Teenage Pregnancy: Impacts & Solutions

This assignment delves into the multifaceted impacts of teenage pregnancy. It requires a thorough analysis of the social, economic, and health consequences faced by young mothers, their children, and society as a whole. Furthermore, the assignment encourages the exploration of various strategies and interventions aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy and mitigating its negative effects.

Dissertation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my teacher who helped me to
compete this project. A heartfelt thanks to the professors who helped me at every step of the
project and extending valuable suggestions that made this project a successful one.
Further, I would like to thank my parents for giving me unbound assistance by
encouraging me to prepare this project. I am greatly thankful to out training professor, whose
drills helped me to understand core ascpect related to subject matter.
In the end I would like to thank all those people, friends and collegues who have given
tangible or intangible contribution in making this research project a successful one.

Table of Contents
CHATER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND...............................................................2
1.1 Overview................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Rationale of the research.......................................................................................................3
1.3 Aim of the study....................................................................................................................3
1.4 Objectives of the study..........................................................................................................3
1.5 Research questions.................................................................................................................3
1.6 Significance of the research...................................................................................................4
1.7 Scope of the study..................................................................................................................4
1.8 Limitations of the study.........................................................................................................5
1.9 Conceptual framework analysis.............................................................................................5
1.10 Dissertation structure...........................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY.....................................................................7
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................7
2.2 Research Philosophy..............................................................................................................7
2.3 Research approach.................................................................................................................8
2.4 Research technique................................................................................................................8
2.5 Research design.....................................................................................................................9
2.6 Data Collection......................................................................................................................9
2.7 Sampling..............................................................................................................................10
2.8 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................10
2.9 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................11
2.10 Validity and reliability.......................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................13
3.1 Physical impact of teenage pregnancy.................................................................................13
3.2 Behaviours that pose a health risk for adolescent pregnant girls.........................................14
3.3 Strategies to overcome health issues in pregnancy..............................................................15
3.4 Teenage pregnancy in UK...................................................................................................17
3.5 Problems associated to teenage pregnancy..........................................................................18
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................20
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................20

4.2 Thematic Analysis and analysis...........................................................................................20
4.3 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................26
4.4 Recommendation.................................................................................................................27
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................29
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................33

