Dyslexia Disease: Barriers to Learning and Intervention Strategies
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This document evaluates the potential barriers faced by the dyslexic students to learning. It discusses dyslexia symptoms, causes, diagnosis techniques, and potential barriers to learning. It critically analyses the challenges faced by the dyslexic child and evaluates the support needed by the student. It also discusses intervention strategies to overcome the barriers to learning for dyslexic students.
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Running head: DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Dyslexia Disease
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
Dyslexia Disease
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
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1DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Executive Summary:
The aim of this document is to evaluate the potential barriers faced by the dyslexic
students to learning. The dyslexia disease is a common disease in children in the United
Kingdom. Further, this assessment will critically analyse the challenges faced by a dyslexic
student and the impact of it on their holistic development. The challenges faced by a dyslexic
student will be sum up and will evaluate some intervention to support the dyslexic student in
their area of need. In the last section of this assessment, a short learning programme will be
discussed which will contain some strategies to remove the barriers to learning of the
dyslexic student.
Executive Summary:
The aim of this document is to evaluate the potential barriers faced by the dyslexic
students to learning. The dyslexia disease is a common disease in children in the United
Kingdom. Further, this assessment will critically analyse the challenges faced by a dyslexic
student and the impact of it on their holistic development. The challenges faced by a dyslexic
student will be sum up and will evaluate some intervention to support the dyslexic student in
their area of need. In the last section of this assessment, a short learning programme will be
discussed which will contain some strategies to remove the barriers to learning of the
dyslexic student.
2DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Table of Contents
Assessment 1:.............................................................................................................................3
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................3
About Dyslexia:.........................................................................................................................4
Dyslexia Symptoms:..................................................................................................................4
1. Preschool:...........................................................................................................................5
2. Grade School:.....................................................................................................................5
3. Middle School:...................................................................................................................6
4. High School:.......................................................................................................................6
Reasons for Dyslexia:................................................................................................................6
1. Heredity:.............................................................................................................................6
2. Brain Anatomy:..................................................................................................................6
Diagnosis techniques of Dyslexia:.............................................................................................7
Potential Barriers to Learning:...................................................................................................7
1. Understanding:...................................................................................................................7
2. Identifying Key Points:......................................................................................................8
3. Handling Information:........................................................................................................8
Impact on the challenges of the holistic development:............................................................10
Evaluation of intervention:.......................................................................................................12
Assessment 2:...........................................................................................................................15
Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................18
References:...............................................................................................................................19
Table of Contents
Assessment 1:.............................................................................................................................3
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................3
About Dyslexia:.........................................................................................................................4
Dyslexia Symptoms:..................................................................................................................4
1. Preschool:...........................................................................................................................5
2. Grade School:.....................................................................................................................5
3. Middle School:...................................................................................................................6
4. High School:.......................................................................................................................6
Reasons for Dyslexia:................................................................................................................6
1. Heredity:.............................................................................................................................6
2. Brain Anatomy:..................................................................................................................6
Diagnosis techniques of Dyslexia:.............................................................................................7
Potential Barriers to Learning:...................................................................................................7
1. Understanding:...................................................................................................................7
2. Identifying Key Points:......................................................................................................8
3. Handling Information:........................................................................................................8
Impact on the challenges of the holistic development:............................................................10
Evaluation of intervention:.......................................................................................................12
Assessment 2:...........................................................................................................................15
Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................18
References:...............................................................................................................................19
3DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Assessment 1:
Introduction:
Dyslexia is a type of disorder in which the suffering child should have some type of
problem regarding the reading. It is also identified as a reading disorder. In such type of
cases, the student or the child might have the proper intelligence to learning something new,
but they will be unable to read in most of the cases (Ellis, 2016). There are more symptoms of
this disease which are, problems in spelling a word correctly, writing a word correctly and
speaking fluently. This type of disease often noticed first time at the school when the student
might face some difficulties to learn some basic things. It is believed that the dyslexia is
caused by some genetic issues. Dyslexia is one of the common learning issues, and it can
appear in both male and females. Though dyslexia is a type of learning disorder, it has no
connection with the intelligence of the children. Dyslexia is non-curable disease and can
affect all the people belongs from the cultural background (Knowles, 2017). Dyslexia is non-
curable means not that the students or the child cannot succeed in their life. For example,
there are many famous personalities with the dyslexia disease. In this assessment, a brief
about dyslexia disease will be discussed, and the main aspects of dyslexia will be highlighted.
Further, in this assessment dyslexia symptoms, causes of dyslexia, potential barriers to
learning will be discussed. Also, the paper will critically analyse the challenges faced by the
dyslexic child and will help the children by evaluating the support need by the student. In the
end, this paper will discuss some steps to overcome the barriers to learning for dyslexic
students.
