Effect of Airport Safety on Drones

This research study aims to analyze the effect of airport safety on drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). It explores the operational process of drones, their benefits in airport surveillance, and the negative impact of drones on airport operations. The study also recommends strategies to improve the impact of airport safety on drones. Find study material and solved assignments on Desklib.

Running head: DISSERTATION
Dissertation: An effect of Airport Safety on Drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
Name of Student
Name of University
Author Note

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Acknowledgement
Conducting the research study enhances me to improve my knowledge as well as analytical
ability. It gave me the chance to face challenges all the while and conquer them. It will not be
possible to conduct the research without the significant direction of my professors, companions
and every one of who have added to this advancing knowledge. I also want to thank my
supervisor __________ for helping me in my research work as well as give their full support
during the research process. I would also thank all the participants within this study for giving
their time and helping me out. From the support of people, I am inspired to work on the research
in this subject area. Finally, thank you to my family members those help me and encourage me.
Thank You.

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Abstract
A research is undertaken to provide a detailed analysis of the effect of airport safety on the
drones or unmanned aerial vehicle. Drone offers a number of benefits and has numerous
applications in the field of surveillance, emergency and for other purpose. However, the
operations of the drones at the vicinity of the airport may cause serious problems leading to
closure of the airport. The research study analyses the effective approach of assessing the main
risks that are linked with unmanned vehicles. The research study identifies the operational
process of drones and the risks that drones causes to the normal operations of the airport. The
research study is divided into a number of chapters for better understanding of the research
process. The literature review chapter is important for collection of data from the secondary
sources, while in this particular research, primary data is collected as well in form of interview.
The collected data are analysed to find answers to the identified research questions.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................6
1.1. Background of the study...........................................................................................6
1.2. Research Aims and Objectives.................................................................................8
1.2.1. Aims of the study...............................................................................................8
1.2.2. Objectives of the study......................................................................................8
1.3. Research Questions...................................................................................................9
1.4. Problem Statement....................................................................................................9
1.5. Rationale of the study.............................................................................................10
1.6. Structure of the Study.............................................................................................10
Chapter 2: Literature Review.............................................................................................12
2.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................12
2.2. The concept of UAV...............................................................................................12
2.2.1. Operational Process of UAV...........................................................................13
2.2.2. The use of Drones and its impact....................................................................14
2.3. Benefit/Use of Drones in Surveillance...................................................................15
2.3.1. Drones in Vicinity of Airport..........................................................................16
2.4. Issues faced due to operations of drones near airport.............................................18
2.5. Effect of Airport safety on Drones.........................................................................20
2.6. Strategies for reducing the negative effects............................................................21

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2.7. Chapter Summary...................................................................................................25
Chapter 3: Methodology and Research Activity...............................................................27
3.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................27
3.2. Research Philosophy...............................................................................................28
3.3. Research Approach.................................................................................................28
3.5. Research Design.....................................................................................................29
3.6. Data Collection Process..........................................................................................29
3.7 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................31
3.8. Sampling Method....................................................................................................31
3.8.1. Sample Size.....................................................................................................32
3.9. Ethical Consideration..............................................................................................32
3.10. Chapter Summary.................................................................................................33
Chapter 4: Data Collection, Results and Analysis.............................................................35
4.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................35
4.2. Analysis of the Primary Data..................................................................................35
4.3. Analysis of the Secondary Data..............................................................................40
4.4. Chapter Summary...................................................................................................41
Chapter 5: Discussion and Recommendations..................................................................42
5.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................42
5.2. Discussion...............................................................................................................42

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5.3. Recommendations...................................................................................................46
5.4. Chapter Summary...................................................................................................47
Chapter 6: Conclusion, Key Findings and Future Work...................................................48
6.1. Conclusion..............................................................................................................48
6.2. Linking with Objectives.........................................................................................49
6.3. Recommendations...................................................................................................52
6.4. Limitations of research...........................................................................................52
6.5 Future scope of the study.........................................................................................52
References..........................................................................................................................54

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background of the study
An unnamed aerial Vehicle (UAV) or drone is an aircraft or a flying robot that has a
number of applications related to safety, monitoring and various other business purposes. The
technology of drone is further used by the defence industry for monitoring purposes. One
example of making use of drone for business purpose involve its use in the insurance companies,
for accessing the damage in property related to flood, flooding and other natural or man-made
disasters (Rao, Gopi and Maione 2016.). These inspections by drones help in assisting the claim
process of insurance and therefore is used by the insurance companies. The drones are software
controlled devices with very less human intervention (Zeng, Zhang and Lim 2016). Drones are
often used in situation where the use of manned flight are considered to be risky and difficult.
Therefore, it can be said that one of the most significant applications of drones include aerial
surveillance and therefore, its presence in airport surveillance is obvious as well. However, the
prospect of expanding use of unnamed aerial vehicles has resulted in increase of a number of
understandable and major concerns to the lawmakers. The issues are mainly related to safety and
security. The increasing security concerns have resulted in enforcement of laws that prohibits the
use of drones. This has been possible because of a campaign by privacy advocates that managed
to convince, 13 states for regulating the use of drones (Ding et al. 2018). In this campaign, the
threat related to pervasive surveillance by drone is further discussed. However, in some cases,
the use of drones becomes increasingly important, as monitoring by drones enforces safety and
privacy.

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One of the most widespread application of drones is its use in airports. The drones are
mainly used for enforcing effective security monitoring within airport premises. There are a
number of benefits of making use of drones in airports (Stevenson, O’Young and Rolland 2015).
These include identification of foreign objects in airport premises, integration of the runway
surveys and enforcing perimeter security. As a part of the airport security, drones are used in
foreign object detection. An aerial detection of the foreign objects is possible with the drones.
The runway integrity surveys indicate that drones can certainly be used for providing 3D map of
runaways in a very short span of time.
However, the increasing use of drones in airport security enforces certain issues related to
airport security. Through this research report, the researcher tries to analyse the effect of airport
safety on drones and in unnamed aerial vehicle. The increase in the use of drones questions the
safety needs of the airports. The research will be analysing the negative impacts of the use of
drones at airports. One such example is related to the Gatwick airport London. This airport has
been brought to standstill after a number of drones were reported flying over the airport. The use
of drones near the airport vicinity increases the risks of collision (Clarke 2014). Thus, the
increase in the number of unmanned aerial vehicle increases the challenges faced in the aviation
industry along with the air traffic control that is responsible for safe flight operations in the
controlled airspaces. It is necessary to analyse the connection between air traffic control and
unmanned aerial vehicles (Strohmeier et al. 2014). Through this research report, the challenges
caused by the operations of aerial unmanned vehicles in airports will be analysed. The report
aims in safety assessment and risk estimation of the drones operating in the vicinity of the
airport. On analysing the effect of drones on airport safety, the report will try to address the

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problems faced by the increase in number of drones, with an aim of reducing the accidents.
Serious concerns are identified regarding the use of drones at airports which needs attention.
1.2. Research Aims and Objectives
This section of the research report introduces the readers to the aim and the objectives
related to the execution of this research project.
1.2.1. Aims of the study
The undertaken research study mainly aims in analysing the effect of airport safety on
drones or unmanned aerial vehicle. It is quite critical to analyse the effect of drone surveillance
on safety considerations of the airport. The report will be analysing the need of considering and
limiting the use of drones in airport in consideration of the safety in airport. It becomes essential
to understand the negative impact of drones in airport safety. It is integral to control the entry of
the drones in vicinity of the airports in order to reduce drone related accidents, discontinuation of
the services, along with increase in obstruction in airport traffic. In this context, the operational
process of drones, its use in airport surveillance along with the need of controlling the use of
drones will be analysed in this research project. From the aim of the research, the objectives of
the research study is identified.
1.2.2. Objectives of the study
The researcher aims in fluffing the following objective of the research.
 To understand the operations of UAV or drone
 To understand the benefits of UAV