ABSTRACT
Teenage pregnancy is considered to be an important topic that requires adequate amount
of research. It can not only prove to be dangerous for the child but equally harmful for mother as
well. There is ongoing trend of becoming pregnant at such a tender age where the physical body
of the mother is not mature enough to carry a baby in her womb has led to increase in mortality
rate. The mother requires pre-natal and post-natal care o that she can give birth to a healthy child.
The research has been conducted on teenage pregnancy with the aim to explore the impact of
teenage pregnancy on physical health of mother. Various health conditions such as anaemia,
haemorrhage etc has been discussed in the project so as to make it fruitful. A secondary research
has been conducted to analyse varied aspects related to it. Based on the research it has been
analysed that the mother requires adequate amount of care during her gestation period otherwise
she can get attracted towards various life-threatening diseases. Based on it the main
recommendation that has been provided in the report is that the pregnant women must stay in
contact with the doctor continuously so that the condition can be assessed at an initial stage and
treatment can be extended accordingly.
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Topic: “To explore the impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health of mother-A study on
the UK and what can be improved with the knowledge”
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Teenage pregnancy which is also known as adolescent pregnancy in the females who are
under the age of 20 (Baldwin and Edelman, 2013). A female can become pregnant if she gets
involved in sexual intercourse and have started ovulating. It can be right before her first
menstrual period or most commonly occur after it has already started. In the girls who intake
adequate amount of nutrition in their diet, first menstrual period usually takes place at the age of
12 or 13 (Reese and Halpern, 2013).
When a girl become pregnant before then age of 20, there are various physical and mental
risk factors that can get attracted towards her. The risk factors become extreme if age of the girl
is below 15 as they are less physically developed. It is difficult for them to sustain in a healthy
pregnancy or to give birth to a baby. Further, girls who get pregnant between the age of 15 – 19
years, various socio-economic risks get attracted towards them (Blackman, 2013). Common risk
factors that have been observed in teenage pregnancy are, low weight of the baby at birth,
premature labour and delivery, lack of iron and B12 due to extreme loss of blood, etc (Brandt
and Rozin, 2013).
Early motherhood can also have a significant impact on psychosocial development of the
child. Children who have been borne by teen mothers are at high risk of language, speech,
intellectual and socio emotional delays (Reese and Halpern, 2013). Developmental disabilities
are another common aspect that has been found in children from early teen girls (Arceo-Gómez
and Campos-Vazquez, 2014).
Prenatal and maternal health care is considered as one of the major concern among
teenage pregnant and parenting girls. The outcomes for the research suggested that lack of intake
of nutrients in prenatal period can risk to life of the girl as well as the child (Shefer, Bhana and
Morrell, 2013). Nutritional deficiencies are common aspects where poor eating habits of the girl
can impact her pregnancy. Complication in pregnancy can result in death of young mothers.
Teenage mothers are considered to have the poorest physical health in comparison to all other
categories of women. As per the reports, 77% of pregnancies at this age are unplanned. These are
the girls who have got involved in unprotected sex. They tend to neglect their health at the time
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of pregnancy and during their maternal period as well. Hence, they are at higher risk of
preeclampsia, where blood pressure of the pregnant girl takes a sudden hike (Shefer, Bhana and
Morrell, 2013). It also increases protein in urine. It commonly occurs after 20 weeks of
pregnancy.
1.2 Rationale of the research
It is important for the researcher to understand the relevance of the research. The study
must hold some worth so that it can serve some specific purpose. Hence, it is necessary for the
scholar to understand importance of the research and assess its importance in practical as well as
academical aspect (What Are the Effects of Teenage Pregnancy?, 2017). The researcher does not
have adequate knowledge regarding teenage pregnancy and want to develop the same which
attracted him towards studying the topic in effective manner. Further, increasing deaths of young
mother is another aspect where it has become important to understand the effects a girl have on
her body when she becomes pregnant at such tender age. The present study will also help in
analysing the risk factors that can affect her normal body functioning. Further, the study will also
be helpful in improving the current knowledge on the topic possessed by the researcher (Morrell,
Bhana and Shefer, 2012).
1.3 Aim of the study
The aim to the present study is “To explore the impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health
of mother”
1.4 Objectives of the study
Based on the above stated aim, following objectives can be framed:
 To examine the physical impact by teenage pregnancy on the mother in the UK
 To investigate which behaviours, pose a health risk at the time of teenage pregnancy for
mothers in the UK
 To analyse the problem which is associate with the teenage pregnancy for mother
 To recommend the strategies to overcome health issues in teenage pregnancy
 To present recommendations on strategies which promote health for pregnant teenagers
1.5 Research questions
Based on the above objectives, following research questions can be framed:
 What are the physical effects of teenage pregnancy on the mother in the UK and how
can they be best supported?
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 What is the health risk faced at the time of teenage pregnancy in the UK?
 What is the problem which is associate with the teenage pregnancy?
 What strategies can be recommended to overcome health issues in teenage pregnancy?
1.6 Significance of the research
Teenage pregnancy has become a common topic, not only in UK but in all over the world.
It is important to make the assessment of physical effects of teenage pregnancy on the mother in
the UK. Further, it will also help in analysing that what all support can be extended to them
during their gestation period. The present research on teenage pregnancy will also be helpful in
investigating behaviours that pose a health risk at the time of teenage pregnancy for mothers in
the UK. The research will also be helpful in analysing the problems that are associated with
teenage pregnancy for mother. The research holds greater significance in recommending on
strategies which can assist in promoting health for pregnant teenagers. Hence, it is important for
the researcher to conduct a thorough study on teenage pregnancy.
There are various other benefits that is attached to conducting the research. Some of them
are mentioned below: Academically: The topic holds great importance in academic terms. There are various
aspects in the topic that are required to be understood by the researcher with respect to
teenage pregnancy. It will help in making the knowledge to the current subject concrete. To ascertain risks: There are various mental and physical risks that are associated to
pregnancy. The study will be helpful in preparing assessment and recommending on the
same which can be adopted by the women prior and after their gestation period (Shefer,
Bhana and Morrell, 2013).
1.7 Limitations of the study
There are various limitations of the study which is going to be conducted by researcher on
teenage pregnancy. There are fewer chances of leading the study to utmost perfection as there are
certain constraints that are attached to the research. The major constraint is of time and budget
that is available to the researcher. An important role is played by adequacy of investment that has
been incorporated to conduct the study. It helps in getting valuable and effective outcome.
Further, there can be lack of secondary information due to restricted access to some important
websites which can barricade the knowledge of the researcher (Gyesaw and Ankomah, 2013). It
also restricts the learnings of the researcher towards stated subject matter. It is not possible to
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conduct all the important aspect of the research within stated time frame. These constraints can
bring adequate deviation in the results and recommendation part to a greater extent.
1.8 Conceptual framework analysis
Conceptual framework analysis is considered as one of the important aspect of the
research. It helps in making a detailed analysis of the topic that has been chosen for the research,
that is, teenage pregnancy. The present study has been conducted with the aim to explore the
impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health of mother and what can be improved with the
knowledge. Following tools and techniques will be used to conducts the research:
 Research design: descriptive research design will be used to conduct the present study. It
will help in collecting information regarding teenage pregnancy that is already available.
The design is clearly aligned to the objectives and aim of the research.
 Research Philosophy: Interpretivism research philosophy will helps in understanding
the theoretical aspect of the study that is attached to it (Amoran, 2012).
 Research type: Qualitative type of research will be conducted to achieve the objectives
of this type of study. The approach will help in reaching to effective conclusion as well as
results.
 Research approach: In the present research, existing theories will be analysed and hence
deductive approach of research will be beneficial to gather knowledge on teenage
pregnancy.
 Data Analysis: Critically analysing the opinion of the researchers will help in analysing
the literature collected for the study. Further, thematic analysis will be performed in order
to analyse the collected data.
1.9 Dissertation structure
It is important to have effective flow of dissertation structure so that the reader can gather
adequate knowledge through it. Further, the format followed by the scholar helps in indulging in
clear and specific view of the results. Hence, the dissertation will flow in the following manner:
 Chapter 1: Introduction: It is first and foremost chapter of the dissertation which helps
in giving overall idea of the dissertation. It also specifies aim and objective of the
research for which it has been conducted (Copping, Campbell and Muncer, 2013).
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 Chapter 2: Literature review: It is the chapter of dissertation where secondary
information is gathered and critically analysed. It is collected through books, journals,
blogs, online information etc.
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology: The chapter will help in stating the research tools
and techniques that will be used by the researcher to conduct the research. Some of the
important aspects included in it are, research approach, design, sampling technique etc.
 Chapter 4: Data Analysis: The collected data through various sources is analysed in the
chapter.
 Chapter 5: Findings and Discussions: The findings are discussed from collected data.
Critical analysis of the information is assessed in order to reach to a specific finding.
 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations: Based on the research conducted,
conclusion and recommendations are suggested in this chapter.
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CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction
Research methodology is one of the most significant aspect by which actual issue of the
research study can easily address. In the absence of research methodology, research study cannot
be completed. Once the literature review has successfully designed then in the next stage, scholar
can focus on the research methodology (Flick, 2011). It consists with various methods such as
research approach, philosophies, data collection, data analysis, research techniques, research
design, sampling etc. In a simple word it can be said that research methodology is a process used
to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decision. However, it is very
important for the researcher to select right kind of methods for conduct investigation because
wrong selection of technique can negatively influence the outcome of entire study. Thus, it can
be said that proper selection of the research methodology is important by which scholar can
obtain the right and accurate solution of the study. In the present research study, the major aim of
researcher is to explore the impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health of mother. In order to
attain this objective, scholar have applied various methods of the research methodology which
discussed below-
2.2 Research Philosophy
The research philosophy under the research methodology is referred as overarching terms
that is associated with enhancing the idea and knowledge about the entire investigation. In the
absence of research philosophy, it may complex to address the appropriate solution of problem.
This method consisted with two approaches that are interpretivism and positivism. While
researcher formulate hypothesis in order to conduct the test of study then it is known as the
positivism research philosophy (Diment, 2012). This technique provides an opportunity for
explanation that can be assessed against the knowledge acceptable within the world where we
live. On the other hand, in the context of interpretivism research philosophy researcher offer
suitable justification to the problem under research. This philosophy helps to the scholar in
understanding the actual issue of the research and justify the problem along with appropriate
solution. In the present study, researcher has applied interpretivism research philosophy through
which scholar can effectively explore the impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health of
mother. Interpretivism research philosophy has been applied because this study is based on the
secondary source.
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2.3 Research approach
Research approach is another major significant method in the research methodology
which helps to the scholar in addressing the appropriate solution of the study. Research approach
is referred to as the technique through which particular set of research is being conducted in
order to attain the outcome. The application of research approach can used so as researcher
cannot distract from actual path of the study and data collection. With assistance of this research
approach, scholar can take the proper consideration for conduct investigation and obtain actual
outcome (Dallen, 2007). It provides the proper direction and guidance to the scholar for make
the proper solution of research study and obtain feasible outcome. There are major two kinds of
research approach that are inductive and deductive. In the context of inductive research
approach, researcher compels the research to move in direction from specific to general. On the
other hand, in the context of deductive research approach, researcher begins with the statement
and further investigation can carried out in order to respond it (Forzano, 2011). In a simple word
it can be said that research approach is one of the technique which assist the scholar for
collecting and analysing the complete solution. In this present study, scholar has applied
inductive research approach for explore the impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health of
mother. Inductive research approach has been applied in this investigation for develop
generalization.
2.4 Research technique
In the entire research methodology, research technique is one of the most significant
philosophy which applied on the entire study in order to collect, analyse, summarise the
information about the subject (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012). It makes the investigation more
attractive and effective. With assistance of this technique, research issue can address in more
effective manner and researcher can understand the actual objective of entire investigation. Thus,
it can be said that in the absence of research technique it is impossible to conduct the
investigation for attain the objective. It provides answer to the question by making analysis as
well as sense of unstructured data. There are major two kinds of research technique that is
qualitative and quantitative (Garrod, Wornell and Youell, 2006). Qualitative research technique
is in the descriptive in nature and in the quantitative research technique, researcher can have
applied the question in order to get an effective answer of the research study. In the present
study, researcher has applied qualitative research technique for explore the impact of teenage
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pregnancy on physical health of mother. With assistance of the qualitative research technique,
scholar can easily analyse the actual objective of investigation and obtain the perfect outcome.
This technique can assist to the scholar in addressing the right solution for the study. In this
research scholar can easily access to the perfect solution with help of qualitative research
method.
2.5 Research design
Research design is one of the major technique in the research methodology which helps
to the scholar in addressing the right outcome at the right time. Research design is a strategy
which scholar can choose with aim to investigate several components. It is a kind of blue print
which used to obtain the appropriate outcome of the study. It is very important to select the right
research design for conduct the investigation because wrong selection of the research design can
negatively influence to the research study (Creswell, 2013). There are various kinds of the
research design such as descriptive, exploratory, explanatory etc. In the present study, the major
aim of the scholar is to explore the impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health of mother.
