes growth of hair under the arms and in the
pubic region, development of the breasts, sudden increase in height (called growth spurts)
and changes in the overall body shape. The subject also reached her Menarche, which is the
onset of the menstrual cycle which also have resulted in hormonal changes in the body (Rice,
2018; Schagen et al., 2018).
Significant cognitive development also has been experienced by the subject at this age
where she slowly learns to think logically and develop capacity to empathize and think

20DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
through the perspectives of others. However at this stage, comprehending abstract and
hypothetical ideas is still a challenge for the child (Houdé, 2019).
The social issues faced by the child at this age includebullying, negative peer
influences and a poor self-image. This can be caused due to poor interactions with peers and
can cause social isolation among the child. Since at this stage the child undergoes significant
psychosocial development, such adverse experiences can have long term psychological
impact on the child (Breakwell&Beardsell, 2016).
Personality issues that can be faced by the subject at this stage includes an identity
crisis and lack of self-confidence due to the rapid changes the body and mind undergoes,
which alters their way of thinking and their interactions with others as well as how they react
to them (Cox et al., 2017).
Theories and concepts relevant to the individual:
In the given scenario, the theories and concepts of childhood development that can be related
to the development of the subject includes:
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: This theory is relevant to the subject because it
shows how the subject’s age determines the stage of her cognitive growth. Her interests in
music, sports and arts can be the result of the development of her cognitive faculties that
facilitated her ability to understand and follow instructions given by teachers orrole models
(Turiel, 2018; Houdé, 2019).
Attachment Theory of Erickson:The relevance of this theory to the subject can be understood
through the role of the relation of the subject to her parents and grandparents from which she
have developed her sense of empathy and morality. Through her attachments she was able to

21DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
understand how to behave well and be loving and kind to others (Kerpelman& Pittman,
2018).
Social Learning Theory of Bandura: This theory isalso very relevant to explain the
development of the subject as she was able learn significantly from her social circle which
consisted of her peers, classmates, teachers and caregivers (Lee et al., 2018).
Findings, revelations, surprises and difficulties encountered in the study:
From the study, I could understand that development of the child is integrally
dependent on several factors, which includes the interpersonal relations of the child with
parents and peers, the type of attachment between children and others, the age and stage of
cognitive development the child is experiencing and the behavior the child observes from her
social surroundings.
The study also revealed an important relation between the upbringing and the
environment experienced during early childhood and the personality of the child in the later
years, which I think is an important knowledge.
Working with the subject I was also surprised on several occasions by the level of
maturity that was shown by the child, in terms of her ability to empathize and think from
other’s perspective and overcoming an egocentric point of view.
One significant difficulty that I faced in the study was to differentiate between the
extents to which nature (that is the genetic makeup) of the child influences the behavioral and
learning patterns compared to nurture (upbringing and environment) that the child is exposed
to and understand which of these factors have stronger influence on behavior. This difficulty
has been based on studies that suggests that genetic makeup (or nature) are the primary
determinants of childhood development and starkly contradicts many theories of early

22DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
childhood development which focuses on the role of the environment (or nurture) as the main
determinants.

23DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
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