Assessment 1:
Introduction:
Dyslexia is a type of disorder in which the suffering child should have some type of
problem regarding the reading. It is also identified as a reading disorder. In such type of
cases, the student or the child might have the proper intelligence to learning something new,
but they will be unable to read in most of the cases (Ellis, 2016). There are more symptoms of
this disease which are, problems in spelling a word correctly, writing a word correctly and
speaking fluently. This type of disease often noticed first time at the school when the student
might face some difficulties to learn some basic things. It is believed that the dyslexia is
caused by some genetic issues. Dyslexia is one of the common learning issues, and it can
appear in both male and females. Though dyslexia is a type of learning disorder, it has no
connection with the intelligence of the children. Dyslexia is non-curable disease and can
affect all the people belongs from the cultural background (Knowles, 2017). Dyslexia is non-
curable means not that the students or the child cannot succeed in their life. For example,
there are many famous personalities with the dyslexia disease. In this assessment, a brief
about dyslexia disease will be discussed, and the main aspects of dyslexia will be highlighted.
Further, in this assessment dyslexia symptoms, causes of dyslexia, potential barriers to
learning will be discussed. Also, the paper will critically analyse the challenges faced by the
dyslexic child and will help the children by evaluating the support need by the student. In the
end, this paper will discuss some steps to overcome the barriers to learning for dyslexic
students.
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4DYSLEXIA DISEASE
About Dyslexia:
Dyslexia is a particular type of a learning disability which can be seen in the early
stage of development of the kids. Dyslexia affected child or student face trouble in reading
learning some new things. They also face problems while writing and spelling something.
The main difficulty faced by dyslexia affected student is the reading, which is becoming the
main barrier in the learning process (Alsobhi, Khan & Rahanu, 2014). It is the most common
learning issue which is faced by the students. From recent researches, it has been found that
about 10 percent of the child in the United Kingdom is affected by the dyslexia disease
(Warmington, Stothard & Snowling, 2013). Dyslexia affected people have problems with
answering something that they have already read, but it is possible for them to remember the
lesson in a different way of learning. Though there are many barriers to learning of dyslexia
affected student, there are many ways that can help the student to succeed in their early
education life.
Some people believe that the dyslexia is a visual related issue and the students
affected by it reverse the letters and can also write backwards, but this concept is wrong.
Dyslexia affected student or child does not have any problem with their vision or problems
like visualising the letters in a wrong direction. It needs to be understood that dyslexia
affected people have problems reading comprehensive texts but they have no problems with
their intelligence (Frith, 2017). Dyslexia affected child cannot be cured of it, but teaching in
an appropriate style can help the child to overcome the challenges.
Dyslexia Symptoms:
Dyslexia affected peoples have various degrees of impacts. It can vary for different
peoples. The basic problems of every dyslexia student are in the reading and in spelling the
words. In some critical cases, this disease can impact the writing skills, math solving skills
About Dyslexia:
Dyslexia is a particular type of a learning disability which can be seen in the early
stage of development of the kids. Dyslexia affected child or student face trouble in reading
learning some new things. They also face problems while writing and spelling something.
The main difficulty faced by dyslexia affected student is the reading, which is becoming the
main barrier in the learning process (Alsobhi, Khan & Rahanu, 2014). It is the most common
learning issue which is faced by the students. From recent researches, it has been found that
about 10 percent of the child in the United Kingdom is affected by the dyslexia disease
(Warmington, Stothard & Snowling, 2013). Dyslexia affected people have problems with
answering something that they have already read, but it is possible for them to remember the
lesson in a different way of learning. Though there are many barriers to learning of dyslexia
affected student, there are many ways that can help the student to succeed in their early
education life.
Some people believe that the dyslexia is a visual related issue and the students
affected by it reverse the letters and can also write backwards, but this concept is wrong.
Dyslexia affected student or child does not have any problem with their vision or problems
like visualising the letters in a wrong direction. It needs to be understood that dyslexia
affected people have problems reading comprehensive texts but they have no problems with
their intelligence (Frith, 2017). Dyslexia affected child cannot be cured of it, but teaching in
an appropriate style can help the child to overcome the challenges.
Dyslexia Symptoms:
Dyslexia affected peoples have various degrees of impacts. It can vary for different
peoples. The basic problems of every dyslexia student are in the reading and in spelling the
words. In some critical cases, this disease can impact the writing skills, math solving skills
5DYSLEXIA DISEASE
and fluency in speaking a language (Evans et al., 2014). Another problem related to dyslexia
is the decoding the words. This type of problem arises because they struggle with their
general speaking skills. These problems can be seen at the preschool level of the student. This
is the first stage where dyslexia can be determined. Dyslexia can be determined later on when
students have problems with some complex skills like solving math, using proper grammars
and reading comprehension. Also, the dyslexic student omits the sound or letters when they
reading or writing. They face the big confusion of right and left for a sentence (Stein, 2017).
A severe headache is also reported with the students having the dyslexia disease. The
dyslexic students find difficulty to follow sequenced instructions. Many times this issue
considered as a visual problem but the dyslexic students face such type of problem which is
the pages of the book or screen appears too blurry to them (Bellocchi, 2013). One of the
common symptoms is that they are not able to differentiate between various types of speech
sounds. They fail to pronounce a word in a correct way. The dyslexic students also face some
problems while using any kind of writing tools like pen and pencils. They might frustrate
while reading even after they are able to read texts with fluency. In the following section,
some example of dyslexia is discussed in different levels.
1. Preschool:
A problem in rhyme recognition.
Struggling to speak the first word of a sentence.