Thus, in this study, exploratory research design can perfect for obtain the actual outcome. This
research design has been selected due to the reason that issue related with research has not been
stated in an appropriate manner. With help of this research design, researcher can able to obtain
the perfect solution of the investigation. This is the perfect technique in the investigation by
which scholar can address the accurate objective and outcome at the right time. In the absence of
research design, no scholar can conduct the investigation.
2.6 Data Collection
Data collection is the process of acquiring and gathering the data and information either
from primary and secondary sources. In the following dissertation, the data has been acquired
from secondary sources by analysing and investigating the journal articles, research papers,
internet websites of different hospitals and healthcare institutes. The data and information from
secondary sources aid in analysing the previous articles effectively and assist in increasing the
effectiveness of the particular research (Finer and Philbin, 2013). The journal articles wrote and
researched by senior and experienced researchers which helps the author to analyse and
interprets the relevant information adequately. In this context, the effectiveness and preciseness
of the dissertation increases efficiently and effectively. There were certain issues faced by the
author in order to acquire the collection of data from the secondary sources, such as some
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websites and articles was not accessible. Author acquired the access and interprets the relevant
data efficiently. Secondary data have helped in getting appropriate insights to understand
research issue in effective manner. Along with this, using past information researcher has
developed suitable hypothesis for completing this investigation in effective manner. Thus, in this
context, researcher aim to acquire the information from the secondary source of data.
2.7 Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting a small proportionate of data from huge information
collected by the researcher from primary and secondary sources. The qualitative research
approach has been used in this research and data has been collected from the secondary sources,
the simple random sampling method has been used. In this researcher select the precise and
appropriate sector of information by analysing various articles, books and journals, It is one of
the best method for selecting sample form research universe because it provides equal chance to
every single unit to select in research sample (Daniel and Sam, 2011). It reduces probability of
personal biases and sample error also In this context, the effectiveness of the research has been
increased adequately. In sampling it is possible to both determine which sampling units belongs
to which sample. This aid the researcher to carry out the research project more precisely and
efficiently. Sampling also aid in analysing and interpreting of the data. It is very essential and
vital part of the research methodology and it provides brief idea to the researcher to conduct the
research more appropriately. In order to carry out research more effectively, the researcher
needs to carefully select the information as the part of sample and link it appropriately so that
data analysis can be possible.
2.8 Data Analysis
The present study uses the qualitative approach of research in which the data has been
gathered from the secondary sources. The data analysis has been done through thematic analysis
in which the researcher made the themes of the collected data. Further, the interpretation of the
data has been done by the researcher. In order to conduct the dissertation, data analysis is very
important and considerably essential. In this case the data analysis of the secondary data has been
done by the researcher in efficient manner (Flick, 2011). Data analysis is the process of
analysing and interpreting the gathered and collected data or information so that relevant and
essential output can be understand. It not only increases the scope of research but also
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promulgates the effectiveness of dissertation efficiently. In this context, the dissertation will
provide effective analysis of data in appropriate and precise manner.
2.9 Ethical consideration
In the research methodology, ethical consideration is one of the major aspect which helps
to the investigator in conduct the study in ethical manner. Ethics provides the appropriateness
and effectiveness within the study. It provides perfect outcome at the right time to the scholar.
Thus, in every activity of the research, scholar should follow the proper ethics. In order to
conduct the research investigation, it is very important for the researcher to consider some ethical
aspect because ethics is very important to follow in the research study. One of the major ethical
consideration has followed by the researcher is accuracy of data. Whatever information is going
to add in the research should be authentic and accurate. It should be relevant to the investigation
objective. All objective and aim should match with the collected data because wrong information
can hugely influence to the outcome of study. Thus, it is very important for the scholar to
conduct the research in more excellent manner and use relevant and authentic information in the
study. In addition to this, another ethical consideration is related to the citation of work. All work
and content in the study should be properly citation with relevant authentic references. In this
present study, researcher have used secondary data collection from various sources such as
books, journal, online articles, blogs etc so proper citation in the work is very important. In
addition to this another major ethical consideration is related to the plagiarism. All information
which is going to add in the report should be converted or rephrased in own word. It should not
be copied and pasted from any sites.
2.10 Validity and reliability
Validity and reliability is another major consideration in the research investigation which
defines that all information included in the research should valid and reliable. Validity is referred
to as the quality of being logically and factually sound. As per this consideration all information
in the study should be proper citied with appropriate authentic references. In the absence of
reliability and validity, research can incomplete so it is very important for the scholar to add
accurate information in the investigation. In addition to this validity and reliability is one of the
most significant context by which researcher can address the actual and perfect outcome. Thus, it
can be said that in order to conduct the investigation, researcher have to focused on the reliability
and validity through which scholar can obtain the right solution. All data and information which
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is included in the research valid by which appropriate outcome can obtain in most effective
manner. The present report is based on the secondary information thus proper authentic source is
very important by which appropriateness can obtain.
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CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Physical impact of teenage pregnancy
According to Secura and et.al. (2014), teenage pregnancy happens to take place in the
females which are under the age of 20. It has been analysed that teen mother face a higher level
of stress in their lives. It also leads to depression, mood and anxiety disorders etc. Pregnancy and
motherhood in teenage have more chances to experience Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD)
where they constantly feel afraid of various events in their lives. Baby blues is another mental
disorder commonly experienced by teen mothers. It takes place after one or two months of giving
birth to the child. The common symptoms of this disorders are, sadness, difficulty in
concentrating, trouble in eating, difficulty in sleeping etc. However, in contrast to this, as per the
views of Hoggart (2012), apart from mental effect, there is a greater degree of impact on physical
health of teen mother as well. Common diseases that come up with pregnancy includes, anaemia,
lack of iron and B12 in the body, lack of calcium and other nutrients etc. preeclampsia is another
risk which is quite higher in teenage pregnancy.
According to Viner and et.al. (2012), teenage pregnancy has serious impact on the
development of the girl. Further, significant affect has also been noticed in the future
development of the unborn baby as well. Child carried by a teenage mother likely to experience
chronic medical problems throughout their life. Some of the common issues includes, low weight
at birth, lack of immunity in the child, etc. Another physical impact on the mother is postpartum
haemorrhage. The state can be defined as loss of more than 500 ml to 1000 ml of blood within
the first 24 hours after the child birth. It is due to poor contraction of uterus after childbirth.
Perinatal mortality is common due to postpartum haemorrhage in teenage pregnancy. It happens
because the uterus of an adolescent girl is not fully developed which becomes over distended
during pregnancy. It creates issues in contractions and relaxations of the uterus which allows
constant bleeding after delivering the baby. Perennial and cervical lacerations are also common
in the adolescent because of the size of the baby for which uterus is not adequately developed.
These lacerations require adequate amount of time to heal. In this manner, early child bearing
can be life dangerous for mother and child both.
According to Fletcher (2012), another physical impact that is experienced by young mother
is pregnancy induced hyper tension. It is important to maintain the baseline of blood pressure
because pregnant girls in teenage are more prone to pregnancy induced blood pressure rather
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than the woman with average age. It is important for them to keep a constant check on their
blood pressure to maintain a record of it. A low dose of Aspirin may work to reduce
hypertension in pregnant women. However, in contrast to this, as per the views of Strasburger,
Jordan and Donnerstein (2012), iron deficiency anaemia is common among adolescent pregnant
because their pregnancy is mostly unplanned and they are on low protein diet before this period.
The diet is not able to balance the amount of iron in their body due to constant menstrual flow,
every month. Adequate amount of iron is required in the body so that suitable amount is supplied
to foetus for its growth. Some of the common symptoms that have been seen in iron deficient
girls are, chronic fatigue, haemoglobin level less than normal range that is below 11 g / dl, pale
mucous membranes etc.
According to Brandt and Rozin (2013), preterm delivery is another effect that is borne by
the girl in teenage pregnancy. Since, the uterus of the adolescent is not fully grown and not
developed enough to carry a child, there is a high risk of preterm labour. The symptoms of it can
be revealed in the last month of first trimester. Preterm labour can also lead to abortion due to
sudden vaginal bleeding or suspicious stain of blood. The girls dismiss this pain by assessing it
as a normal discomfort not realizing that it can be a labour pain as well. However, in contrast to
this as per the views of Patel and Sen (2012), having a baby at such a tender age can be life
threatening to both mother and child. It is important to have adequate amount of nutrition pre-
and post-delivery so that it can lead to safe life for both of them. Hence, both mental and
physical impact is higher due to teenage pregnancy.
3.2 Behaviours that pose a health risk for adolescent pregnant girls
According to Hamilton and Ventura (2012), there is a tremendous growth in intake of
tobacco which further increases the health consequences as well. It is one of the major cause of
mortality and morbidity. Intake of tobacco leads to serious outcomes during and after pregnancy.
Not only first-hand people but the second-hand consumption of tobacco can have adverse impact
on a pregnant woman. Non-smoking women, when visit public places can come in direct contact
to people who smoke. It can be harmful for them and for their baby as well. Since, teenage girls
are more prone to diseases during pregnancy, its impacts are higher in their case. It can lead to
death of the baby and mother due to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). However,
in contrast to this, as per the views of Baldwin and Edelman (2013), smoking is a vital
modifiable cause that has caused poor pregnancy outcomes in various countries, including
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United States and United Kingdom. Some of the common pregnancy complications attached to it
are, detachment of placenta at premature level, placenta gets developed in lower uterine segment,
premature rupture of membrane, delivery at premature level, etc. It can also be a cause of
haemorrhage at third trimester of the pregnancy. The reports have suggested that it has led to
sudden abortions, miscarriages and low birth rates of the infants.
According to Sedgh and et.al. (2015), intake of alcohol during pregnancy has also been
proven dangerous to the health of the mother. When a mother in her gestation period gets
involved in consumption of alcohol, so does the baby gets involved in it. A pregnant girl
indulged in pregnant intake have higher chances that the baby gets born with Fetal Alcohol
Spectrum Disorder (FASD). The main effect of it is that the baby is born with multiple defects in
it. Alcohol contains a substance, that is teratogen, which is dangerous for the development of
baby. The substance gets transferred in the body of the baby as well which hinders in the
development of the organs of baby. It means that blood remains in the baby’s body, a much
longer than the mother which then leads to irreversible harm to the development of the baby. No
safe amount has been posed by any researcher which can be consumed by the mother during his
gestation period and post-delivery as well till the time, baby is on mother’s milk. The common
impact on consumption of alcohol is on heart of the baby, central nervous system, eyes, arms,
and development of legs. The brain of the baby gets developed in third week of pregnancy and
further gets developed rest of the pregnancy period. However, in contrast to this, as per the views
of Yoshikawa, Aber and Beardslee, (2012), in order to get healthy baby and mother, it is
important to ignore intake of drugs during gestation period. Not only illegal drugs that are
harmful for the health but other drugs can also risk that life of both baby and the mother. Some
of the common consequences of it includes, strokes, respiratory failure, heart attacks and
seizures. Some other life-threatening diseases can also be passed to the bay through it. It also
increases the chances of birth defects, underweight babies, premature delivery and birth,
reduction in immune system of the baby, etc. It also causes behavioural problems in the early
childhood of the baby. It also affects memory retinene of the child and attentiveness deficiency
as well. These deficit areas are to be assessed through cognitive performance, effect in
information processing, and attentive to a particular task. These are some of the vital areas to
lead a successful and meaningful life.
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3.3 Strategies to overcome health issues in pregnancy
According to Fletcher and Wolfe (2012), it is important for women to take adequate amount
of nutrients during their pregnancy. Proper intakse of nutrients and leading a balanced is an
essential aspect for both mother and the child. There is a greater chance of iron deficiency
anaemia among pregnant women. It can be overcome by taking adequate amount of iron through
iron rich food products so that it deficiency can be covered. Further, protein and vitamin rich
food helps in maintaining healthy pregnancy duration. Well-balanced diet also helps in
minimizing the common symptoms of nausea and constipation during pregnancy. Some of the
key components of healthy lifestyle are, gaining appropriate amount of weight, eating a balanced
and healthy diet, keeping exercise regularly, timely intake of vitamin and other mineral
supplements. However, in contrast to this, as per the views of Finer and Philbin (2013), apart
from nutrition, another important part of healthy pregnancy is to take adequate amount of fluid in
the diet. Enough fluid means there must be consumption of several glass of water with the
addition of juices and soups as well.
According to Reese and et.al. (2013), the research displays that a pregnant woman must
take at least 400 micrograms of folic acid each day. Some of the common substances containing
folic acid are, green leafy vegetables, nuts, beans, breakfast cereals, etc. It helps in reducing the
birth defects which are related to brain and spinal code. It also helps in dealing with paralysis,
intellectual disability etc. However, in contrast to this, as per the views of Farber (2014),
pregnancy is considered as the best time to get involved in health promotion activities.
Pregnancy at teenage require special attention where intake of special food and nutrition is
required. Good amount of nutrients will not only help in the growth of the baby but will also
assist in development of teen as well. Gaining of weight is required to during pregnancy but at a
healthy rate. The gained weight helps the baby to develop effectively and grow as a nourished
child as well. Majority of teens get involved in diet and weight losing practices so that they do
not gain much weight during gestation period which has greater degree of impact on health of
baby as well as the mother.
According to Goesling and Moore (2014), a girl during her pregnancy must focus on healthy
eating practices. Inclusion of all four groups of nutrients in snacks and meals contributes to
nutrients of the body which are essential for a pregnant woman. Making healthy choices helps in
constant consumption of nutrients which further makes the baby to grow and transfer the
16

