Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment

This assignment explores the methods used to diagnose diabetes in individuals. It discusses various tests such as fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide, and insulin autoantibodies, explaining their purpose and application in identifying diabetes. The report emphasizes the importance of medical treatment and physical exercise in managing blood sugar levels.

Disease

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK...............................................................................................................................................1
Steps involve in treat the diabetes...............................................................................................1
List of various test.......................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
A disease is refers to any condition that results in disorder of a function or structure in a
living organism. Further, disease is a medical condition that is associated with specific signs and
symptoms (Diabetes, 2012). Diabetes is a type of disease, this is group of metabolic disorders in
which there are high blood sugar levels. Major symptoms of this are increased hunger, thirst and
frequent urination. This report contain information about the process use to treat the diabetes
and various test that are use to identify the diabetes is all given in this report.
TASK
Steps involve in treat the diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic disease and is divided into two parts known as type 1 diabetes and
type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes: This take place when immune system of individual attacks and kills the
beta cells of pancreas. Very little or no insulin released into the body. Due to this, sugar builds
high in the blood rather than used as energy (Floegel and et. al., 2013). From all people of
diabetes approx 10% individuals are suffering from this type of disease. This type of disease
mainly develops in childhood but can develop in adulthood also and this is always treated with
insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes: This is another type of diabetes and this occurs when body of an
individual can't use the insulin that is released or fail to make enough insulin. Due to this, sugar
build up in the blood of individual. This type of diabetes is managed through meal planning and
physical activities.
Various steps are involve in the process of treat diabetes:
 A glucose test of blood sugar level of an individual is taken before eating anything in the
morning.
 An oral glucose tolerance test is take place to determine the glucose level of an
individual.
Mainly diabetes is a serious disease an individual cannot treat this in his own way.
Drugs for diabetes
Treatments for diabetes require a close watch to the blood sugar level of an individual
with help of diet, exercise and medications. If an individual has type 1 disease then insulin is
given to him with help of continuous pump or with help of injection. Individual suffering form
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diabetes use a computerized pump which is also known as insulin pump. Certain amount of
insulin is given to the patient to whole day. Insulin is based on the blood sugar level. Injectable
insulin mainly come in five types:
 Rapid acting
 Short acting
 Intermediate acting
 Long acting
 Ultra long acting
Rapid acting insulin must be used in combination with long acting insulin with the
patients of Diabetes type 1 and should be used by the individuals who smoke. Overall treatment
of diabetes is based on what an individual eat, how much he exercise and many more factors
(Keenan and et. al., 2010). An individual can determine blood sugar levels and accordingly can
identify the insulin require. Individuals suffer from the diabetes check their sugar level with help
of an instrument known as glucometer.
Individuals who suffer from type 2 disease can control the level of their sugar by keep
their diet under control.
Meal timing and nutrition for diabetes
Individual who suffer from diabetes, is very essential to eat a balanced diet. Individuals
who suffer from type 1 disease, their insulin dose is determine by their diet and activity. Doctors
support three to four small meals to an individual to maintain a proper balance between insulin
and sugar. Proper balance of proteins, carbohydrates and fats support in maintain the blood
glucose.
Exercise for diabetes
This is another crucial factor in treatment of diabetes. It is very essential for an individual
to consult with the doctor before start a exercise program. One of the main benefit of exercise is
that it improve the body's use of insulin and results in low blood sugar level. It is very important
for an individual to eat a carbohydrate snack before go for exercise. Individuals who suffer from
type 2 diabetes, exercise help them in lower their blood glucose and prevent the disease at lower
risk. Exercise lower the chances of having a heart attack and improve blood circulation. It offer
relief from stress.
Alternative medicines for Diabetes
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 Minerals and Vitamins: Alternative medicine should not be use to treat diabetes but