A problem in learning new words.
Problems in reading a text loudly.
2. Grade School:
Problems in recognizing common sight words.
Quickly forgetting the issue after reading something.
Facing word problems in mathematics.
and fluency in speaking a language (Evans et al., 2014). Another problem related to dyslexia
is the decoding the words. This type of problem arises because they struggle with their
general speaking skills. These problems can be seen at the preschool level of the student. This
is the first stage where dyslexia can be determined. Dyslexia can be determined later on when
students have problems with some complex skills like solving math, using proper grammars
and reading comprehension. Also, the dyslexic student omits the sound or letters when they
reading or writing. They face the big confusion of right and left for a sentence (Stein, 2017).
A severe headache is also reported with the students having the dyslexia disease. The
dyslexic students find difficulty to follow sequenced instructions. Many times this issue
considered as a visual problem but the dyslexic students face such type of problem which is
the pages of the book or screen appears too blurry to them (Bellocchi, 2013). One of the
common symptoms is that they are not able to differentiate between various types of speech
sounds. They fail to pronounce a word in a correct way. The dyslexic students also face some
problems while using any kind of writing tools like pen and pencils. They might frustrate
while reading even after they are able to read texts with fluency. In the following section,
some example of dyslexia is discussed in different levels.
1. Preschool:
A problem in rhyme recognition.
Struggling to speak the first word of a sentence.
A problem in learning new words.
Problems in reading a text loudly.
2. Grade School:
Problems in recognizing common sight words.
Quickly forgetting the issue after reading something.
Facing word problems in mathematics.
6DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Problems while repeating a particular sentence or a phrase.
3. Middle School:
Too much spelling errors.
Reading at poor academic level.
4. High School:
Usually skips words when reading a comprehension text.
Reading skill is not good compared to the academic level.
Reasons for Dyslexia:
The advanced medical science and researchers are still not able to find the exact
reason for dyslexia, but it is clear that the brain and genes play a major role in dyslexia
disease. Some possible reasons for the dyslexia are as follows.
1. Heredity:
It has been seen that dyslexia has a tendency to follow the family generations (Huc-
Chabrolle, 2013). From recent research, it has been found that about 40 percent of siblings of
a particular kid has the same issue of dyslexia and 49 percent of parents and their kids have
the dyslexia issue (Bonifacci et al., 2014). Scientists have also found that genes are the main
cause of this type of cases. As the dyslexia is involving the gene factor, then dyslexia must be
a heredity , and it would be passed down through genes. It is defining that the parents who are
having dyslexia, it is common that their child will also have dyslexia. It might skip a
generation, but it will occur in the next generations of the family.
2. Brain Anatomy:
From the brain imaging report it has been found that the brain anatomy of a normal
person and dyslexia affected person are different (Finnet al., 2014). The difference occurred
Problems while repeating a particular sentence or a phrase.
3. Middle School:
Too much spelling errors.
Reading at poor academic level.
4. High School:
Usually skips words when reading a comprehension text.
Reading skill is not good compared to the academic level.
Reasons for Dyslexia:
The advanced medical science and researchers are still not able to find the exact
reason for dyslexia, but it is clear that the brain and genes play a major role in dyslexia
disease. Some possible reasons for the dyslexia are as follows.
1. Heredity:
It has been seen that dyslexia has a tendency to follow the family generations (Huc-
Chabrolle, 2013). From recent research, it has been found that about 40 percent of siblings of
a particular kid has the same issue of dyslexia and 49 percent of parents and their kids have
the dyslexia issue (Bonifacci et al., 2014). Scientists have also found that genes are the main
cause of this type of cases. As the dyslexia is involving the gene factor, then dyslexia must be
a heredity , and it would be passed down through genes. It is defining that the parents who are
having dyslexia, it is common that their child will also have dyslexia. It might skip a
generation, but it will occur in the next generations of the family.
2. Brain Anatomy:
From the brain imaging report it has been found that the brain anatomy of a normal
person and dyslexia affected person are different (Finnet al., 2014). The difference occurred
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7DYSLEXIA DISEASE
in the parts of the brain which is used at the time of reading and writing. It is indicating that
those parts of dyslexia affected people might be not developed properly to do things properly
or there might be some other issues which need to be further researched to determine the
actual reason behind dyslexia.
Diagnosis techniques of Dyslexia:
The only way to determine that a student has dyslexia or not is the full evaluation of
the student in the school or privately. First, the student or child will be checked that there is
no such type of other issues which is giving exact results like dyslexia by a professional
doctor (Berninger, Richards & Abbott, 2015). The word recognising technique is also check
in this evaluation. This can include some type of vision or hearing problem. Then the child
will be evaluated by a psychologist. The psychologist will check that there is no such issue
that is occurring between the learning processes of the child. Thereafter the family
background of the child will be check to ensure that if anyone from the family of the child
does not have the same dyslexia issue (Berninger, Richards & Abbott, 2015). Then the
specialist will research all the data collected and then will give a proper diagnosis report of
the child.