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 To identify the main use of UAV in airport surveillance
 To understand the negative impact of use of drone in airport vicinity
 To analyse the effect of airport safety on drones or unmanned aerial vehicle
 To recommend strategies to improve the impact of the airport safety on drones
1.3. Research Questions
On basis of the identified objectives in the section above, a number of research questions
are generated for the research study. For completing this study in a successful manner, it is
necessary for the researcher to identify answers to the following questions-
 What is the operational process related to the use of drones?
 How are drones beneficial for effective surveillance?
 How are drones used in airport surveillance?
 How the use of drones at the vicinity of the airport does affects the normal
operations of the aircrafts?
 What is the effect of airport safety on drones?
 What are the strategies that can improve the operations of drone near the airport?
The successful execution of the research study is linked with finding answers to the
identified research questions. Finding answer to all these major research questions are essential
to address the issue that has been identified. The identified issues are analysed on basis of the
problem statement identified in the section below.
1.4. Problem Statement

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It is observed that the use and the utility of the unmanned vehicles have increased in the
recent years. This is particularly because of the increase in the application of the unmanned
vehicles. Technological innovation in the use of drone has increase its operations in the recent
years. However, the increase in the use of drones, increases the security and the privacy risks. A
number of laws have been enforced to address the security risks linked with the use of these
unmanned vehicles (Clarke and Moses 2014). However, the main issue that is faced in use of
drones in airport surveillance is the increase in the risk of the accidents due to sightings of the
drones blocking the normal path of aircrafts (Gettinger and Michel 2015). The research has been
undertaken to analyse the main cause of such accidents and also aims in analysis of its effect on
airport safety. By the end of the study, the researcher aims in identification of the strategies that
can help in reducing the risks and the issues linked with the use of drones in management of the
safety in airports.
1.5. Rationale of the study
The research study that is undertaken is vital as it addresses one of the most significant
concerns related to the increase in the use of unmanned vehicles or drones (Vattapparamban et
al. 2016). Undertaking this research project was essential in order to address the security issues
related to the aircrafts and its operations (Hubbard et al. 2017). The increasing obstruction of the
drones in the vicinity of the airport creating problems in normal landing of the aircrafts will be
analysed in this research study. The completion of the research in a successful manner will
address the issues linked with airport safety and the use of drones.
1.6. Structure of the Study

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The research will be completed in form of different chapters which are indicated as
follows-
Chapter 1: Introduction- This chapter introduces the topic to readers and identified the aims and
the objectives
Chapter 2: Literature Review- This chapter analyses the secondary data sources to collect
information related to the topic.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology: The techniques and the processes to be used in the research
is discussed in the research methodology chapter
Chapter 4: Data Collection and Analysis: The data related to the research will be collected and
analysed in this chapter
Chapter 5: Discussion- The results from the data collection and analysis will be discussed in this
chapter
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations- The important findings of the research study
will be analysed in this chapter.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
A literature review is important as it provides a description, summary as well as critical
evaluation of the works that have been previously performed in this field. Reviewing the exiting
literature in relation to the topic chosen for the research helps in describing the main findings in
the topic through the literature that have been previously published in this filed. There are certain
critical objectives of literature review which include, survey of the existing literature in the
chosen area of the study, synthesis of the critical information related to the topic, in form of a
literature. The literature review aims in critical analysis of a number of information gathered, by
identifying the current knowledge in the chosen field. The literature review, further helps in
identification of the limitations of theories and the researches that have been performed in this
field. This chapter will present the major findings of the secondary data sources in an organized
manner, by reviewing the works of other researches in the field of UAV and its relation with the
airport safety. In depth literature review in the field of the airport safety and relation of the
airport safety with the operation of drones is provided in this chapter. This chapter helps the
researcher in collection of secondary data that will be used in the data collection and analysis
section of the research. In this chapter, the concept of unmanned aerial vehicle, the operational
process of the unmanned aerial vehicle along with the issues that the operation of drones in the
vicinity of the airport can give rise to is discussed in this chapter.
2.2. The concept of UAV
An unmanned Aerial vehicle is commonly known as drone, which is an aircraft,
operating without a human pilot. UAV can be considered as a component of unmanned aircraft

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system that mainly include a ground-based controller along with a system of communication.
According to Zeng, Zhang and Lim (2016), the UAVs have found a wide range of applications
mainly because of their high mobility and low operational cost. Drones were primarily designed
for its use in military (Thiels et al. 2015). Drones were usually deployed in hostile territory, for
reducing the losses of pilots. However, small UAVs are now easily accessible to public, leading
to development of a new applications both in civilian and commercial domains. The weight of
the commercial drones generally does not exceed 25 kgs. The drone manufacturing organizations
are continuously working for reducing the cost and miniaturization of the UAVs to increase its
operational efficiency (Faiçal et al. 2014). There are a number of operational use of a working
drone. It is generally used for monitoring the weather, forest, detection of fire and control of the
traffic and for other purpose. Drones are also used for the surveillance purpose, which is one of
the most significant application of the drones (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015). The use of the
drones are not limited in a specific geographical area and therefore, the presence of drones in
vicinity of airport is not new. Drones are often used for achieving a high speed wireless
communication. In consideration of the various applications of the UAVs, it is observed that
modern UAVS can be used for close inspection as well (Ellenberg et al. 2014). This is a
significant reason behind the increase in application of UAV. Review of the existing literature
has helped in researcher in identifying the operational process of drone and has justified the
presence of drones in the vicinity of the airport.
2.2.1. Operational Process of UAV
The unmanned aerial vehicle generally operates on IEEE L-Band, ISM band and IEEE S-
Band. The recent advances in the technological field of Unmanned aerial vehicle increases the
efficiency in the operational process of UAV. The manufacturer of drones works for improving

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the efficiency of the drones by reducing the size of the drones and also by reducing the cost.
However, there are certain factors linked with the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles.
According to Saleem, Rehmani and Zeadally (2015), the advances in the field of unmanned
aerial vehicles helps in identification and mitigation of the challenges that are faced in this field.
One of the significant solution to the problems caused by the scare spectrum, in drones include
the use of cognitive radio technology (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015). With the various
advancements in the field of UAVs it is possible to enforce effective surveillance by making use
of these small UAVs.
2.2.2. The use of Drones and its impact
Mozaffari et al. (2016), identify a number of usage of drone and experiment on effective
and efficient deployment of the UAVs to gain a maximum wireless coverage. The use fo
unmanned aerial vehicles are although promising, there negative effects of the same are needed
to be analysed as well (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015). There are a number of usage of
drones, some of the applications of which include the drones used in agricultural purposes,
drones used in surveillance and drones used in emergencies. Apart from these applications,
drones are known to provide emergency services as well. Drones have a number of commercial
usages that include its operations in window cleaning, wildlife conservation along with certain
personal use as well (Hodgson and Koh 2016). Drones are capable of sensing the heat and
provide details related to the weather and climate. Thus, increase in the number and operations of
the drones are obvious.
However, the main purpose of drone heads to commercial aerial surveillance. Drones
involve a technological advancement to the security cameras and is mainly designed for catching

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the lawbreakers. These surveillance can be related to farming as in farming, the farmers make
use of drones for monitoring the livestock. It is further used by fire departments to track as well
as mapping the wild fires (Sarıçiçek and Akkuş 2015). The use of drones are further used by the
private companies for effective monitoring of the infrastructural requirements. Drones find its
usage in inspection of the power lines, tall towers and chimneys. Apart from that, there is an
extensive use of drones in film making as well (Blasch et al. 2014). Thus, the increase in the
number of drones in the vicinity of the airport is quite common since it is used for surveillance.
The use of drones in surveillance are needed to be accurately analysed in order to identify its
impact of drones on the safety considerations of the airport (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015).
A number of issues are faced due to the operations of drones in the airport leading to delays in
flights and operational shut down.
2.3. Benefit/Use of Drones in Surveillance
The research mainly aims in analysing the effect of airport safety on drones or Unmanned
aerial Vehicle. For analysing the adverse effect of airport safety on drones, it becomes integral to
analyse the use and benefits of the drones in surveillance (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015).
The main concern linked with the use of drones in surveillance is needed to be analysed in
consideration to the safety of the airports. Prior to the analysis of the effects of airport safety on
drones, the benefits of drones on surveillance are analysed from the existing literature and
studies in this field of drones (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015). Since the research is based on
understanding the effect of airport on safety of the drones, it becomes quite integral to evaluate
the benefits of the drones related to airport surveillance. A number of factors such as the normal
operations of drone involve technology improvement, mass manufacturing and reduction of the
cost have improved the purchase of the drones (Yang et al. 2017). The drones are used for