nutrients to foetus as well. Constipation is the common problem faced by the pregnant woman
which can be dealt by taking adequate amount of fibre and fluid. Moderate activity on regular
basis such as walking and light exercise can also help in dealing with the issue. Intake of grain
products such as, pita and brown rice, whole wheat bread also helps in regulating bowel
movements. However, in contrast to this, as per the views of Winner and et.al. (2012), there are
certain kind of food that need to be avoided by the pregnant girl at the time of her gestation
period. High fat products may not carry much nutrients but only fat. It can lead to weight gain
but no nutrients are transferred to the bay in that case. Further, consumption of alcohol and
drinks containing alcoholic content must be avoided so as to keep the pregnant lady and foetus
safe. Moreover, there must be limited consumption of caffeine intake. The safe limit decided for
the same is 300mg of caffeine in a day. It means one cup not so strong coffee is allowed for
consumption for a pregnant woman. Other caffeinated drinks are also prohibited such as soda
and tea. However, the amount of caffeine is low but have higher impact on the development of
foetus. Further, energy drinks such as Red Bull and Monster must also be avoided by a pregnant
teenager. It not only affects the health of the body, but also have significant on the health of the
mother as well. Women who have higher consumption of caffeine during their pregnancy, the
babies can be born with cognitive and developmental defects.
3.4 Teenage pregnancy in UK
According to Wight and Fullerton (2013), the rate of teenage pregnancy in UK is relatively
higher in comparison to other developed countries. The underage use of contraception is
degraded in 2011 as compared to the data in 2001. Further, there were legal abortion of 60% of
women who became pregnant below the age of 20, that is, in their teenage. However, the
statistics have just halved in past eight years and reached to its lowest level till date. Asper the
data collected in 2015 by Office of national Statistics, there were 20,351 conceptions in girls
who are under the age of 18. However, in contrast to this, as per the views of Al-Sahab and et.al.
(2012), the reason for drop in teenage pregnancy is better sex education to the girls and boys at
teenage. Further, the access to contraception have also improved in UK. Moreover, an increase in
the stigma towards mothers in the teenage is also the reason of dropping statistics of teenage
mother in the country. UK schools have made the sex education compulsory which allowed them
to teach regarding healthy adult relationships in the country so that they are aware of everything
17