Potential Barriers to Learning:
It is very much important to take care of the holistic needs of the student while
identifying the barriers to learning (Reid, 2016). To critically analyse the challenges faced by
the child it is needed to identify the difficult factors or the barriers to learning first. The
following discussed factors will discuss the task, the learner and the experienced gained by
the learner. Here some of the potential difficulties will be discussed.
in the parts of the brain which is used at the time of reading and writing. It is indicating that
those parts of dyslexia affected people might be not developed properly to do things properly
or there might be some other issues which need to be further researched to determine the
actual reason behind dyslexia.
Diagnosis techniques of Dyslexia:
The only way to determine that a student has dyslexia or not is the full evaluation of
the student in the school or privately. First, the student or child will be checked that there is
no such type of other issues which is giving exact results like dyslexia by a professional
doctor (Berninger, Richards & Abbott, 2015). The word recognising technique is also check
in this evaluation. This can include some type of vision or hearing problem. Then the child
will be evaluated by a psychologist. The psychologist will check that there is no such issue
that is occurring between the learning processes of the child. Thereafter the family
background of the child will be check to ensure that if anyone from the family of the child
does not have the same dyslexia issue (Berninger, Richards & Abbott, 2015). Then the
specialist will research all the data collected and then will give a proper diagnosis report of
the child.
Potential Barriers to Learning:
It is very much important to take care of the holistic needs of the student while
identifying the barriers to learning (Reid, 2016). To critically analyse the challenges faced by
the child it is needed to identify the difficult factors or the barriers to learning first. The
following discussed factors will discuss the task, the learner and the experienced gained by
the learner. Here some of the potential difficulties will be discussed.
8DYSLEXIA DISEASE
1. Understanding:
It is normal that a person affected by dyslexia will not understand a normal task. This
is the main reason behind that often the dyslexic person cannot give seamlessly answer to one
question, or they give irrelevant answers to the question (Kazakou & Soulis, 2015). It is
because the dyslexic person is not able to understand the question. The dyslexic person is not
able to understand the question not because of they do not have the cognitive skills to
understand the question, but because of that, the question is presented in a way that is very
challenging for the person to understand (Frith, 2017).
2. Identifying Key Points:
The dyslexic persons face problem to understand a task because they failed to
understand the key points of the task (Bornman & Donohue 2013). Whenever they evaluate
some task, often they pick up some other points which lead them to the wrong way from the
task and ultimately they failed to give to the correct response to the task. It is very necessary
to highlight those key points to the dyslexic person so that the person can be on the right track
rather than expecting that the dyslexic person will choose the correct key point.
3. Handling Information:
To deal with the barriers to learning one of the main key points is handling or processing the
given information carefully. It has been found that peoples affected with dyslexia often has a
good reasoning ability (Bacon & Handley, 2014). A good reasoning ability skill means they
are able to think properly for a given topic if the other barriers are removed. Thinking on a
topic gives the output of the topic depending on the person who is thinking. Giving these type
of output in a writing session can be difficult for a dyslexic person. The handling of the task
involves,
1. Understanding:
It is normal that a person affected by dyslexia will not understand a normal task. This
is the main reason behind that often the dyslexic person cannot give seamlessly answer to one
question, or they give irrelevant answers to the question (Kazakou & Soulis, 2015). It is
because the dyslexic person is not able to understand the question. The dyslexic person is not
able to understand the question not because of they do not have the cognitive skills to
understand the question, but because of that, the question is presented in a way that is very
challenging for the person to understand (Frith, 2017).
2. Identifying Key Points:
The dyslexic persons face problem to understand a task because they failed to
understand the key points of the task (Bornman & Donohue 2013). Whenever they evaluate
some task, often they pick up some other points which lead them to the wrong way from the
task and ultimately they failed to give to the correct response to the task. It is very necessary
to highlight those key points to the dyslexic person so that the person can be on the right track
rather than expecting that the dyslexic person will choose the correct key point.
3. Handling Information:
To deal with the barriers to learning one of the main key points is handling or processing the
given information carefully. It has been found that peoples affected with dyslexia often has a
good reasoning ability (Bacon & Handley, 2014). A good reasoning ability skill means they
are able to think properly for a given topic if the other barriers are removed. Thinking on a
topic gives the output of the topic depending on the person who is thinking. Giving these type
of output in a writing session can be difficult for a dyslexic person. The handling of the task
involves,
9DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Comprehending the task: Comprehending a task means the dyslexic student has to
successfully understand the vocabulary and the requirement of the task. To understand
the task properly a pre-task discussion is required between the teacher and learner
where the teacher will discuss the vocabulary, purpose of the task and the concepts to
do them in a proper manner (Goswami et al., 2013). The main aim of this discussion
is to give the learner the overview of how the task will be performed rather than
giving the overview of what is the task. This is indicating that dyslexic persons need
help in the process of the learning. With proper learning and experience, the dyslexic
person can be more aware of this type of situations. They can easily deal with these
type of works if they receive support.
Implementing the task: Implementing the tasks means the learner should able to
identify the task requirement and implement the required points in the answer. The
dyslexic persons are generally unable to track this type of required points. They
deflect from the required points and give some unwanted solutions of the tasks. The
dyslexic persons need proper guidance to address the required points in their
solutions. A proper guidance and sufficient time can help the dyslexic persons to
overcome these type of situations (Stienen-Durand & George, 2014).