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evaluation of the air traffic control system and further helps in integrating the form of aviation
with that of the close proximity aircrafts that generally operated in low altitudes. One of the most
significant benefits of drone is that it can do the work of spy cams and can help in collection of
the various information in an effective manner (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015). Thus, one of
the most significant aspect of making use of drones in collection of information.
2.3.1. Drones in Vicinity of Airport
One of the most significant use of drones is its ability to monitor and keep a watch on
certain areas. This indicate that it is not uncommon to spot a drone in the vicinity of an airport.
However, with the increase in the use of drones, the danger in the normal operations of the
drones increases as well (Foina, Krainer and Sengupta 2015). It is observed that although drones
have a number of benefits, the operation of the drones can be dangerous to the aircrafts as well.
A number of cases of drone disruption in airports can be identified. Any collision of an aircraft
with a drone in mid-air can result in increase of the eminent danger to the aircraft. Since the
increase in the operation of the aircraft increases, the rate of observing the near misses between
drones and the aricrafts increases as well (Lin and Saripalli 2015). The UK Airpox Board is
responsible for monitoring of all the near misses that is linked with a commercial aircraft. In the
year 2017, there were almost 92 cases of near misses between the drones and the aircrafts. This
number is near about three times larger than it was in the year 2015. Therefore, it can be
commented that there is a high probability of increase in the eminent danger in operations of the
aircrafts.
The disruption in the normal operation of the aircrafts due to operations of the drones
give rise to the needs of enforcement of laws that will help in reducing the danger related to

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flying of an aircraft in airport’s vicinity (Stevenson, O’Young and Rolland 2015). One of the
main factors that is contributing to the problem is the fat that drones are generally freely
available and is untraceable as well. These unmanned vehicles are quite capable of causing
damage to the aircraft windscreens. Thus it is observed that the operation of drones near an
airport threatens the safety of the airport.
In considerations to the increase in the cases of accidents as a result of the operations of
the drone, it is necessary to analyse the strategies that can significantly help in reducing this
problem. Considering the number of accident cases regarding the use and the operation of
drones, it is mandatory to restrict the operations of the drones (Hubbard et al. 2017). As per the
rule, it is illegal to fly drone within 1 km of the airport’s boundary. Furthermore, it is necessary
for the drones to remain in the line of sight within 500 meters of the pilot (Gade, Paranjape and
Chung 2015). Furthermore, it is quite essential to ascertain that the flights does not fly within
150 meters from crowds and also from the built up areas.
Although the drones are used for surveillance, it is illegal to fly drone higher than that of
120 meters in the restricted areas. This restriction is imposed in order to address the issues that
are posed by the use of drones in collection of the information (Karan et al. 2014). The operation
of the drones in the vicinity of the airport is a factor that needs attention particularly because it
risks the normal operation of the aircrafts, which in turn risks the life of the passengers. Britain
has completely banned the flight of drones within 1km of any airport (Gade, Paranjape and
Chung 2015). There are implications of extending the operation up to 5km in the airport. Apart
from that it has become mandatory for the drone pilots to take online safety tests along with the
people who owns drone of more than 250 g of weight (Sathyamoorthy 2015). In order to reduce
the negative effect of airport on the safety operations of the drones, it is necessary for the airports

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to prepare protocols regarding the flight of aircrafts in the vicinity of the airports. It is possible to
address the major issues that airports might face with the use of drones, in order to address the
safety needs of the drones (Gade, Paranjape and Chung 2015). The operations of the drones
cannot be completely restricted as it is responsible for emergency services as well.
2.4. Issues faced due to operations of drones near airport
According to Zeng, Zhang and Lim (2016), drones can cause threats to the aircraft. The
drones, also are known as the unmanned aerial vehicles, when operated near the airport, can
cause severe threats. The researchers conducted the different test and observed that a small drone
weighing 400g has the potential of breaking the windscreen of the helicopter. However, a drone
weighing 2kg can break and cause severe damage to the windscreen of the passenger's jets.
In October 2017, an incident occurred in Canada. A commercial plane was damaged after
the collision with the drone. One of the wings of the plane was damaged, and the aircraft
received minor damages. However, the plane was able to land safely. Different researchers have
made a different test on the impact related to the damage due to the drone and concluded
different conclusions (Loffi et al., 2016).
The University of Dayton researched in the United States. The research was conducted to
represent a collision which occurred in mid-air between a quadcopter and a commercial plan
which was travelling at a speed of 238mph and demonstrated the major damage (Tiller and Bliss
2017). Different researches from different institute collaborated with the Alliance System Safety
of unmanned aircraft system and with the Federal Aviation Authority of United States and
concluded that the damage caused by the drones is more than the damage caused by the collision
of the bird with the aircraft.

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According to Prevoot et al., (2016), the airport operates based on time, and the plane is
moving onto or is moving off the runways on an average of every 45 seconds. The drone has the
potential to interrupt the smooth flow of the plane while it is rerouting. The damage is caused as
the air traffic control are unaware of the movement of the drone where it will fly and what will it
do.
The pilots observe that if the wing of the aircraft is struck or hit with a drone, it will cause
severe damage. However, it will not damage the plane. Moreover, in a different situation when
the engine of an aircraft is ingested by the drone, the risk increases. There are also different
issues that the aircraft faces when the drone interfere with the region near the airport. Drones
might be fitted with different types of explosives that can damage the aircraft and which can be
used by the terrorist for attacking the plane. The Gatwick Airport of London was closed down
for one day. The reason for the shutdown was that a drone was sighted near the Airport. The
drone near the airport can disrupt and delay flight operations. The disruption can delay the flight
for a longer period.
According to Bolos (2015) that despite the productivity of the drone and its benefits,
drones are the device that flies in the airspace. The airspace consists of different elements. The
average weight of the drone is between 1Kg to 3Kg. If the drone collides with the passenger
aircraft while it is taking off or when it is landing at speed. The structure of the aircraft is
damaged, and infact the engine is also damaged. The drones are potential enough to interfere
with the airliners, and their interference causes inconvenience to the passengers. With the
increase in the drones flying in the airspace, the situation is getting worse, and the problem is
increasing rapidly.

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The drone is the reason that gives rise to unwanted situations. In the Southwest Airlines
flight, both the pilot is operating flights notice drone around 1000 metres above the Teterboro
situated in New Jersey. The distance of the Teterboro from the airport of Newark is around 9
miles. This led to an unwanted situation where 170 of the Newark flights were delayed on the
airport before it takes off and few flights were forced to land at different airports for the safety of
the passenger. The drone affects the flights and disrupts the process of transportation of the
passengers using the mode of aircraft. From different research, it is concluded that the pilots are
scared when they sight drones in the airspace. Different tests have proved the issues that are
created by the drones. The drone can lead to the takedown of the aircraft. The drones not only
damages the engines and the structure of the aircraft. However, it can also cause damage to the
pilot or can even distract the pilot while they are operating the flight. Different researchers have
the effort to identify how the drone led to a problem in the safety of the airport.
Recently an unwanted situation was observed in the Dubai International Airport were all
the outbound flights were asked to ground their flights for 30 minutes. Dubai International
Airport ranks third among the busiest airport in the world. Various such incidents occur due to
the activity of the drone (Kuhn 2017). The drone when observed near the airport hampers the
normal operation of the flights and the airport safety is not maintained.
2.5. Effect of Airport safety on Drones
According to the different research performed by Bhattacharjee (2015), it is concluded
that when the airport authorities implement different federal and legislative laws for the drone, it
impacts the working of the drone technology. The drone technology provides different types of
facilities and benefits for different sectors. The drone has the potential to fly at a greater height