regarding sexual activities. It not only promotes reduction in pregnancy at early age, but also
reduce sexual harassment cases in the country to a great extent.
According to Brown and et.al. (2012), special dieticians can be consulted which can help the
pregnant teenage to get their diet and exercise chart routine prepared from them. Since, the
chances of abortions and miscarriages is higher in case of teenage pregnant, it is important for
them to take utmost care of their health. Further, it is dangerous not only for the bay but also for
the mother as well. As per the research, at the time of teenage, girls are not aware of what is to be
consumed and what not be consumed when they are pregnant as pregnancy is mostly unplanned
at this age. It is not the subject of ignorance but requires adequate amount of consult from
gynaecologists after every specific period. However, in contrast to this, as per the views of
Ezegwui, Ikeako and Ogbuefi (2012), seminars are organized so that teenage pregnant can be
made aware of the practices that can be adopted by them in their daily life for the life of baby
and themselves as well. It helps in making them educating regarding the practices further
preparing them in such a manner that motherhood doesn’t affect their physical as well as mental
health. There are various effects that can be experienced by the girl if she becomes pregnant at
such tender age. These effects are, increase in blood pressure, anaemia, stress, depression etc.
Adequate steps can help in lowering down the impact and also helps in developing healthy foetus
and mother. Therefore, adequate amount of practices is encouraged in UK so that teenage can
have healthy pregnancy as well as post gestation period.
3.5 Problems associated to teenage pregnancy
According to Sedgh and et.al. (2015), teenage pregnancy is considered as an important issue
due to certain reasons attached to it. The risk associated to it is not only physical, but mental,
emotional and social as well. Further, medical complications are also attached to it which is
ultimately suffered by both child and the young mother. Girls are not aware of the practices that
need to conducted during the pregnancy which makes their condition even worse. Further,
economical effect gets severed as there are lesser chances for the girl to be economically stable at
her teenage. It acts as a barricading factor in upbringing of the child. Girls tends to leave their
school and colleges as well which limits their education level. These girls hit the poverty due to
lower level of incomes having less salaries and achievement in education in comparison to their
peers. These obstacles drown the women towards mood swings, anxiety, depression, sadness etc.
However, in contrast to this, as per the views of Lehti, Sourander and Almqvist (2011), it is not
18

