An Analysis of Papers Published in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism

The provided content is a collection of research papers and articles related to sustainable tourism, natural disasters, and research methodology. It includes studies on the impact of community involvement and visitor numbers on tourism, as well as the effects of earthquakes on telecommunications infrastructure and local economies. The assignment requires an analysis of these papers to identify key findings and implications for sustainable tourism in Nepal.

DISSERTATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study...................................................................................................1
1.2 Rationale of the study.......................................................................................................1
1.3 Research aim and objectives............................................................................................2
1.4 Research questions...........................................................................................................2
1.6 Significance of the study..................................................................................................2
1.7 Structure of dissertation....................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................4
2.2 Impact of natural disaster on the tourism industry of country..........................................4
2.3 Effect of earthquake on the tourism sector in Nepal .......................................................6
2.4 Concept of dark tourism...................................................................................................7
2.5 Managing tourism industry after earthquake ...................................................................8
2.6 Managing security concern for the tourist and employees of tourism industry ..............9
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................10
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................10
3.2 Research philosophy.......................................................................................................10
3.3 Research design..............................................................................................................10
3.4 Data collection................................................................................................................11
3.5 Data analysis...................................................................................................................11
3.6 Sampling and sample......................................................................................................12
3.7 Ethical consideration .....................................................................................................12
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................13

ILLUSTRATION INDEX
Illustration 1: Number of visitors who visited Haiti from 1995 to 2011.........................................2

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The study is based on the topic of effective of earthquake in tourism industry of Nepal.
Natural disaster is the natural event which resulted from the natural process of earth. For
example, event such as flood, earthquake and hurricane tend to cause major impact upon the life
of people (Lu and Nepal, 2009). Nepal is the sovereign state which is located in South Asia. Due
to its location, country is more prone to the condition like natural disaster. In Nepal tourism is
being regarded as one of the biggest industry. This is because, the given industry helps in
bringing foreign revenue for the poor nation. In accordance with the given context, as per the
study conducted by World Bank Figure it is examined in average worker in Nepal makes less
than 750 dollars a year. Hence, the tourism industry of respective country plays very important
role in improving socio-economic conditions of the citizens of nation (Will The Nepal
Earthquake Affect Tourism? The Country's Economy Heavily Relies On Foreign Visitors, 2016).
Furthermore, as per the World Travel and Tourism Council, in 2013 more than one million
people in Nepal have been employed because of tourism sector. Nepal appeal to the tourists
through its high hill mountain and scenic beauty etc. However, the incidents like earthquake tend
to cause major impact upon the country. The impact of the same is being bear by the tourism
industry of respective country too. The given thing has caused direct impact upon source of
generating income for the country. The given thing has also been discussed in the given
dissertation.
1.2 Rationale of the study
The main issue which is associated with the respective study is that whether the incident
like earthquake tend to cause the major impact upon the tourism industry of nation or not. It is an
issue because for many countries, tourism is the main source of generating income. Hence, it is
important for the nations that they should found out some important solution with regard to the
given problem. This is because, if significant efforts with regard to the given problem is not
taken at that time impact of same will be seen upon the economic growth of the country. The
study shed light upon the negative factors which tourism industry of Nepal has incurred after
devasted earthquake (Lu and Nepal, 2009). Furthermore, the study will also propose the solution
for developing the tourism sector after the occurrence of incidents such as natural disaster.
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1.3 Research aim and objectives
The main aim behind conducting the given study is to investigate the impact of
earthquake on tourism industry of Nepal.
On the basis of above mentioned aim following objectives are set:
 To analyse the impact of natural disaster on the tourism industry of country.
 To examine the effect of earthquake on the tourism sector of Nepal.
 To assess the possibilities to develop and promote the dark tourism in effective area of
Nepal.
1.4 Research questions
The study gives answer to the given question “How the earthquake/ natural disaster
affected tourism industry of Nepal?”
1.6 Significance of the study
The study conducted has its significance for the government of Nepal. This is because,
with the help of given study tourism industry of respective country can search the ways of
developing tourism of the country after the occurrence of circumstance such as earthquake. In
addition to this, the study has its importance for the other scholars too who are pursing their
study upon the given topic (Rai and et.al., 2012). Here, by taking help from this study other
researchers can prepare base for their research. Hence, it is through this way only they can carry
out research upon the selected topic in an effectual manner.