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and can help in recording various essential data’s. The drone technology is growing at a rapid
rate (Pathiyil, Yeo and Low 2017). The drone technology helps in improving the lifestyle and the
working mature of the human beings. However, damage to the drone due to the laws, rules and
regulation implemented by the Airport Authority will reduce the number of drones which will
ultimately cause the loss of a new technology. The government are using different methods to
prevent any damage or negative impact on the drone with the implementation of the Airport
safety rules. The drones are used by different researchers and scientists for studying the different
data. If the drone technology is not used the scientists and the researcher will be facing problems
in their work process (Angliss et al., 2018).
According to Klemas (2015), there might be certain situation which requires the use of
drone technology. Strict laws and fines will restrict the use of the drone technologies which will
impact the positive advantage of the drone. The airport safety laws prevent the operation of the
drones at height above 400feet from the ground. The law prevents the use of drone for operating
different things from a height which can be used to improve the quality of such works. However,
the drone technology is one of the most important and vital technique which is used by people
associated in different fields. All the strict laws and regulations imposed on the drone prevents
the proper functioning and operation of the drone which in turn destroys the drone industry
(Evangelatos and Rolim 2015).
2.6. Strategies for reducing the negative effects
According to Corcoran (2015), the involvement of the drone in the airspace have severe
effect on the safety of the airport. All the drones which are operating both for commercial and
recreational purpose need to register with the Administration of Federal Aviation if the weight of

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the drone is greater than half pound. It is stated that more than 1.2 million drones which are used
are registered drones. There must be some rules and regulations that the drones must abide for
flying. The drone need to fly below 400 feet from the ground. The operators of the drones must
have permission from the operators of air traffic control. The drones must be restricted from the
areas near the airport to maintain the safety of the airport.
The head of drone law name Philip Banks-Welsh stated that it is difficult to find different
preventive measures to restrict or rather stop the attacks that is made by the drone. He gave an
example to show that it is difficult to stop the movement of the drone. There are certain rules and
regulation which must be abided by the drone operators for reducing the negative effects of
drone in the safety of the airport (Willens, Proudlove and Miller 2017). The law states that the
drone cannot fly in restricted airspace near the airport as it is against the rules and regulations.
The drone fitted with cameras cannot be used near the airport. A set of guidelines is provided by
the Drone safe website to control the national air traffic and airspace.
According to Elias (2016), in order to stop the drone from flying near the airport the
government is trying to implement different anti-drone systems. If a person is observed flying
the drones near the restricted region of the airport can be sentenced to jail for five years. There
are various methods that can help in reducing the effect of the drone. The methods includes
dropping the drone with the help of another drone or else firing the drone from the ground in
order to avoid further damage due to the drone. However, the Dutch police authority have
proposed the idea of implementing trained eagles for attacking the drones so that they are not
able to disrupt the safety of the airport. The drone can detected at the early stages and future
disaster can be prevented (Burgin 2015).

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As stated by Lovett (2015), the airspace is divided into two different categories. They are
known as the limited airspace and controlled airspace. The region around the airports where the
controls are supposed to follow the different protocols when the incident is applied. However,
the controlled airspace is the region that covers the nearby area of the airport between -15km.
There are certain rules which strictly forbids the movement of the drones within 8Km from the
airport.
According to Burzichelli (2016), the negative effect can be reduced if the drone is sighted
or rather observed before the occurrence of the incident. Such incident is termed as safe incident.
When the drone is observed by the authorities and the concerned associates before any risk. The
drones which are fitted with the GPS, must be avoided from the airspace. The GPS must be
restricted from operating near the airport areas. The accident which has already occurred must be
reported to the concerned authorities and necessary actions must be taken to reduce or rather
minimize the effect of the damage caused by the drone. The legislative law impose strict and
high fines when there is any destruction or damage caused due to the drones.
It is observed in many cases which has occurred is due to the lack of the awareness
among the operators of the drones. The federal rule states that it is band to fly drone within 5
miles from the airports. The drone need to be within 400 feet from the ground so that there is no
accident or any kind of damages to the aircraft (Gupta, Jain and Vaszkun 2015). There are
implementation of different methods that can help in tracking the drone if it is present in the
nearby areas of the airport. The path of the drone and the operator can be easily detected by
certain methods that can help in reducing the damage due to the drones. The methods and
techniques are used to identify the different drones present in the airspace.

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The Airport Authorities are taking necessary measures to prevent the negative effect of
drones will create on the airport safety. The Airport Authority have generated different protocols,
methods of detection of drones. They have also created different techniques to create or to
defence the different drone related equipment’s in the airport areas (Nguyen et al., 2016).
There are different federal law that states that the aircraft cannot operate without the
authorization or rather permission of the airport authorities. No drone’s activities will be
entertained within five miles of the airport region (Gettinger and Michel 2015). Drones are
termed as real time aircraft by the Federal Aviation Administration, and all the drones’ operators
need to follow the different rules, safety requirements and regulation about the region where it is
operated. Different types of new drones have been invented that will prevent the drone from
moving forward, the drone will be able to move upwards and downwards. However, the drones
will not be able to move forward which will help in preventing different accidents to the
aircrafts. The FAA in order to reduce the negative effect of the drone flying imposes strict
methods and fines for flying drones in the restricted regions such as in the airspace near the
airport (Opfer and Shields 2014).
The researchers have mentioned in their works that the airport authorities implemented
strict and sophisticated methods for preventing the severe attacks of the drones. The airport has
implemented expensive and complicated system which is employed or rather consists of different
detectors and cameras which will help in detecting the presence of drones in the nearby areas of
the airport and the detection will be much easier. The manufacturers of the drone must
implement different default mode set for the drones so that they can easily stop or prevent the
drones from flying in the different regions. The drone requires different elements that can warn
or prevent the drone from entering the restricted zones.

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It is stated in certain research works that the drone can be stopped with the jamming
process. Inspite of the implementation of the jamming process if the drone does not stops there
are certain instruments or devices that can be used in order to stop the device. The technique of
using laser is another method which will help in preventing the attacks or the effect from the
drones. The laser is used by making a weapon which will help in burning the effect of the drone.
The radio jammer is used by the airport authority to prevent the different types of effect of the
drones. There is a method that can be used to avoid or reduce the damage of the drone. The
method is by intentionally stopping the working of the drones in the restricted airport zone.
According to Duffy et al., (2018), better methods and management team if introduced in
the system can prevent the negative effect of the drones. The methods and the techniques can be
divided into sub division. The first steps involves the identification of the issues so that it can be
avoided as early as possible and necessary steps must be taken. Different methods must be
introduced into the airport system so that the chances of the interference of the drone in the
airspace is reduced. The method which deals with the identification and avoidance is mainly
maintained by the private sectors. The drones can be fitted with different types of transponders
that will help in preventing the transmission of the data and will help the pilot in avoiding the
conflict caused by the drone. However, the federal and legislative laws will help in reducing the
negative impacts of the drones.
2.7. Chapter Summary
The literature review chapter related to the operation of drones in the vicinity of the
airport, demonstrates a sense of familiarity and credibility in the field of the chosen research. The
chapter provides a brief overview of the main concept and operation of the unmanned aerial

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vehicle. The chapter provides the readers with an idea of the issues that a drone can give rise to,
in consideration to the safety and operations of the airport. The literature review highlights that
fact that the increase in the operation of the drones for a number of reasons often result in
increase in the disruption of the flight. Therefore, it is necessary to address these issues to
enforce safety in airport. There are certain benefits related to the operation of the drones.
However, the operations of the drones in the vicinity of airport becomes reasons for disruption of
the flights, giving rise to other safety issues. The chapter above discusses the main issues that are
faced as a result of operation of drones in airports. Since the operation of the drones in the
vicinity of the airport can cause disruption in the normal operations of the aircrafts, strategies for
identification and elimination of the same are needed to be identified. The report provides certain
strategies that can significantly help in elimination of the risks that are faced due to the operation
of drones near the airport. Along with the issues that drones create in operation of the airport, the
literature review provide the readers with the understanding of the various benefits that the use of
drones leverages on a business. The data obtained from this extensive literature review, helped
the researcher in identification of the secondary sources and collection of the data from those
sources. The literature review chapter helped the researcher in formulating the interview
questions that forms the basis of collection of data from the primary sources.