Autonomous Learning: The dyslexic students is very much dependant on the teacher
as they always need help to execute a task. This can be understanding the question or
identifying the key points of the question, and they need the help of the teacher
otherwise they will give some irrelevant response. This is indicating that the dyslexic
students are depending towards their teachers for solving any problems. This is not a
good indication for the dyslexic students as their success is depending on their
students. This need to ensure that the dyslexic students can overcome this situation
Comprehending the task: Comprehending a task means the dyslexic student has to
successfully understand the vocabulary and the requirement of the task. To understand
the task properly a pre-task discussion is required between the teacher and learner
where the teacher will discuss the vocabulary, purpose of the task and the concepts to
do them in a proper manner (Goswami et al., 2013). The main aim of this discussion
is to give the learner the overview of how the task will be performed rather than
giving the overview of what is the task. This is indicating that dyslexic persons need
help in the process of the learning. With proper learning and experience, the dyslexic
person can be more aware of this type of situations. They can easily deal with these
type of works if they receive support.
Implementing the task: Implementing the tasks means the learner should able to
identify the task requirement and implement the required points in the answer. The
dyslexic persons are generally unable to track this type of required points. They
deflect from the required points and give some unwanted solutions of the tasks. The
dyslexic persons need proper guidance to address the required points in their
solutions. A proper guidance and sufficient time can help the dyslexic persons to
overcome these type of situations (Stienen-Durand & George, 2014).
Autonomous Learning: The dyslexic students is very much dependant on the teacher
as they always need help to execute a task. This can be understanding the question or
identifying the key points of the question, and they need the help of the teacher
otherwise they will give some irrelevant response. This is indicating that the dyslexic
students are depending towards their teachers for solving any problems. This is not a
good indication for the dyslexic students as their success is depending on their
students. This need to ensure that the dyslexic students can overcome this situation
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10DYSLEXIA DISEASE
and independent on solving their own tasks. This can be achieved by giving proper
training to the students.
Reporting about Task: The report on the task is the main part of successful completion
of a given task. Providing proper guidance can help a dyslexic person to successfully
complete the given task, but they might be in problem again when they need to deliver
the task orally. This is the responsibility of the organization to help the dyslexic
person to present the completed task in the proper manner. Gathering experience in
reporting the task will help the dyslexic person to report task independently in near
future.
Impact on the challenges of the holistic development:
Dyslexia is interpreted as a learning disability only. Critical analysis and study reveal that it
is actually a learning-based cognitive disorder in children with a cluster of different signs and
symptoms. Dyslexic children can learn words normally in their early school days with the
help of efficient guidance. With time, learning becomes difficult, and gradually the difficulty
level rises. It mainly affects the understanding of a letter, writing fluency and in some cases,
speech impairment sets in. Often parents and teacher misinterpret these symptoms, and this
leads to delayed detection of the same. They think that the poor performance by their children
in school in terms of learning is due to lack of interest in studies and negligence. This is
actually not the scenario. The child with dyslexia faces difficulty in identifying and
understanding separate sounds within a single word and how different letters sound
differently. Neuro-anatomical imaging and tomographic analysis revealed that the cerebellum
and cerebral cortex regions of the brain are poorly developed in dyslexic individuals
(Karmiloff-Smith, 2018). These two portions of the brain have a major contribution in fluent
movements of the mouth and tongue muscles which helps an individual in pronunciation. The
cerebellum is also involved in providing a proper reading ability. Any developmental issues
and independent on solving their own tasks. This can be achieved by giving proper
training to the students.
Reporting about Task: The report on the task is the main part of successful completion
of a given task. Providing proper guidance can help a dyslexic person to successfully
complete the given task, but they might be in problem again when they need to deliver
the task orally. This is the responsibility of the organization to help the dyslexic
person to present the completed task in the proper manner. Gathering experience in
reporting the task will help the dyslexic person to report task independently in near
future.