1.7 Structure of dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction: The given chapter provides brief background regarding the
selected topic of the study. Chapter 2: Literature review: Here, in the given section views and opinions of number of
scholars has been examined. In this regard, different secondary sources has been sued
such as journals, books and online article (Shiwaku and et.al., 2007). Chapter 3: Research methodology: In the given chapter different type of research tools
and techniques has been employed scholar of present study has used in order to carry out
its research in an effectual manner. Chapter 4: Data analysis: The data which has been collected is analysed in this section.
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 Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation: Finally, at the end conclusion has been
drawn for the study which is based on the topic of investigating the effect of earthquake
on the tourism industry of Nepal.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review is the section which evaluates different reports and information which
is being published by the number of authors. In any dissertation, the given section has greater
importance (Shiwaku and et.al., 2007). This is because, it helps in setting the direction of whole
study. Furthermore, it enables the scholar with regard to attain the framed aim and objectives of
the study in an effectual manner. Here, in the present study which is based on the topic of effect
of earthquake on tourism sector in Nepal, number of secondary means has been used. It consists
of online article, books and journals etc.
2.2 Impact of natural disaster on the tourism industry of country
Any kind of tragic incidents like flood and earthquake etc which happens within the
country causes necessary impact upon the nations way of handling its operation. In this regard,
the effect of natural disaster will be seen upon that country more whose success and economic
efficiency totally depends upon the tourism sector. In accordance with the given context, as per
the view point of Parajuli and Haynes (2015) in the last few years impact of natural disaster has
been more pro-founded and this may be because of changing global weather condition and
significant increment in the large number of tourist sports. In this context, it is examined that
there are many areas which were earlier not accessible to the tourism industry are now being
used with an aim to attract the large number of tourist within country.
Although these reserves are playing very effective role in attracting the large number of
tourists within country, but they are also raising the risk of natural disaster. This is because,
intense tourism activity at the specific place will lead to hamper the natural environment of the
respective place or country. As a result of it, country faces the incidents like flood and
earthquake etc. In addition to this, Nyaupane, Morais and Dowler (2006) have commented that
the incidents like natural disaster deviate or hamper the natural and scenic beauty of the specific
place for temporary and extended period of time. The success of tourism industry totally depends
upon the given aspect only that the particular country possess different places which suits to the
needs and demands of the tourists. In this context, it is assessed that travellers always love to
visit such places which is beautiful and has something unique or attractive. But, the incidents like
natural disaster completely destroy the beauty of such places. As a result of this, it becomes very
difficult for the tourism industry of nation with regard to attract the large number of tourists
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towards the nation (Lu and Nepal, 2009). For example, during the 2010 earthquake tourism
industry of Haiti has suffered a lot. The respective earthquake evident the deaths of thousands of
people. The study conducted by the Haiti authorities depict that, there were more than 220000
people were killed due to earthquake. However, the number of injured people is more than that.
Hence, it is right to said that the earthquake has devastated the life of citizens who live in the
country. Furthermore, at present also the condition of the citizens of Haiti is not so good.
Illustration 1: Number of visitors who visited Haiti from 1995 to 2011
(Source: Hough, 2015)
Veeken and et.al (2016) have stated that there is a significant decline is being seen in the
number of visitors due to the earthquake in Haiti in the year 2010. The above figure depicts the
statistics of number of visitors who had gone to Haiti from the year 1995 to 2011. The figure
indicates that in 2009 maximum number of visitors had visited Haiti. However, a significant
reduction is being seen in the given number in the year 2010 when earthquake had hit the
country. For example, in 2009 number of visitors who visited country recorded was 387000, but
in 2010 it was reduced to 255000. This indicates that the respective earthquake has developed
fear in the mind of visitors and due to which they have stopped to travel at Haiti.
According to the view point of Khellafi and et.al., (2013) the incidents like natural
disaster puts complete stops upon the source of generating the income for the firms which are
related with the tourism industry. For example, hotels, airline and tour operators are the major
firms which reside in the category of tourism industry. Tourists are the main source with the help
of which they generate their income. Hence, if due to any reason if visitors stop visiting different
places at that time whole operation of travel and tourism firms will be impacted.