sure that every teenage mother has health effect, but certainly the risk towards it comparatively
higher. These girls do not plan to get pregnant and generally get to know about their pregnancy
after 28 days. It is important for the girl to get indulged in regular health check-ups. There are
certain questions that are asked by the health professional during the first prenatal visit. It
depends upon last menstrual period which helps in assessing the due date of delivery. Certain
blood tests are also organised to understand the nutritional level in the body. Pelvic examination
is conducted to ascertain the movement of the baby in womb. Pap test is another test conducted
by the doctor to check any infection and other issues in the pregnancy. These tests help in
making the assessment of risks that are involved in gestation period. Having constantly in touch
with the doctor can reduce the bad effects of pregnancy which can further help in keeping the
riskier factors under control.
19

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Introduction
After literature review, other important chapter that is included in the dissertation is Data
analysis and its findings. It helps in presenting the main findings of the study conducted by the
researcher. Based upon the findings received, analysis for the research aim and objectives is
prepared considering all the significant aspects of the research. Interpretation to the data is
performed in such a manner so that the scholar can reach to desired results of the study. In the
present dissertation which aims at exploring the impact of teenage pregnancy on physical health
of mother secondary information has been used which has been collected by the researcher for
studying the topic in depth. To evaluate the data, qualitative method has been used, in which
researcher has performed thematic analysis. Therefore, common pattern for forming themes have
been formulated for the same.
4.2 Thematic Analysis and analysis
Theme 1: Serious physical health impacts by teenage pregnancy on the mother
After referring various books, journals and varied online articles, it was analysed that
there are various impacts on physical health of a girl when she becomes pregnant below the age
of 20. Common health impact that has been analysed through the study are, increase in blood
pressure, post-partum haemorrhage, iron and B12 deficiency anaemia, premature birth of the
child, poor nutrition, barricading development of teen etc. The effects are not only borne by the
mother but also by the child as well. The child s born with lower body weight which restricts its
cognitive and mental development as well (Ochiogu, Miettola and Vaskilampi, 2011). There are
higher chances that the child is born with birth defects as well. The uterus of a teen is not
developed enough that it can hold a baby in it. There are higher chances of loss of life of mother
and child it the girl is not developed enough to conceive a child in her body. It has led to increase
in mortality and morbidity rate as well.
There is other severe impact so the body on the girl as well. Perennial and cervical
lacerations are another common issue faced by adolescent because of the size of the baby for
which uterus is not adequately developed of a teen girl. Some other symptoms of pregnancy
being faced by the girls are, fatigue, morning sickness, vomiting, fluctuating blood pressure etc.
Thus, it can be articulated from the data that has been collected through various secondary
sources that, there are different types of physical effects that can be borne by a pregnant girl.
20