Impact on the challenges of the holistic development:
Dyslexia is interpreted as a learning disability only. Critical analysis and study reveal that it
is actually a learning-based cognitive disorder in children with a cluster of different signs and
symptoms. Dyslexic children can learn words normally in their early school days with the
help of efficient guidance. With time, learning becomes difficult, and gradually the difficulty
level rises. It mainly affects the understanding of a letter, writing fluency and in some cases,
speech impairment sets in. Often parents and teacher misinterpret these symptoms, and this
leads to delayed detection of the same. They think that the poor performance by their children
in school in terms of learning is due to lack of interest in studies and negligence. This is
actually not the scenario. The child with dyslexia faces difficulty in identifying and
understanding separate sounds within a single word and how different letters sound
differently. Neuro-anatomical imaging and tomographic analysis revealed that the cerebellum
and cerebral cortex regions of the brain are poorly developed in dyslexic individuals
(Karmiloff-Smith, 2018). These two portions of the brain have a major contribution in fluent
movements of the mouth and tongue muscles which helps an individual in pronunciation. The
cerebellum is also involved in providing a proper reading ability. Any developmental issues
11DYSLEXIA DISEASE
regarding cerebellum potentiate a risk in bringing about dyslexia. These developmental errors
are presumed to occur during foetal development. Least information is available about the
genetic influences on dyslexia though it has been confirmed by research that dyslexia is not a
result of single gene mutation. Dyslexia may be the result of an aberration in chromosome 2,
3, 4 and 15 (Carrion‐Castillo, Franke & Fisher, 2013). Studies are going on to confirm the
heritability of the disease. All of this area requires intense research attention. Along with
these developmental disputes, a dyslexic child experiences a lot of pressure in every sphere of
his life. Impact of this disease is said to affect the holistic development of a child. The term
holistic development refers to the complete development of a child which includes
educational, developmental, social and emotional aspects. Very little is known about the
disease to many people. As a result of that, society and those people often misjudge the
disease conditions as reluctance and poor intelligence of a child. This affects the emotional
and psychological state of a child to a significant level. When dyslexic children enter school,
they are unable to acquire the mental strength to compete with other students with respect to
learning. Activities easily performed by their peers, seem to be difficult and in some instances
impossible for them. This leads to the development of two extremely diverse reactions. Either
the child feels tremendously low when asked for writing or answering a question or he may
over-react to his stress. In the case of the former condition, the child may show symptoms
such as sweating, trembling, and fumbling when asked a question or to come to the
blackboard to write something. The latter case of overreaction on becoming unsuccessful in
the easy task, being mocked by peers can result in aggressive behaviour and adversely leads
to delinquency. These two reactions can further affect the child in the following ways:
Low self-esteem: The dyslexic child cannot keep up with the school procedure. As a result,
there is a drop in the self-esteem of the child. Questions are raised from both the parents and
teachers regarding his academic ability. This may develop an inferiority feeling. The reason
regarding cerebellum potentiate a risk in bringing about dyslexia. These developmental errors
are presumed to occur during foetal development. Least information is available about the
genetic influences on dyslexia though it has been confirmed by research that dyslexia is not a
result of single gene mutation. Dyslexia may be the result of an aberration in chromosome 2,
3, 4 and 15 (Carrion‐Castillo, Franke & Fisher, 2013). Studies are going on to confirm the
heritability of the disease. All of this area requires intense research attention. Along with
these developmental disputes, a dyslexic child experiences a lot of pressure in every sphere of
his life. Impact of this disease is said to affect the holistic development of a child. The term
holistic development refers to the complete development of a child which includes
educational, developmental, social and emotional aspects. Very little is known about the
disease to many people. As a result of that, society and those people often misjudge the
disease conditions as reluctance and poor intelligence of a child. This affects the emotional
and psychological state of a child to a significant level. When dyslexic children enter school,
they are unable to acquire the mental strength to compete with other students with respect to
learning. Activities easily performed by their peers, seem to be difficult and in some instances
impossible for them. This leads to the development of two extremely diverse reactions. Either
the child feels tremendously low when asked for writing or answering a question or he may
over-react to his stress. In the case of the former condition, the child may show symptoms
such as sweating, trembling, and fumbling when asked a question or to come to the
blackboard to write something. The latter case of overreaction on becoming unsuccessful in
the easy task, being mocked by peers can result in aggressive behaviour and adversely leads
to delinquency. These two reactions can further affect the child in the following ways:
Low self-esteem: The dyslexic child cannot keep up with the school procedure. As a result,
there is a drop in the self-esteem of the child. Questions are raised from both the parents and
teachers regarding his academic ability. This may develop an inferiority feeling. The reason
12DYSLEXIA DISEASE
behind this low esteem may also be poor recognition and attention from friends and teachers
(Novita, 2016). The primary concern regarding low self-esteem is frustration followed by
antisocial activities.
Challenges in emotional coping: Dyslexia imparts a massive effect on the emotion of a
child. At the age when he needs complete care and attention, a dyslexic child experiences
critical miseries of life. He is lagging behind in school. A child tries hard to seek for help in
academic matters from his friends. Hardly he gets any help, and the classmates usually refuse
to help such child and teachers also do not want to co-operate with them instead they tend to
punish him for the disability. Out of all these, the child feels frustrated and emotionally
devastated. He refuses to attend school anymore. This hampers normal socialisation of the
child.
Depression: As suggested by research, depression always accompanies the previously
discussed impacts of dyslexia on a child (Alesi, Rappo & Pepi, 2014). Disappointment,
sadness, frustration, shame on own self, embarrassment are summed up as a depressed
condition. The clinical definition of depression does not support to mark a dyslexic child with
the above mentioned symptoms as depressed, but those symptoms definitely are correlated
with depression. Many dyslexic, especially females, suppress intense emotional pain. This
happens due to the fact their classmates are surpassing them in terms of learning and
studying, but they are left behind. The behaviour of the parents contributes significantly to
the development of depression in children. When the child needs support from the parents,
they accuse the child regarding poor marks in examination, learning difficulties. The child
can often think about suicide or hurting himself when the condition seems to be unbearable to
him.
behind this low esteem may also be poor recognition and attention from friends and teachers
(Novita, 2016). The primary concern regarding low self-esteem is frustration followed by
antisocial activities.