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Chapter 3: Methodology and Research Activity
This is one of the most significant chapter of this dissertation where the effectiveness of
the data collected will be evaluated using the data analysis procedures such as qualitative and
quantitative data analysis methods. All the future decision making regarding the use of the
drones or the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in the aviation industry.
3.1. Introduction
Detailed analysis and examination of the results obtained has been done using the
research methodology section of this dissertation. Different theories and concepts have been
incorporated within this dissertation using the research methodology. There are different
categories of research methodologies such as descriptive, quasi-experimental, experimental and
co-relational can be can be very much useful to measure the effectiveness of the dissertation.
Accuracy of the prediction is also very much included in the discussion of the research
methodology. Broad philosophical understandings can be evaluated using the research
methodology (Walliman 2017.). Reliability of the dissertation will be depend entirely on the
research methodology section. It can also be said that validity of the dissertation can also be
enhanced using the research methodology section. The prime issues of using drone or any sort of
unmanned vehicles can be evaluated using the chosen data collection procedure of this
dissertation. This research methodology will be having numerous segments and each of the
segments will be very much significant bring value to the dissertation. Two different categories
of data collection procedures have been considered in this dissertation where primary da have
been collected from an airport employee who have huge experiences about the use of numerous
categories of technologies in the hospital area such as robotics and air drones.

28DISSERTATION
3.2. Research Philosophy
Research Methodology can be defined as the way by which data will be analysed,
gathered and used in an organized manner. There are different categories of research
philosophies which are used in dissertation such as pragmatism, positivism and realism.
Pragmatism research philosophy can be very much useful for research purposes as it can
integrate qualitative, action as well as the quantitative data analysis procedures (Carter, 2018).
This philosophy is a combined approach of positivism and interpretivism. Positivism research
design can be defined as the type of research methodology which is very much useful for the
researchers regarding the data collection procedure, analysis of the data can also be done in a
systematized manner using positivism research design. Realism research methodology can be
very much useful to analyse the collected data development of the knowledge is the other
significant contribution.
Justification
The research design which was followed in this dissertation paper is pragmatism which is
a combined approached of both positivism and realism. The use of this research methodology
will ensure the success of this dissertation paper.
3.3. Research Approach
There are different categories of research approaches which are generally used in the
dissertation papers such as deductive approach, abductive approach, and inductive approach
(Hart 2018). This dissertation proposal have considered the deductive approach as this paper can

29DISSERTATION
be used for most of the future researchers as huge amount of data are readily not available in
other sources.
Justification
There are numerous reasons behind choosing the deductive research approach, hypothesis
if this research can be easily made using this category of research approach (Bozkurt, Keskin,
and de Waard 2016). Logical reasoning us directly associated with their research approach as
any kinds of assumption and discussion can be logically discussed using this research design as
well. The user friendliness of this approach is one of the other reason behind choosing this
research approach.
3.5. Research Design
There are different categories of research designs which are used in dissertation proposals
such as the exploratory, explanatory and descriptive research design. All the data collection
procedure is directly aligned with the research design. Explanatory research design helps in
understanding the occurrence of each of the activities of a dissertation proposal (Mackey and
Gass 2015). Descriptive research design helps in conceptualizing different categories of ideas
and thoughts which after required in order to deal with the complexities of dissertations.
Exploratory research design can be defined as the type which helps in identifying the occurrence
of the events of the dissertation.
Justification
Descriptive research design was used in this dissertation as the activities of the
researchers and every situations can be analysed in an organized manner using the research

30DISSERTATION
design. The amount of money required for this research design is very much less as compared
with the other research design. Explanatory research was avoided as it supports the concepts of
longitudinal study as this study cannot be performed in this particular research design. The
detailed process of this dissertation can be studied in an organized manner using the descriptive
research design.
3.6. Data Collection Process
There are different categories of data collection procedures which can be used in
dissertation such as primary data collection and secondary data collection procedure. Primary
data is collected from first hand researcher, there are lots of platforms which are used in the
primary data collection process such as survey, personal interview, and experiments (Pearson
and Geronimus 2018). Secondary data collection process is defined as the type of data collection
procedure where data are collected from numerous secondary resources where scholars and
researchers have stated their opinion about the selected topic. Resolving any categories of issues
is possible using the raw data which is generally collected using the primary data. Accuracy of
the dissertation can be enhanced using both the secondary as well as the primary data. Updated
information can be obtained from primary data, at the same time it can also be said that data
collected from secondary sources cannot be used other purposes due to the data privacy
(Johnston 2017). However, it can also be said that there are few limitations associated with the
data collected procedure of dissertation such as getting the actual data as desired (Flaherty,
Honeycutt and Powers 2015). Lack of control over data can be the other limitations of data
collection procedures. Biasedness of the data can be very much significant limitation regarding
the primary data collection procedures which is performed for dissertation assignments. The

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other significant limitation of this secondary data collection procedures is the reliability of data
unless it is obtained from peer review sources.
Justification
This dissertation proposal will be considering both the two categories of data collection
techniques. Primary data will be collected from an experienced employee who works in the
airport facilities having a huge knowledge about the use of robotics technology and uses of
drones or other unmanned vehicles (Neelankavil 2015). Whereas secondary data will be
collected from peer reviewed sources where each of the investigators of the paper have stated
their opinion about the use of drone or any sort of unmanned vehicles in airport.
3.7 Data Analysis
There are different categories of data analysis which are used in the dissertation such as
the qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods (Borges Luz and Nilsson 2016).
Qualitative data analysis can be very much useful to manage the data collected from primary
data collection procedure, quantitative data analysis can be very much useful to analyse the
collected data using conceptual frameworks and identity patterns.
Justification
Qualitative data collection procedure have been used in this dissertation as the
interpretation of data can be very much beneficial to analyse the primary data which will be
collected from an experienced employee working in the airport facilities having huge exercise in
most of the emerging technologies such as unmanned vehicles and drones.
3.8. Sampling Method

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The selection of the sampling method can be very much useful to understand the topic
from broader perspective. It can be said that sampling method can be very much significant to
understand each aspect of the topic. There are different categories of sampling method which are
generally used in the dissertation assignments such as simple random sampling, cluster sampling
and stratified sampling (Chiappero-Martinetti et al. 2018). At the same time, it can also be said
that probabilistic sampling and non-probabilistic sampling, multistage sampling, systematic
sampling and cluster sapling are the other sampling techniques which are used in dissertation
assignments.
Justification
The sampling method which has been used in this dissertation is the probabilistic
sampling method such as simple random sampling (Sherman et al. 2016). The sampling random
sampling is very much important to study the collected primary data from an experienced worker
who works in airport facilities. The selection of the subjects can be done in an organized way
using the simple random sampling. Assigning of the numbers are collected using the simple
random sampling method. Generation of the numbers and data is much easier suing the random
sampling method.
3.8.1. Sample Size
Sample size can be defined as the total number of sample which will be considered in the
primary data collection procedure. The sample size can have a huge impact on the outcome of
the dissertation as different perspective can be understood with bigger sample size. The margin
of error increases with increase in sample size, at the same time it can also be said response time
is directly associated with the sample size of the dissertation assignments (Etikan, Alkassim, and

33DISSERTATION
Abubakar 2016). The sample size of this dissertation assignment is 1 where data will be collected
from an experienced employee of airport facility who used to work previously in IT organization
as a result the interviewee have lots of knowledge about the advantages as well as the limitations
of the use of drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).
3.9. Ethical Consideration
Ethical considerations can be define as the code of conducts which are needed to be
followed in each phase of dissertation projects (Disman, Ali and Barliana 2017). These ethical
considerations are needed to be followed so that the reliability of the dissertation is maintained.
There are numerous categories of ethical considerations which are needed to be considered in the
dissertation assignments which will be discussed in this part of the paper.
Security and privacy of data: The data which have been collected from various sources
cannot be used for any other purposes. The secondary data which has been collected from peer
viewed sources has to be properly referenced at the end of the paper (Harding 2018). The data
collected from the primary interview must not be altered. Reliability of the data must be
maintained under any circumstances as well.
Interference: The primary data collection procedure must be done in a systematic way
where the participants must be allowed to express his/her feelings about the chosen topic. The
participant must be knowing each detailed description of the positives and negatives of the use of
the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Any kinds of external influence from the researcher of this
investigation or from anyone else must not be tolerated during the personal interview (Crowder
2017). In top of that it can also be said that the participant must be encouraged for participating
in such a noble

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3.10. Chapter Summary
This chapter is one of the most significant chapter of this dissertation where detailed
description of the research methodology is stated. This chapter is very much significant to
understand the research methodology which has been used in this dissertation which is
pragmatism research design. The research approach which has been used in this dissertation is
deductive research approach as logical reasoning is possible if the dissertation is designed using
deductive research approach. The research design which has been used in this dissertation are
exploratory design. Data collection which has been used in dissertation can also be identified
from this chapter of the dissertation. Then data collection process which as used in the paper can
also be identified from this chapter as well. The data analysis technique which was used in this
dissertation is qualitative data analyse as it helped in analysed primary data. The sample size of
this dissertation is 1 which can also be understood from this chapter. The ethical considerations
of this dissertation can also be identified from this chapter such as the importance of maintaining
security and privacy of the data.