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However, it has been critically evaluated by the Subedi (2015) that it is not necessary that
natural disaster always have negative impact upon the tourism sector. This is because, there are
some countries which has taken these disasters as a challenge and due to which they have
developed very new concept of tourism which is called by the name of dark tourism. In this form
of tourism, tourist visits such places which have some heart-breaking incident and story. For
example, the given concept is also applied by the government of Indonesia. Indonesia is the
country which is located in Pacific Rim of fire and it appeals to its visitors with beautiful
mountains, exotic culture and tropical beaches etc. (Lovelock and Lovelock, 2013). The frequent
incidents of natural disaster have impacted the country a lot. But, even the presence of such
incident government of nation has never given up. However, instead of this government of
Indonesia has searched the new way of promoting tourism within country. Here, government of
nation has taken decision with regard to visit tourist to such places which are highly impacted
due to natural disaster. For example, Indonesia government are arranging such tourism activities
in which they are taking the tourists to the places such as buried villages, withered vegetation
and rivers chocked with the stone and volcano ash etc. Hence, it is through this way only
respective nation government is attracting different travellers towards the country.
2.3 Effect of earthquake on the tourism sector in Nepal
The drastic natural disaster which has happened in Nepal has also caused significant
impact upon the nation economy as well as tourism sector. According to the view point of
Kimbu and Ngoasong (2015) Nepal heavily relies upon the tourism industry. Furthermore, the
economic growth of nation thoroughly depends upon the respective industry. Herein, it is also
examined that tourism is being regarded as one of the biggest industry in Nepal as it helps in
bringing foreign revenue to the country. As per the survey which is conducted by the World
Travel and Tourism Council, travel and tourism sector of Nepal has contributed around one
million jobs. Nepal is known for its natural beauty and high hill mountains which attracts many
tourist towards the nation. Rai and et.al (2012) have depicted that Nepal tourism sector has
impacted a lot due to earthquake. The thing which is being specified by the author is correct.
This is because, from the analysis it is identified that more than 75% tourist have cancelled their
trip to Nepal after hearing the news about earthquake. Furthermore, many hotel bookings are also
cancelled. Hence, it is correct to say that the incidents like natural disaster stuck huge money of
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nation and due to this economic condition of country like Nepal will be impacted in a negative
way.
As per the view point of Shiwaku and et.al (2007) the incidents like natural disaster tend
to entail fear in the mind of buyers and due to this they take much time before reaching on to the
decision of making the selection of specific country for travel. Each and every person prefers to
travel in a safe city. This is because, no person wants to put their life into danger. Thus, such
feeling of tourist has direct impact upon the tourism sector of respective nation. This is because,
in the given circumstance it becomes very difficult for the government of nation with regard to
attract tourist by making use of different promotional measures in an effective manner.
In addition to this, Nyaupane, Morais and Dowler (2006) have commented that tourism
sector accounts for 4.5 % of Nepal GDP. This indicate that how important is the tourism sector
for the respective country. Here, before earthquake Nepal government has an aim to brought 1.1
million tourist during the year. But, the government has not achieved the given goal due to
earthquake. Moreover, there is a significant reduction is also being seen in the average length of
stay in country by tourist. Before earthquake, tourist used to stay in country for more than 10-12
days approximately, but now they do not prefer to stay in the nation for such a long tenure (Lu
and Nepal, 2009). The given thing has caused significant impact upon the hospitality industry.
Furthermore, per day spending by tourist gas also reduced drastically. Due to this, the people
which are associated with the activities such as guide, trekker and cooks etc. has lost their job.
Overall, it can be said that the respective incident have caused direct impact upon the economy.
2.4 Concept of dark tourism
Dark tourism is being considered as one of the new form of tourism. Herein, Kimbu and
Ngoasong (2015) have depicted that dark tourism is the type of tourism wherein travellers are
taken to the places which are associated with the sufferings and death. Moreover, Lu and Nepal
(2009) have defined that dark tourism is the type in which tourist travel to the area which is
affected through natural disaster. In the today's scenario, the given form of tourism has gained
significant importance. This is because, there are many countries which is affected through the
condition like natural disaster. Hence, in order to give support to the citizens of nation,
government of country has to take help from the given form of tourism.