proper diet, medication and exercise are the other things which can be done by individual.
This support in control the blood sugar level and prevent complications of diabetes.
 Vitamins B12 and B6 support in treat diabetic pain if an individual have low level of
vitamins.
 Vitamin E support in decrease the damage of blood vessels and provide protection
against eye and kidney disease. But too much Vitamin E results in serious problems.
 Magnesium is another factor that support an individual in manage blood sugar levels.
This improve the action of insulin.
Overall, the individual who is suffering form the Diabetes require to carry out light
exercise on routine basis. Proper monitoring of sugar level of individual is very necessary.
Further proper medication require to be offer to the individual who is suffering from diabetes.
Diet play a big role and support the blood sugar level of individual. So proper meal planning also
help in treat the diabetes.
List of various test
Imaging Test is a way through which doctors see what is going inside the body. These
tests send energy forms through body such as sound waves, magnetic fields, x-rays, magnetic
fields etc. Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and computed tomography are the
most utilized imaging modalities to give detailed morphological reconstructions of organs and
tissues.
Diabetic neuropathy & kidney imaging:
In patients of diabetes, renal functional deterioration is an outcome of assorted renal
structural alterations and represents 35% to 40% cases of renal insufficiency that requires
dialysis. In early phase of diabetic neuropathy, size of kidney may be enlarge due to hyper
filtration. With progression of this disease in diabetes, size of kidneys is diminish due to
glomerulo sclerosis. The US imaging is performed to evaluate kidney size. In addition to this,
renal ultrasound test can reveal hyperechogenicity which is a suggestive chronic disease and can
help in ruling out obstruction. Doppler US can facilitate in both computation of renal resistance
parameters and examination of renal parenchymal perfusion.
SPECT & PET:
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The nuclear images of several body parts are developed by using radioactive tracers in
small amount, provided orally or intravenously. Then, the external detectors form and capture
images from emitted radiations by radio pharmaceuticals. SPECT and PET are the main nuclear
imaging modalities characterized by high sensitivity range.
There are various tests which are used to identify Diabetes in a person. It is important so that any
person can easily identify symptoms . Tests are applied so that whether person is suffering
from Diabetes or not. Tests are-
Fasting plasma glucose tests: It measure the level of glucose level in the blood. This is
used in morning as it gives accurate and reliable results. As people have not drink water or ate
food so then this test can be applied to evaluate diabetes. It gives average level of glucose level.
Any person can eat it through water before and after his tests. Doctor can consider the age and
anaemia problem in blood while doing tests.
Random plasma glucose tests: This test can be done any time to check the level of
glucose. This tests can be applied at morning at any time in day (Rezania and et. al., 2012).
Person can eat or drink and they do not have to perform fast for giving this test. Hence person
can anytime check Diabetes through using this test. They can evaluate all symptoms of diabetes .
It is a convenient and suitable test for any person.
Haemoglobin tests: In this blood sugar is evaluated. So blood sugar can be taken from
any person through a needle or injection. If there is less haemoglobin level it can also damage
to eyes to any part of body. Thus doctors can use this test in any person so that they can check
that whether person is suffering from Diabetes or not.
C peptide tests: This tests helps on evaluating the level of insulin in body. So hence
through this doctor can tell patient level of insulin. If level of insulin is very low and lower C
peptide then person is suffering from Diabetes.
Insulin Auto antibodies: It helps in evaluating the insulin level through antobodies which are
available. So doctors can also use this on patients It is also suitable and give correct results.
CONCLUSION
From the above given project report, it can be summarised that various test are take to
identify diabetes of individual. Further proper medical treatment and physical exercise support
individual in maintain his level of blood sugar.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Diabetes, U.K., 2012. Diabetes in the UK. London: Diabetes UK.
Floegel, A. and et. al., 2013. Identification of serum metabolites associated with risk of type 2
diabetes using a targeted metabolomic approach. Diabetes.62(2). pp.639-648.
Keenan, H.A. and et. al., 2010. Residual insulin production and pancreatic β-cell turnover after
50 years of diabetes: Joslin Medalist Study. Diabetes. 59(11). pp.2846-2853.
Rezania, A. and et. al., 2012. Maturation of human embryonic stem cell–derived pancreatic
progenitors into functional islets capable of treating pre-existing diabetes in mice.
Diabetes. 61(8). pp.2016-2029.
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