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Chapter 4: Data Collection, Results and Analysis
4.1. Introduction
One of the most important chapters of the research study involves collection of data
related to the research, analysing the collected data and finding answers to the research questions
identified. Data collection can be described as a process that is related to identification of the
data that is an important consideration of the research study. Inaccurate data collection method
generally leads to failure of the research study and therefore accurate collection and analysis of
the data is important. The previous chapter identifies various methods of data collection. In
consideration to this particular research, both primary and secondary data is collected. For
collection of the primary data, the method of interview has been chosen, while for collection of
the secondary data, various research journals are evaluated in form of literature review. The
analysis method that is chosen for analysing both primary and secondary data is qualitative data
analysis. In this method, the collected data will be analysed on basis of the already existing
literature and the theories in this field. This chapter forms the most integral chapters of the
research study as determines whether the identified objectives are fulfilled or not. The data
collection process is important for a research as it help in gathering and measuring the
information that is needed for completion of a research. The collected primary and secondary
data are analysed in the sections below.
4.2. Analysis of the Primary Data
The primary data for this research is collected in form of interview. Interview as a
method is a widely used approach for collection of primary data as by this method, it is possible
to collect the most accurate data. For this particular research, the researcher has me a local

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consultant in Dubai, who has an experience of working in different UAE airports. A total of 12
questions were asked to the representatives in order to collect data related to effect of airport
safety on drones. The representative had provided his opinion in response of the questions that
have been asked. The analysis each questions are indicated in the paragraphs below.
The first interview question that was asked to the local consultant is whether he has any
contingency plan for combatting the drones or unmanned aerial vehicle. This question was
designed in regards to the understanding of the airport safety. The impact of the drones on safety
of the airport is a major concern as disruption in the airlines services as a result of drones are
quite common. In answer to the question, the consultant opined that there is no contingency plan
as of now. However, the discussion for development of a contingency plan is going for past 6 to
7 years. The consultant opined that Dubai Police are also involved in this discussion as there
have been sightings of drones around the Dubai Airports, resulting in a brief shutdown tat costed
millions of Dirhams. This it is analysed, that drones create a major concern in relation to the
normal operations of the air crafts.
Since issues in the operations of the airport as a result of drones are quite common, it
becomes necessary for the aircrafts to possess safety wing. In the next question, the consultant
was asked to provide opinion, whether the Emirates and Etihad has any separate safety wings.
The consultant replied in a positive. Therefore, it can be said that the airport authorities are
thinking about the problems that are being faced due to the operations of the drones.
For understanding the depth of the issues caused and the concerns identified regarding
the use of drones in the vicinity of the airport, the consultant was asked to provide his opinion
regarding whether any specialized company or consultancy has been approached for addressing

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the burning issue. The consultant indicated that a number of companies are approached yet no
solutions are found in consideration to the problem of sighting of the drones near the airport and
disruption of the normal operations of the airport. The consultant answered that although a
number of companies are approached with the problem, no specific solution to the problem was
found. Therefore, it is analysed that the authorities need to think more about the methods in
which the major issues related to the safety of the airports can be addressed.
In order to understand the operations of the aircraft and the risks the airports might face
due to the operations of drones in the vicinity, the details about the air traffic pattern is taken
from the interview respondent. An airfield traffic pattern as described by the respondent, as a
standard path, that is followed by an aircraft in times of taking off or landing. The pattern
altitude is generally 1000 for small aircraft and for large engine aircraft, it is 1500 feet. From
this data, it is analysed that the operations of the drones should be restricted at least till the
pattern altitude of the large engine aircraft.
The interviewee was further asked to provide their opinion about the processes that are
already running to combat the drones in the airports of UAE whether any such process exists.
The interviewee answered positively and further provided information about the committee that
is dedicated for doing that particular work. The responded provided opinion that there are 20 to
30 staff members who are appointed for combatting drones in airport. From this data, it can be
analysed that one of the most effective strategies that are considered for the operation of the
drones.
For collecting data related to the strategies that are in place in order to address the issues
faced by the drones, the interviewee was asked to provide information regarding whether any

38DISSERTATION
research report has been submitted for implementation of the counter drone attacks by any
committee or any consultancy company. As a response, the interviewee responded that no such
research report is submitted as it is considered to be over-budget.
The data collected from the secondary sources indicate that certain recommendations are
made to combat the issues that are faced in the airports as a result of the operations of drones.
The respondent was asked to provide opinion regarding whether the any counter drone attacks
were implemented or appointed by the company. The interviewee answered that no such attacks
were appointed by the committee mainly because the process is quite expensive. Therefore, it is
analysed that the airport authorities may not be serious regarding the issues that are being caused
by drones in the vicinity of the airport. Furthermore, a significant amount of investment is
needed in order to address the issues that are caused by drones flying in the vicinity of an airport.
For analysis of the strategies that can help in addressing the issues related to operation of
drones and the safety of the airport, data related to the ongoing processes and plan in
consideration of the same is being analysed. The interviewee was asked to comment on whether
they have any special teams who can train the airport staffs regarding the critical issues related to
combating drones near the airport. The Interviewee said that the entire process is in its planning
phase. From this data, it can be analysed that one of the most effective strategies that can be
undertaken by the airport authorities in combatting the issues that are faced by the drones is to
understand the risks in operation of the drone along with training the individuals regarding
combatting the drones that could be seen in the vicinity of the airport.
The interviewee was further asked to provide an opinion whether any law is introduced in
the General Civil Aviation Authority. This question was asked mainly because it is considered as

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one of the effective strategies that can help in addressing the issues that are generally faced as a
result of the operations of the drones at the vicinity of the airport. The interviewee responded that
laws regarding the limited use of drones near the airport has already been passed. This is
supported by the information that is collected from the secondary sources. The data from the
literature review indicate that there are laws that stops the flight of drones near the airports.
For ascertaining proper understanding of the risks and issues linked with the flight of
drones near the airport, one strategy that has been designed involves the development of safety
manual. This is one of the most promising strategies that is linked with combatting the risks of
operations of the drones in vicinity of the airport. The interviewee provided a positive response
and has indicated that the airport, in which he is currently working on, has created a safety
manual regarding the detection of drones near the airport. However, the identified solution
involves shutting down of the airport in order to avoid any accidents.
The secondary data that has been collected indicates that one of the most effective
strategies of addressing the issues and the risks caused by drones is to have a long term plan for
the issue. The airport in which the interviewee is working one has no specific long term plan or
any short term plan that can address the issue in an effective manner. However, the presence of
an effective long term plan is necessary for addressing the major risks linked with operation of
drone in the vicinity of the airport.
The above paragraphs analysed the primary data that is collected from an airport
representative, who have an idea of the working process of the different airports of UAE. The
data indicates that there is a lack of effective strategies of addressing the problem of drones
flying at the vicinity of the airport, apart from shutting down of the airport. Shutting down of the

40DISSERTATION
airport may not be a feasible solution and therefore, it is necessary to invest in laws and
regulations that can help in effective mitigation of the various issues that are faced by drones
while operating at the vicinity of the airports.
4.3. Analysis of the Secondary Data
The previous section has analysed the major data that has been collected from the
secondary sources. The data from the secondary sources is documented in the literature review
section. The collected data is analysed by the method of qualitative data analysis.
The safety of an airport is largely influenced by the involvement of the drones (Corcoran
2015). Therefore, it is necessary to understand and identify effective strategies that can help in
reducing the effects of drones on the operations of the airport. The data from the secondary
sources indicate that there is a necessity of investing in rules and regulations that the operation of
the drone should abide by.
The data collected from the secondary sources indicate that it is quite difficult to find any
preventive measures that can restrict the attacks made by drones. One of the effective strategies
that is linked with the safe operations of the drones, is to invest on training the employees of and
staffs of the airport regarding the spotting of the drones. Elias (2016), state that for stopping
drones from flying near the vicinity of the airport, a number of government initiative has been
undertaken to invest on the anti-drone systems. This can be termed as one of the most effective
strategies that can help in addressing the risk of drones. Another strategy that is identified from
the secondary sources include use of trained eagles to attack on the drones which are spotted near
the airports. However, the viability of this option is questionable.