In this regard, government arranges travel and tourism activities to such places which
have devastated due to natural disaster. Hence, with the help of given type of tourism nation's
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government showcases the dark side of country to the travellers. Thus, it is through this way only
government generates revenue within nation.
In addition to this, as per the view point of Rai and et.al (2012) it is not necessary that all
tourist prefer to visit such places upon which some tragic and horrifying incidents are associated.
This is because, it has been seen that people does not like to visit the places which makes them
uncomfortable and reminds them about the horrifying incidents which has happened within
country. Thus, it can be said that by adopting dark tourism nation cannot guarantee its success of
attracting the large number of tourist towards the nation in an effectual way. Overall, it can be
said that it is very essential for the government that it should always search for new way of
increasing visitor within country. Thus, dark tourism can be regarded as one of the most effective
example for the same (Hough, 2015).
2.5 Managing tourism industry after earthquake
It is very important for the government of nation that it should make efforts with regard
to manage its nation after drastic incidents which is happened because of natural disaster. In this
regard, Khellafi, Harichane, Afra and Sadouki (2013) have depicted that tourism industry after
earthquake can be managed by making the promotion of other form of tourism such as dark
tourism. In this regard, it is examined that Nepal is being consider as most hazard prone country
in world. It is because of its location. Here, the nation is located in a high intensity earthquake
zone which makes it most dangerous country (What can tourists do to help, not hinder, Nepal’s
quake recovery?, 2016). This thing also indicate that the country may face such type of situation
in future also. It is due to the presence of given aspect, it is being required by the government of
nation that it should make efforts with regard to the given type of problem. This is because, the
growth of Nepal totally depends upon the tourism sector only. In this context, it can be said that
by promoting the country as the best place for dark tourism, the tourism industry of country can
be managed after earthquake in an effective way. This is because, with the help of given form
nation can attract large number of tourist towards the country who like to visit such place which
have some sad story. Hence, it is by complying with the given type of activity only the tourism
industry of Nepal can be managed in an effectual way.
In addition to this, according to the view point of Lovelock and Lovelock (2013)
Government of nation should make significant efforts for conserving the resources which have
damaged due to earthquake. The success of tourism industry totally depends upon the area or
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sight where travellers love to visit. However, the activity like earthquake lead to cause significant
impact upon different tourist places or sights of the specific country. Hence, it is being required
by the government of nation that it should make efforts in terms of conserving all the tourist
destinations or places. By complying with the given type of activity, the tourism industry of
nation can be again brought into appropriate place. Furthermore, the given thing will lead to
tourism industry of Nepal in the form of increased profits and sales.
In addition to this, mackey and Gass (2013) have commented that abstract painting can
be consider as one of the way of managing the tourism after earthquake. Here, abstract painting
is being consider as type of promotional tool which lead to cause direct impact upon the
sentiments and emotions of people. For example, by showcasing the drastic condition of Nepal
through abstract painting, number of tourist can be attracted towards the nation. Overall, it can be
said that by complying with all these type of activities the tourism industry of any country which
have gone through with the situation like natural disaster can be managed.
2.6 Managing security concern for the tourist and employees of tourism industry
The incidents like natural disaster tend to raise the fear among the tourists and as a result
of it they will stop performing their travel and tourism activity in the specific country. In this
regard, as per the view point of Khotri (2008) security concern for tourists can be managed by
making the disaster preparedness plan. By making such type of plans, government of nation can
raise the confidence of different tourists who will visit in the specific place. Furthermore, the
given thing will also provide significant help to the travel and tourism industry of nation. Hence,
due to this overall benefits can be gained by tourism industry of nation in the form of increased
profits and sales in an effectual way. Overall, it can be said that by making all these type of
measures travel and tourism industry can ensure their success in the drastic condition like natural
disaster.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is the section which makes use of number of research tools and
techniques in order to conduct the study upon the selected topic in an effective manner (Research
methodology, 2016). With the help of given section, researcher can set the way of carry out its
study upon the selected topic in a systematic manner. Furthermore, the given section of
dissertation also indicate the manner with the help of which researcher can assemble the views
and opinions of the selected sample. Here, description has been given regarding the techniques
which are used for conducting present study which is based on the topic of analysing the effect
of earthquake on the tourism industry of Nepal.