Challenges in emotional coping: Dyslexia imparts a massive effect on the emotion of a
child. At the age when he needs complete care and attention, a dyslexic child experiences
critical miseries of life. He is lagging behind in school. A child tries hard to seek for help in
academic matters from his friends. Hardly he gets any help, and the classmates usually refuse
to help such child and teachers also do not want to co-operate with them instead they tend to
punish him for the disability. Out of all these, the child feels frustrated and emotionally
devastated. He refuses to attend school anymore. This hampers normal socialisation of the
child.
Depression: As suggested by research, depression always accompanies the previously
discussed impacts of dyslexia on a child (Alesi, Rappo & Pepi, 2014). Disappointment,
sadness, frustration, shame on own self, embarrassment are summed up as a depressed
condition. The clinical definition of depression does not support to mark a dyslexic child with
the above mentioned symptoms as depressed, but those symptoms definitely are correlated
with depression. Many dyslexic, especially females, suppress intense emotional pain. This
happens due to the fact their classmates are surpassing them in terms of learning and
studying, but they are left behind. The behaviour of the parents contributes significantly to
the development of depression in children. When the child needs support from the parents,
they accuse the child regarding poor marks in examination, learning difficulties. The child
can often think about suicide or hurting himself when the condition seems to be unbearable to
him.
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13DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Dyslexics have almost equal level of intelligence as a normal individual. They may have
expertise in some activities such as singing, painting or other extracurricular activities. Such
excellence needs to be explored and should be emphasized while introducing a child with
dyslexia rather than focusing on their disabilities. This can only take them out of this difficult
situation.
Evaluation of intervention:
Dyslexic students are not less intelligent than their normal counterparts. Due to the
effect of slight abnormality in neuronal development or genetic defect, some learning and
shaping a concept disability occurs. They can learn but with a slower speed than others. That
is why interventions are available to address this disorder. Few such strategies have been
suggested in the recommendation section of the paper. The justification for implementing
those methods are analysed in this section.
Multisensory approach: Dyslexic students are considered as educable as their anatomical
structure is not significantly different from a normal individual. They are mildly disabled
from an intellectual point of view. Initially reading and learning programs were introduced to
provide support to the dyslexic students. Later, it has been found out that the multisensory
approach will be more effective in obtaining better outcomes from dyslexic students
(Moustafa & Ghani, 2016). The brain has a multisensory circuit system which allows an
individual to hear, speak, and write concurrently. This property of the brain is exploited in
designing multisensory learning programs. This program allows the child to see, pronounce
and write a word at a time. This enables the student to create an image of the letter in his
mind, and he can identify the differences in pronunciation with other letters and he can make
sense of how to write the letter. Different methods are involved in this program. Such as
visual and auditory method. In auditory learning, the student can hear the sound of the letter,
Dyslexics have almost equal level of intelligence as a normal individual. They may have
expertise in some activities such as singing, painting or other extracurricular activities. Such
excellence needs to be explored and should be emphasized while introducing a child with
dyslexia rather than focusing on their disabilities. This can only take them out of this difficult
situation.
Evaluation of intervention:
Dyslexic students are not less intelligent than their normal counterparts. Due to the
effect of slight abnormality in neuronal development or genetic defect, some learning and
shaping a concept disability occurs. They can learn but with a slower speed than others. That
is why interventions are available to address this disorder. Few such strategies have been
suggested in the recommendation section of the paper. The justification for implementing
those methods are analysed in this section.
Multisensory approach: Dyslexic students are considered as educable as their anatomical
structure is not significantly different from a normal individual. They are mildly disabled
from an intellectual point of view. Initially reading and learning programs were introduced to
provide support to the dyslexic students. Later, it has been found out that the multisensory
approach will be more effective in obtaining better outcomes from dyslexic students
(Moustafa & Ghani, 2016). The brain has a multisensory circuit system which allows an
individual to hear, speak, and write concurrently. This property of the brain is exploited in
designing multisensory learning programs. This program allows the child to see, pronounce
and write a word at a time. This enables the student to create an image of the letter in his
mind, and he can identify the differences in pronunciation with other letters and he can make
sense of how to write the letter. Different methods are involved in this program. Such as
visual and auditory method. In auditory learning, the student can hear the sound of the letter,
14DYSLEXIA DISEASE
and in the visual method, the letter is visible to the student. This program demands
participation from the teachers such as an appraisal. Upon successful completion of learning
the student must be encouraged and praised by the teachers. Studies have shown that the
addition of an appraisal method along with the visual and auditory methods turned out to be
successful (Reid, 2016).
Educational games: Dyslexic students lose their interest in learning by repeated failure in
academic activities. Educational games, fun activities in school can draw the attention of such
students. Some easy steps are incorporated in the game so that the student feels confident
when she wins a round. Structured modules of the game such as identification of an object by
the image or video, should be incorporated to assure the student that he is capable of
answering difficult questions. All of these methods are proven by research to boost up the
self-esteem of the student (Gooch et al., 2016). Such approaches should be employed in
groups where dyslexic children will be participating with mainstream students. This will be
beneficial in two ways- socialisation will be facilitated, and learning purpose will be served.
