Disease Prevention and Management Research Paper 2022

Running head: DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Infectious disease prevention and management planning for the 2020 Summer Olympics
in Tokyo
Infectious diseases outbreak during sporting events are common. A study by Gilmour
et al., (2014) have found out that almost 59 infectious disease outbreak has been noticed
among the athletes or common people in competitive sports since 1922 to May 2013 (Jindai
et al., 2016). This paper will discuss about the environmental condition that is conducive to
the spread of infectious diseases, the list of the diseases and their epidemiology , the
infrastructure management , discussion about the critical control points and the how transport
access can spread diseases.
Description of the Tokyo environment relevant to infectious disease
A number of environmental factors are responsible for the spread of communicable
diseases that are prone to cause epidemics. Some of the most important factors are the water
supply, food, sanitation facilities and climate (Collins & O'Connell, 2012). Lack of safe
water, inadequate disposal facilities poor hygiene and poor living condition might lead to the
spread of the communicable diseases. Again, overcrowding of people, due to the organisation
of events such as sports or other performances leads to over usage of the resources and a
higher amount of the waste generation (Nakamura et al., 2018). If theses wastes are not
disposed off properly, then these might lead to the spreading of the communicable diseases.
Herpes Simplex virus and Staphylococcus aureus have been found to be the most common
form of infections that has been found to emerge, posing significant health risk to the
competitors (Johansson et al., 2017).
Immediately after World War II, Japan suffered from several infectious diseases due
to poor sanitation system. Some of the infectious disease that were prevalent are tuberculosis,

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typhoid , dysentery, diarrhoea, diphtheria, Japanese encephalitis and many more. Man new
diseases had been introduced from foreign countries as well. Recently, news of dengue fever
outbreak has been reported in the year 2014 (Gilmour, Liao, Bilano & Shibuya, 2014). There
had been a fourfold increase from about 6.2 million in the year 2011 to 24.0 million in the
year 2016. The climate and the amount of rainfall is optimal for the viability and colonisation
of harmful bacteria and virus like Rubella virus, Varicella virus and bacteria like clostridium
and Salmonella (Nakamura et al., 2018). Diseases like food borne diseases breaks out in
winter. The infections due to the bacteria like Clostridium, Campylobacter and Salmonella
are reported in the summer season, directing towards favourable condition for the growth of
the organisms. Again, the sanitation conditions during mass gatherings becomes
compromised. The summer season of Tokyo is again favourable for the spread of the vector
borne diseases like the Malaria, Chikungunya, Zika and Dengue (Nakamura, Wada,
Yanagisawa & Smith, 2018).
Outline of infrastructure related to infection control and management
Infection control is an important area for the public health surveillance. Several public
health infrastructure are required before conducting any sporting event as such events allows
huge influx of the people from different regions.
An infection control guidelines needs to be followed the all around the city and
especially around the stadium (Johansson et al., 2012). A robust environmental and public
health planning is required to protect the health and the wellbeing of the participants, staffs
and the spectators infection and illness related to the water , waste management , traffic,
improper management of food. Some of the basic health authorities that needs to be
considered includes protecting the health and wellbeing of the participants related to
availability of portable water, sufficient number of public toilets, enough representation for

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the perishable foods, approved supply of the foodstuffs in bulk to the food providers at the
site, sufficient capabilities for the disposal of both the solid and the liquid food disposal,
proper storage and the disposal of the liquid wastes, controlling of the rodents and illness.
Public bio toilets can be set up in streets and human wastes needs to collect systematically
(Johansson et al., 2012).
In certain cases, the events might get so crowded that the cities cannot provide
accommodation facilities or accommodation facilities with minimum requirements are
provided at high cost. Due to the large gathering of masses, the generation of wastes will also
double in amount (Johansson et al., 2012). Large amounts of non-biodegradable wastes are
generated such as plastic bottles, tin cans, glass bottles and many. There should be disposal
bins at regular intervals. Covered refuse containers can be used for outdoor settings.
Special public workers can be recruited for the great event, and for managing the
public. The health care clinics and hospitals, irrespective of public and private should remain
proactive against emergency response. The number of health care workers should be
increased in clinics and hospitals in order to manage with the excessive pressure in the triage.
There can be provision for the mobile dispensaries having first aid facilities. Johansson et al.,
(2012) have proposed models like crowd simulation models, luggage management, vide
control and changes in the construction of the transport system for the event. Crowd
behaviour can be detected by videography (Collins & O'Connell, 2012). Data can be captured
by the use of spatial scales used in global positioning system to measure the crowd
turbulence. Awareness campaigns are necessary against sun exposure. Since Tokyo 2020 ,
will be held at the hottest time of the year in Japan, heat related illness can be of consequent
risks (WHO, 2017)..