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The secondary data collected indicate that the airport authorities are investing on a
number of methods that can help in reduction of the risks caused due to the operation of the
drones. It is possible to reduce the negative effects and therefore, airport authorities should be
more observant about the issue and should work more proactively in detecting the drones prior to
any serious accidents, so that the identified issue can be addressed.
4.4. Chapter Summary
The Data collection and the Analysis chapter provides an idea of the major findings of
the interview along with the literature review that was conducted at the beginning of the
research. The qualitative analysis of the data indicate that it is necessary for the airport
authorities to correctly identify the process and procedures that can help in reducing the effect of
drones flying at the vicinity of the airport. The most effective solution to the problem is found to
be restriction of the drones from flying at the vicinity of the airport. Apart from that other
effective measures are needed to be taken, which include appointment of an anti-drone system,
development of safety manuals and others. Thus, it can be commented that it is possible to
address the safety issues that are caused by the drones near the airport.

42DISSERTATION
Chapter 5: Discussion and Recommendations
5.1. Introduction
The discussion and the recommendations chapter of a research study is critical for
analysis of the data collected from a particular research. This research is based on identification
of the effect of airport safety on operations of the drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The
data analysis chapter has identified primary data sources, while the secondary data is collected in
form of the literature review. The qualitative analysis that is performed on the collected primary
and secondary data will be discussed in this particular chapter to check whether the objectives
identified in the research is fulfilled or not. After analysis of the collected data, the chapter
recommends strategies that can help in elimination of the major risks that are caused by the
drones in the airport. The data analysis reveals that one of the effective strategies for addressing
the problems faced by the drones operating at the vicinity of the airport include shutting down of
the airport. It is necessary to analyse whether there is any alternative solution to the problems
that are faced as a result of operations of drones near the airport. The following sections
discusses the strategies that were identified in the previous section of the research. Certain
recommendations are made on basis of the collected and analysed data. The literature review
chapter identifies the operations of UAV along with the benefits of UAV. The discussion chapter
identifies the strategies for management of the operations of the drones at the vicinity of the
airport.
5.2. Discussion
Secondary as well as primary data is collected to identify the strategies that can help in
simplifying the operations of the drones at the vicinity of an airport. The first objective of the

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study was to understand the operations of drone. Data from secondary sources are considered for
understanding the operations of UAV and drones. As opined by Zeng, Zhang and Lim (2016),
there are a number of application for the aerial vehicle including emergency services. Thus,
drones showcase a widespread operation in every field, mainly in surveillance. The data from the
literature review indicate that the primary function of the drone was its use in military. Along
with the applications in military, drones has a number of other applications, which include
drones in surveillance, drones for filming and delivery of the emergency services. The problem,
that this particular research was evaluating, are issues that are caused by the drones. The safety
issues are mainly caused as a result of the sightings of the drones at the vicinity of the airport that
leads to shutting down of the normal services of the airport.
The literature review that is performed in this research study play a paramount role in
describing the operational processes of the drones. The literature review chapter identifies the
use of drones and the impact of drones in the safety of the airport. For understanding the impact
of the drones on the safety considerations of the airport, data from the primary sources are
collected and analysed. Data from valid primary sources are collected and analysed to find
solution of the identified research problem. A representative, who have an idea of the major
operations of the airport in UAE has been chosen as a respondent for the research. In form of an
interview, data related to the operations of the airport and the strategies that have been
undertaken by the airport authorities to address the risks that are caused by the drones. The
operations of the drones cannot be completely restricted as there are certain benefits linked with
its use. The data identified in from the literature review indicate that drones are now being used
for emergency services along with its use in different business organizations, such as in

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insurance company to check the actual damage percentage, based on which an insurance claim is
made. Therefore, sightings of the drones near the airport is quite common.
The analysis of the data from the previous chapter highlight certain strategies that can
reduce the accidents in the airports as a result of the operation of the drones at its vicinity. The
literature review chapter identifies a number of strategies that can enforce safety in the airports.
One of the most important strategies that is linked with the management of the operations of the
drones near the airport include the strategies that can restrict drones from flying. Elias (2016),
has mentioned about the use of anti-drone system. The anti-drone or the counter drone
technology is generally used in detection of the unmanned aircraft. The potential security threats
due to flight of the drones at the vicinity of the airport makes it essential to identify different
technological factors that can help in addressing the issues that are caused by the drones. More
than 235 counter drone products have been designed in order to detect or intercept the unmanned
aircraft. Thus, the use if unmanned aerial vehicle is considered to be a working strategy for
reducing the impact on the normal airport operations. The use of anti-drone systems therefore, is
an effective strategy against the identified problem.
The literature review section analyses another strategy that can help in reducing the risks
related to the operations of the drones. This strategy involves management observing the
operations of the drones in order to decrease the chances of accidents. This strategy although
might be effective in some case, alone, it might not be able to avoid the major accidents caused
due to operations of the drones at the vicinity of the airport. The literature review has identified
that the drones which are fitted with GPS should not be allowed at the airspace. The GPS fitted
drones can cause obstructions and therefore, the use of the same should be avoided. However,

45DISSERTATION
the effectiveness of this strategy is questionable mainly because this method is prone to human
errors.
Another effective strategies that are identified from the data that is being analysed
involve the presence of the legislative laws that are imposed in order to restrict the operations of
drones near the airport. It is necessary to restrict the operations of the drones at the vicinity of an
airport as it risks the operations of the aircraft. Shutting down of the services if the drones are
sighted at the vicinity is another strategy of reducing the negative effects of the drone operations.
However, this particular strategy is not a cost effective solution as shutting down of the airport
even for a brief period results in loss of business.
The literature review section has identified that the lack of awareness of the operators of
the drones is one of the major reasons that contributes to the problems faced due to the
operations of the airport. As per the rules, the drones should not fly within 5 miles of an airport.
Along with that, it is essential for the drones to remain within 400 feet from the ground to avoid
collision with the airplanes.
Both primary and secondary data that is being analysed proved that airport authorities are
taking necessary steps for identification of the different methods for detection of the drones.
Although the federal law indicate that no drones will be entertained within five miles of the
airport, drones are often sighted at the vicinity of the airport. This should be stopped in order to
reduce accidents at the vicinity of the airport.
The data obtained from the primary sources indicate that the airport authorities are not
taking adequate measures in reducing the impact of drones on safety of airports. The individuals
in an airport are needed to be trained about the issues that a drone might create in an airport. One

46DISSERTATION
of the strategies of reducing the risks that are caused by the drones in an airport, involves training
the staffs of the airport regarding sighting of the drones at the vicinity of the airport.
The strategies of reducing the effect on the airport safety as a result of the operations of
the drones near any airport, involves use of transponders for preventing the transmission of the
data, thus helping the pilot in avoiding any type of collision with the drones. Thus, it is possible
to reduce the negative effects of the drones on normal operations of the airports.
5.3. Recommendations
The previous chapter along with the literature review chapter has provided with
substantial evidences regarding fulfilment of all the objectives that are identified in course of the
research study. The main aim of the research was to address the problem that is being faced at
the airports due to the operations of the drones. This mainly concerns the safety of the airport.
On basis of the findings that were made, certain recommendations were made regarding the
operations of the drones at the vicinity of the airport. These recommendations will ascertain that
the safety of the airport is maintained and the accidents caused as a result of the operations of the
drones are reduced. The recommendations are as follows-
Training: Both primary and the secondary data suggests that it is necessary for the staffs
of the airport to understand the risks that might be caused by the drones. Therefore, training the
staffs is an important recommendation related to this study. This recommendation is made, as the
data from the primary sources reveal that it is necessary for the airport authorities to understand
the need of training the staffs.