However, the intensity of the impacts may differ body to body but the risk of health is certainly
higher in teens.
Theme 2: Health impact by teenage pregnancy on the mother
On exploring the secondary information, it can be found that not only physical health of
the girl is at risk if she becomes pregnant at her teenage, but her mental health is also affected to
the core. On observing the data related to it in literature review, it can be assessed that there is
various mental health impact of teen pregnancy, such as, depression, mood and anxiety
disorders, etc. pregnancy at such a tender age also makes the girls emotionally unstable.
Pregnancy at this age is unplanned and since it is a big decision for life, it requires positive mind
set of a girl. Inadequate duration for planning makes it difficult for the girl to handle sudden
change in life which further makes her frequently sad. Other common mental disorder that is
most common in teenage pregnancy is baby blues. It basically takes place after one or two
months of giving birth to the child. Other common impact of getting pregnant at this age are,
difficulty in concentrating, sleeping difficulty, constant sadness etc.
Further, teen mothers most likely to experience Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as
well, where, they are not able to handle the change that has been brought by the children their
lives. Some other mental effects that are felt by felling of being worthless, recurring panic
attacks, difficulty in enjoying activities, difficulty in bonding with the baby etc.
Theme 3: Different behaviour that pose health risk at the time of pregnancy
Based on the secondary research conducted by the research there are various aspects that
has been gathered so as to make the knowledge of stated subject concrete. Hence, there are
various behavioural aspect if conducted during gestation period can have significant impact on
the health of the baby as well as the child. It has been analysed that consumption of alcohol can
barricade development of the child’s brain and other body parts as well. Alcohol consumed by
the mother passes to the blood of child through umbilical cord. It is the main reason of
miscarriages, still births and other type of intellectual, behavioural and physical disabilities in the
child. The most of damage in done to growth cells of the baby and there are higher chances of
damage of brain and spinal cord (OBE, 2014).
Another behaviour which has been researcher through secondary data is cigarette
smoking. It can cause the baby to born before the due date due to which it can be quite weak as
well as weigh low. Smoking during and post pregnancy can also increase the risk of Sudden
21

Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). It can have vital effect on growth of the baby. It also leads to
decreasing immune system of the baby which can further results in death as well. Hence, it can
be inferred that majority of miscarriages and perinatal deaths are due to indulgence of pregnant
girl in cigarette smoking. 2200 new born are pre-mature every year in UK. 500 miscarriages and
300 perinatal deaths occur in UK due to smoking in pregnancy, every year. Smoking rates is
much higher in case of social groups and teenage girls and boys in UK. It is considered as the
primary cause of mortality and morbidity rate in UK.
Figure 1Statistics of smoking in teenage pregnancy
(Source: Smoking and tobacco: applying all our health. 2017)
Theme 4: Various problems associated to teenage pregnancy
By exploring secondary data, the researcher has been able to analyse that there are
various other problems as well that are attached to teenage pregnancy. Apart from physical and
metal risks, there are various other risks that are attached to teenage pregnancy (Dickins, Johns
and Chipman, 2012). Since, pregnancy in teenage is mostly unplanned it become difficult for
them to get ready for the change mentally, there are various changes that arises in the life of a
girl. These changes can be economical and lifestyle changes. The teenage motherhood forces the
girl to leave her education in between which makes her financial unstable for herself and for the
child as well. Another common obstacle faced by her are, mood swings, frequent sadness etc,
22

which makes her lifestyle unstable. Further, the literature review suggests that teenage pregnancy
requires utmost attention from the side of family and friends as it is riskier for both mother and
the child. Hence, regular health checks ups must be initiated so that preventive measures can be
taken for her health. Moreover, assessment of infection is also required every month so that bad
effects and risks in pregnancy can be reduced to the minimum.
Further, the secondary data collected by the researcher suggests that the increase of
pregnancy in case of teenage is associated to alcohol and substance abuse, low education level
and reduced potential of earning in teen fathers.
Theme 5: Various strategies used by the teenage pregnant to reduce the ill effects of
pregnancy
Exploring the secondary information in effective manner helped in assessing that there
are various strategies that can be adopted by the teenage pregnant in order to reduce the ill
effects of teenage pregnancy. Proper intake and nutrients and easy exercising regularly helps in
keeping both mother and the baby fit. Special attention must be given to adoption of healthy
eating practices. It helps in helping the baby to grow (Shah, Rohra, and Khan, 2011). Further, it
also assists in contributing towards the development and healthiness of child as well.
Involvement in moderate activities daily can also help in mitigating constipation which is the
common risk associated to pregnant. Adequate intake of fibre in the diet can help in keeping
regular bowel movements. There are various other things whose consumption is required to be
avoided by the teenage who is pregnant. These are consumption of alcohol; cigarette smoking
and energy drinks can lead to bring birth defects to the baby. It has a higher impact on
development and growth of the foetus as well. It creates hindrance in cognitive development of
the child which can be dangerous for both mother and her foetus. Since, the intensity of risk
higher in case of teenage pregnant, it is necessary to avoid these things during and post gestation
period. It helps in keeping the mother and foetus safe.
Secondary data collected through the research suggests that early prenatal care can help
in reducing the risk to the minimum. It also helps in assessing the risk and complications that are
associated to pregnancy. Further, taking pre-natal vitamin can help in preventing any birth
defects in the baby. Moreover, emotional support from the side of family and friends are also
required to the mother essentially to the teen who herself is a school going child. The teenagers
23

who herself are healthy enough have good chances to deliver a healthy baby. Adoption of pre-
natal care and healthy lifestyle can help in making it happen.
Theme 6: Adequate amount of nutrition intake is important for both baby’s and mother’s
health
Based upon the secondary research conducted for this study, nutrition intake is important
for the pregnant teen. It not only helps in development of the child but plays vital role in healthy
living of the mother as well. The common requirement of nutrition includes, iron, folic acid and
calcium. Pregnant teen must also indulge in intake of multi vitamin daily which can help in
supporting the baby to develop effectively. folic acid helps in preventing birth defects in the baby
if adequate amount of folic acid has been transferred from mother’s body to child’s body which
are connected through umbilical cord. Iron is another important mineral that is required to be
adequately present in the body. Consumption of vitamin C food with iron helps in transferring
the iron from stomach to blood. It has been notices in reports that the intake of nutrition in teens
during pregnancy is lower as they get o aware about their pregnancy after 28 days. Lack of
awareness regarding nutrition intake during gestation period also leads to difficulty for girls
(Jonas, Crutzen and et.al., 2016). It helps in lowering down the risk of iron deficiency anaemia in
the child as well in the mother’s body which further reduces the risk of post-partum
haemorrhage. It also protects the baby from any neural tube defects. As per the analysis of
secondary data collected to conduct this research, it can be interpreted that poor nutrition
throughout the cycle of life can lead to higher mortality rate. It is higher in case of UK as people
are not aware of nutritional intake values there.
24