3.2 Research philosophy
Research philosophy is the belief which describe about the manner with the help of which
data regarding the specific phenomenon will be gathered as well as analysed (Research
philosophy, 2016). The philosophy not only help in setting the direction of researcher but it also
plays very effective role in improving researcher knowledge with regard to the selected topic
(Cooper and Schindler, 2010). In this respect, it can be said that positivism and interpretivism are
being regarded as two basic type of research philosophy. Both forms have their own advantage
and disadvantage. But, in the given study interpretivism philosophy has been used. It is applied
because with the help of it social environment with regard to given study can be understood by
the scholar in an effective way. Hence, the given thing enables researcher with regard to attain
the aims and objectives of the present study in an efficient manner.
3.3 Research design
Research design is the type of tactic which the scholar uses with an aim to integrate
varied components which are related with the study in a coherent and logical way. The given
thing will enable the researcher with respect to address the problems which are related with the
current study in an effectual manner (Freshwater, 2008). The research design is of three type
such as explanatory, exploratory and descriptive etc. Herein, the researcher make use of
explanatory research design when it is more interested in getting answer to why related question.
In the similar way, in order to carry out in-depth analysis descriptive research design seems more
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useful. Furthermore, the researcher tends to use exploratory design when it wants to explore the
relationship between the two variables.
Here, in the present study which is related with the topic of analysing the effect of
earthquake on the tourism industry in Nepal, descriptive research design has been used. It is
utilized because with the help of it in-depth analysis upon the given topic has been carried out.
Furthermore, it is with the help of given method only wide range of information with resurrect to
the assessed problem has been gathered by the scholar. Thus, through this way framed aims and
objectives have been met in an effectual way.
3.4 Data collection
It is very necessary for the scholar that it should collect or assemble its data from the
reliable and credible sources. It is due to the fact that the success of any study totally depends
upon the collected information only (Khotri, 2008). This is because, if researcher will not collect
its data effectively at that time it will become very difficult for it with respect to meet the aims
and objectives of the study in an effective manner. In this regard, the data for the present study
has been collected with the help of both primary and secondary sources. With an aim to collect
the primary data, questionnaire has been framed. The questionnaire consists of such questions
with the help of which views and opinions of tourists can be determined effectively. In the
similar way, the study also makes use of different secondary means that are online articles, books
and journals etc.
3.5 Data analysis
The success of any study not only depends upon the data collection sources, but it also
depends upon the way which is being used by the researcher in order to analyse the collected
data of the study in an effectual manner. In the present study which is based on the topic of
analysing the effect of earthquake in tourism industry of Nepal, quantitative techniques have
been used. In accordance with the given context, different SPSS test has been applied in the
present study (Pennink and Jonker, 2010). The tests which are used for the present study
involves descriptive statistics and cross tabulation method etc.
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3.6 Sampling and sample
For the scholar, it is very difficult task with regard to conduct its study upon whole
population. It is due to the presence of given aspect, there is a need to collect the sample for the
study is being arises in front of the researchers. However, in order to so the same they have to
take help from the different sampling techniques. The sampling techniques are sectioned into two
categories such as probability and non probability. However, in the present study simple random
sampling method has been applied which is being regarded as one of the type of probability
sampling (Zikmund Babin and Griffin 2013). It is used because with the help of it each sample of
the present study can be given an equal chance of selected as the sample. Here, by using the
given method sample of 50 respondents has been selected. In this context, the given sample has
been selected from the population which consist of people such as tourists, trekking agencies,
tour operator, hotel and restaurant’s owner etc.
3.7 Ethical consideration
It is important for the researcher that it should follow all the ethical principles while
selecting data from any sources. In this regard, researcher has maintained the confidentiality of
the information which has been collected by it (Mackey and Gass, 2013). In addition to this,
ethical principle is followed by giving prior and thorough information to the scholar regarding
the aim and objectives behind conducting the respective study. Moreover, while collecting
secondary information ethical aspect has been maintained through accessing authenticate sources
of information.
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