47DISSERTATION
Strong Laws: The owners of the private drones should understand the presence of the
federal laws that restricts the operations of the drones. Strong laws can restrict the operation of
the drones at the vicinity of the airport and therefore, it is recommended.
Observation: Strong observation is needed to reduce the operations of the drones at the
vicinity of an airport. In order to reduce the negative effects of the operations of the drones, any
type of operation of the drone near the airport should be observed and necessary measures should
be taken accordingly.
Anti-Drone Systems: The anti-drone systems are another significant recommendations
that can help in addressing the issues related to the safety of the airport. The anti-drone systems
can detect the operations of the drones at the vicinity of the airport so that the collision of drones
with the aircrafts can be prevented. The anti-drone systems are capable of reducing the risks that
the airports might face due to the operations of the drones at the vicinity of the airport. The use
of the anti-drone systems is therefore considered to be an effective recommendation in
consideration to the analysis of the effect of airport safety on drones.
The above discussed points indicate the recommendations that should be followed in
ascertaining that risks caused by drones has lesser effect on the normal operations of the airport.
5.4. Chapter Summary
The discussion and the recommendation chapter is an important chapter of the research as
it provides an in-depth analysis of the data collected from a research. The discussion chapter
discusses whether the major objectives of the research is fulfilled. This chapter analyses the fact
that awareness among the staffs and the workers of the airport is necessary to reduce the risks
that airport might face. The chapter provides recommendations on basis of the data collected and

48DISSERTATION
analysed in the previous chapter. The recommendations identifies the major strategies that
should be considered to address the problem of the research. Along with the awareness, training
the staffs are necessary to address the issues that the operations of the drones causes due to its
operation at the vicinity of the airport. The recommendation chapter therefore forms an important
part of the research study as it analyses whether the research objectives are fulfilled.

49DISSERTATION
Chapter 6: Conclusion, Key Findings and Future Work
This section of the dissertation is one of the most significant section, as it will determine
the effectiveness of the data which was collected from the primary as well as the secondary data
collection procedures. Most of the decision making of this topic can be determined from this
section of the paper. The conclusion section of the dissertation will be having numerous
segments and each segment will be very much significant to understand the purpose of the
dissertation, at the same time the conclusion will also be beneficial to understand the limitations
of this dissertation. The future scope of this dissertation will also be stated in this section of the
dissertation.
6.1. Conclusion
The dissertation is very much significant to understand the significance of deploying
unmanned aerial vehicle or drone in the airport facilities. The deployment of drones from
different perspectives have been concluded from the data which was collected from the primary
as well as the secondary data collection procedure. The importance of maintaining the
contingency plan during the deployment of drones can be concluded from the paper at the same
time it can also be said that use of drones may cost millions for the airport facility. The
complications of operating the drones can be concluded from this dissertation paper as well. The
dissertation also helps in concluding the impact of the deployment of drones in airport facilities.
The dissertation helps in identifying that air traffic needs to be monitored so that it does not have
any undesirable impact on the operations of the airport. The financial limitation of using the
drones in the airport facility can be determined from the data which were collected from primary
as well as secondary sources. The significance of maintaining effective strategies can also be

50DISSERTATION
determined from the data collected from secondary sources. The different categories of training
which are required to be given to the workers of airport facilities can be understood from the data
analysis section of the par as well as there are lots of complication associated with the
deployment of drones in the operational area. The laws associated with the use of drone in the
operational area of airport can also be concluded from the data which was collected from the
personal interview. The risks and issue of the flight of drones in the business area of the airport
can also be concluded from the data analysis segment of this dissertation. The significance of
maintaining both the short term as well as the long term plan regarding the deployment of the
drones can be concluded from this data collected from secondary sources.
The secondary data helped in understanding the significance of the anti-drone systems
which can help the airport authority to secure the working space from any kinds of security
threats and interceptions. The different categories of risks associated with the use of the drones in
the airport area also be determined from the secondary data collection procedure.
6.2. Linking with Objectives
To understand the operations of UAV or drone
The operations of UAV have been understood from the secondary data analysis section of
this dissertation. The investigator whose data was considered in this dissertation have highlighted
and categorized the operations of both UA as well as the drones as the basic operations of UAV
and drones are very much different from each other. The complications of unmanned aircraft
system can also be understood from the data collected from the literature sources as well. The
importance of the communication issues can also be identified from the opinion of the

51DISSERTATION
researchers as well. The operations of the military drone and ground based controller can be
concluded from the opinion of a researcher.
To understand the benefits of UAV
The discussion of the literature analyses was very much helpful to understand the benefits
of UAV such as the lifesaving abilities, management of the law enforcement, contributing to the
infrastructure maintenance and management. The significance of UAV as it can reach the hard to
reach places can be obtained from the paper well. The opinion and the statement of the
researchers also helped in understanding the ethical considerations of the drones which has to be
considered by the top level management team of airport facilities. The benefits of this technology
can also be understood from the secondary sources as well.
To identify the main use of UAV in airport surveillance
The secondary sources are very much useful to identify the main use of UAV in the
airport surveillance. The numerous categories of equipment which are incorporated in drones and
unmanned vehicles can be obtained from the opinion of the researchers as well. The investigator
of the paper also helped in identifying the functionality of cameras such as the lice feed video
and infrared cameras. The significance of the heat sensor which are used in the UAV can also be
concluded from the statements and discussions made in the secondary resources. One of the most
popular use of UAV considering the surveillance required in the airport facility are remote
sensing, and aerial surveillance.
To understand the negative impact of use of drone in airport vicinity

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The negative impact of using drones or unmanned aerial vehicles in the airport facility
was presented by the investigators whose statement were considered in the secondary data
collection procedure. Destabilization of the economic as well as the political condition can be
concluded from the secondary data collection procedure of this dissertation. The data collection
procedures also helped in understanding the deployment of the unmanned aerial vehicles and
drones requires separate investment from the management team of the airport facilities. However
the limitations of using the drones for securing the airport area can also be understood from the
data collection procedure.
To analyse the effect of airport safety on drones or unmanned aerial vehicle
The primary data which was collected from the personal interview helped in
understanding how drones and unmanned vehicles are useful to improve the airport safety. The
interview stated that the security points can be monitored with the deployment of the unmanned
aerial vehicles. The industrial regulations of the airport which can be comprised due to the use of
the drones can be understood from the personal interview. The data collected from personal
interview can be very much significant as it can help understanding the effect of airport safety
which are maintained due to the uses of drones and unmanned aerial vehicles.
To recommend strategies to improve the impact of the airport safety on drones
The data analysis section of the paper helped in understanding the significance to
improve the impact of airport safety on drones on airport safety. The ground impact of the
airport safety can also be understood from the data collection procedures. The discussion also
helps in understanding that security of the airport can be maintained using drones which have
geo-fencing software which are recently introduced in most of the drones which are used for

53DISSERTATION
surveillance purpose. The night vision facility of the drones are much more agile and can work in
the low light environment. The orientation issues of the drones can also be understood from the
data analysis unit of this dissertation.
6.3. Recommendations
This dissertation have considered both the primary as well as the secondary data
collection procedures. However, the primary data collection procedures which was considered in
this dissertation is the personal interview, but it can be said the group discussions and survey is
very highly recommended as the topic could be studied from different angles using these two
primary data collection procedures. It can also be said that the secondary data collection
procedures considered the opinion of different researchers however it can be said that the
dissertation should be using only the peer-reviewed articles as the reality of the peer review
articles is much more than the rest of the articles which was considered in this dissertation.
6.4. Limitations of research
Every research study have numerous limitations, at the same time it can be said that this
dissertation have certain limitations as well. The sample size of this dissertation should have
been increased to a significant extent which could have helped to understand the significance of
using drones or unmanned vehicles in the airport premises. The other limitation of this
dissertation is the data analysis of this research it can be stated that the use of the statistical tools
can be very much significant to analyse the data collected from primary interview.
6.5 Future scope of the study

54DISSERTATION
This dissertation can be very much significant for future research purposes as the
reliability of discussion this dissertation is very much on the higher side. All the discussion from
different data sources was presented in this dissertation in an organized manner and it can also be
said that the future implication of the use of the drones and unnamed vehicle have to be
considered in the first place so the security of the airport facilities is maintained. It can also be
said that the discussion from the both the two categories of data collection procedures can be
used for future researches.

55DISSERTATION
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