Figure 2Poor nutrition and impact throughout the cycle
(Source: Nutrition of Women and Adolescent Girls: Why It Matters. 2013)
Theme 7: Sex education is the reason for reduction of teenage pregnancy in UK
25

Based upon the secondary data collected, it has been analysed that, teenage pregnancy in
UK have been reduced to half in last 8 years. It is due to adequate steps that have been taken by
the government in creating awareness regarding the same among teens. Sex education have been
made compulsory for the school going children sop that they are aware of contraception and
other techniques for having safer sexual intercourse. Asper the data collected in 2015 by Office
of national Statistics, there are around 20,351 conceptions in girls who are un der the age of
18. Moreover, another reason that has been assessed in decreasing pregnancy in teens is due to
increased stigma towards mother in the country (Jonas, K., Crutzen, R., and et.al., 2016).
Further, the government have also made easy access to contraception which has also acted as a
helping hand to reduce pregnancies at such tender age. Since, the chances of abortions and
miscarriages are higher in case of teenage pregnancies, it is required for the girls to take good
care of themselves. In order to serve this purpose, the government has involved in providing
counselling to the teens so that they can get physical as well as emotional support from them.
The main responsibility of the counsellor is to make them ready for pregnancy so that its ill
effects can be reduced to the minimum. A good care of teen pregnant in terms of physical and
mental health is kept so that miscarriages and birth defects can be reduced.
Figure 3Birth Rate in Teenage
26

(Source: 12 Studied Effects of Teenage Pregnancy, 2012.)
4.3 Conclusion
After data analysis and finding, conclusion is the last and the most important chapter of
dissertation. In this part, all the findings from the research are brought together so that ultimate
conclusion for the research can be drawn. On analysing the data for the present study which has
been collected through secondary sources helps in making assessment of teenage pregnancy on
physical health of mother. It helps in assessing various physical impact that is borne by the
teenage mother due to conceiving at such tender age. For the same, an assistance to ongoing
trend in UK has been taken to reveal the results of the research in effective manner (Taffa,
Haimanot and Mohammed, 2017).
In the present study, the researcher has tried to aim towards analysing the impact of
pregnancy on physical health of the teenager, it can be ascertained that it has wider effect on her
health. There are various diseases which are prone to teenage in this case. It includes, post-
partum haemorrhage, post-partum increases in blood pressure, anaemia etc. Most importantly,
the researcher also focussed on mental health disorder to the teen during and post gestation
period. Some of the common mental health problems include, increase in depression, anxiety,
mood disorders etc. It is important for the researcher to take appropriate amount of nutrition so
that the bad effects of pregnancy can be reduced to the minimum.
The research was taken forward by using qualitative technique of data analysis using
thematic technique. It helps in making the themes based upon the objective framed for the
research. Further, secondary method of data collection was used so that in depth knowledge
regarding the topic can be created. It helps in determining the health effects of pregnancy on
teens (Liran,Vardi and Sheiner, 2013).
Further, a rigorous literature review was created where data from various, books, journals
and online sources was collected to strengthen the knowledge. It helps in making an assessment
of different types of physical health issues which are related to teen pregnancy. It also helped in
ascertain ongoing trend in UK with respect to the stated topic and its aim. Further, various
nutrients that are required to be taken by the mother are also mentioned and also assessing the
harmful impacts of consumption of inadequate nutrients as well. In addition to this, various
behaviour which have harmful impact on the body of the mother as well as the child such as
27

consumption of alcohol, cigarette smoking, drug consumption are also outlines in detail (Lohan,
Aventin and McDaid, 2014).
Taking proper consultation from health professionals and frequent visit to it can help in
taking appropriate steps during gestation period. Further, proper intake of medicines being
prescribed by the doctor helps in taking care of mother and foetus appropriately.
4.4 Recommendation
From the data analysis and finding and conclusion, nit can be articulated that their greater
health impacts of early age of pregnancy. Further, it is important for the teenage pregnant to take
care of their health to cope up with the challenges. For this, following recommendations can be
provided:
 Get early pre-natal care: It is important to take advice from an experienced health
professional as they are the best person whose advices are required to be followed by the
pregnant women. They help in giving adequate amount o advice to the girl regarding what
amount of nutrition is required to be taken by them. Further, supplements for the same are
also extended by the professional so that nutritional level can be kept balanced. It also helps
in keeping the mother and the foetus safe and reduces the incidence of miscarriages and
abortions as well (Hoggart and Phillips, 2011).
 No consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs: Consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and
drugs can affect the development of foetus. Further, it also hinders in development of the
brain as well. It has been considered as the common cause of miscarriages, mortality and
morbidity in UK. It is important for the mother to not consume these things as it can also
increase the incidence of birth defects in the child.
 Appropriate intake nutrition: Nutrition play an important role in leading a healthy life.
When girl is pregnant, the nutrients taken by her not only help in her development but it is an
essential food for he child as well. It can be transferred through umbilical cord to the baby.
Hence, it is important for the mother to increase the intake of nutrients in her daily life so that
the same can be transferred to the baby in significant proportion. Hence, it is important for
the mother to take adequate amount of nutrients during and post gestation period. Further, the
uterus of a teen is not fully developed to hold a baby. Due to which adequate intake of
nutrition is required by the teen in comparison to the normal women during her pregnancy.
28

 Requirement of emotional support: Since, teenage pregnancies are mostly unplanned and
are unfortunate. It is important for the girl to get adequate amount of emotional support from
her family and friends. Further, it is also necessary that some one must be there to understand
her condition otherwise it can degrade her mental as well as physical health. There is a higher
risk of depression and panic attacks if no support has been given to the girl at the time of her
gestation period.
 Counselling session: It is important to gain counselling from the experts if a girl has become
pregnant at her teens. It will help her to get prepared to accept that change in her life. Further,
it also helps in making the girl ready for motherhood. Sessions are organised so that she is
aware of health practices that is required to be adopted by her to initiate adequate
development of her child and lead a healthy pregnancy and delivery of the baby as well.
 Awareness programme: It is another important method that is required to be adopted by the
government at the large scale. It will help in developing wider knowledge of contraceptives
so that pregnancy is planned in most cases. It helps in making the mother ready for this
period.
29

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APPENDIX
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