Typographical support: Dyslexic students face a primary challenge in identifying and
differentiating between letters. This problem can be circumvented by providing typographical
support. Studies have shown several aspects of the support (Jackson, 2014). The difference
between two font styles- Times New Roman and Arial lies in the presence of serifs. In Arial
font, more serifs are present which makes it easier to detect and distinguish between two
letters. Results have shown that 5% inclusion of serif has increased the readability whereas
more than 5% can, in turn, reduce the readability (Jackson, 2014). Another important aspect
is font size, and dyslexic students need to be given large font size words while reading to aid
their vision. Modification of letters such as the addition of a mark to lowercase letters such as
b, d, p, and q makes it better for the dyslexic students. Another modification can help the
students with dyslexia. Increasing intra-spacing in between letters of a single word can make
and in the visual method, the letter is visible to the student. This program demands
participation from the teachers such as an appraisal. Upon successful completion of learning
the student must be encouraged and praised by the teachers. Studies have shown that the
addition of an appraisal method along with the visual and auditory methods turned out to be
successful (Reid, 2016).
Educational games: Dyslexic students lose their interest in learning by repeated failure in
academic activities. Educational games, fun activities in school can draw the attention of such
students. Some easy steps are incorporated in the game so that the student feels confident
when she wins a round. Structured modules of the game such as identification of an object by
the image or video, should be incorporated to assure the student that he is capable of
answering difficult questions. All of these methods are proven by research to boost up the
self-esteem of the student (Gooch et al., 2016). Such approaches should be employed in
groups where dyslexic children will be participating with mainstream students. This will be
beneficial in two ways- socialisation will be facilitated, and learning purpose will be served.
Typographical support: Dyslexic students face a primary challenge in identifying and
differentiating between letters. This problem can be circumvented by providing typographical
support. Studies have shown several aspects of the support (Jackson, 2014). The difference
between two font styles- Times New Roman and Arial lies in the presence of serifs. In Arial
font, more serifs are present which makes it easier to detect and distinguish between two
letters. Results have shown that 5% inclusion of serif has increased the readability whereas
more than 5% can, in turn, reduce the readability (Jackson, 2014). Another important aspect
is font size, and dyslexic students need to be given large font size words while reading to aid
their vision. Modification of letters such as the addition of a mark to lowercase letters such as
b, d, p, and q makes it better for the dyslexic students. Another modification can help the
students with dyslexia. Increasing intra-spacing in between letters of a single word can make
15DYSLEXIA DISEASE
it helpful for a dyslexic child to understand and read. These methods are in combination,
referred to as a typographical aid to help the dyslexic students.
Technological implementation: Taking the help of technology can enhance the rate of
success to a significantly high level. In addressing the challenges faced by the dyslexic
students, use of technological tools should be rapidly implemented. Experts can provide the
children with pocket spelling checker which are portable and easy to operate (Snowling,
2013). This can help the student in detecting his mistakes in spelling and also in correcting it.
This would allow the student to rectify his mistakes on his own thereby building the sense of
self-independence.
All of these strategies will help the child with dyslexia in overcoming learning disabilities.
The emotional state of the child needs to be boosted as well. This is the point where the role
of teachers and parents. Proactive support from teachers in terms of arranging cooperating
environment in school has been authenticated to impart good results in treating dyslexia
(Alexander-Passe, 2016). Suicidal tendency, criminal psychology and deviant behaviour can
be managed by the active support from the parents. Studies show that care from parents and
emotional proximity with parents make it easier to treat this disorder.
Assessment 2:
Dyslexic students are different from the normal students. Dyslexia adults and students
struggle to write and read fluently, but dyslexia has no issues with the intelligence of the
student (Sumner, Connelly & Barnett, 2013). Dyslexic students are the slow readers and need
more time to connect the sound and letters but they are very fast in creative thinking, and they
also have solid reasoning abilities. Dyslexia is a type of disease which cannot be cured, but
with good support dyslexia, affected students can highly succeed in the professional life. In
it helpful for a dyslexic child to understand and read. These methods are in combination,
referred to as a typographical aid to help the dyslexic students.
Technological implementation: Taking the help of technology can enhance the rate of
success to a significantly high level. In addressing the challenges faced by the dyslexic
students, use of technological tools should be rapidly implemented. Experts can provide the
children with pocket spelling checker which are portable and easy to operate (Snowling,
2013). This can help the student in detecting his mistakes in spelling and also in correcting it.
This would allow the student to rectify his mistakes on his own thereby building the sense of
self-independence.
All of these strategies will help the child with dyslexia in overcoming learning disabilities.
The emotional state of the child needs to be boosted as well. This is the point where the role
of teachers and parents. Proactive support from teachers in terms of arranging cooperating
environment in school has been authenticated to impart good results in treating dyslexia
(Alexander-Passe, 2016). Suicidal tendency, criminal psychology and deviant behaviour can
be managed by the active support from the parents. Studies show that care from parents and
emotional proximity with parents make it easier to treat this disorder.
Assessment 2:
Dyslexic students are different from the normal students. Dyslexia adults and students
struggle to write and read fluently, but dyslexia has no issues with the intelligence of the
student (Sumner, Connelly & Barnett, 2013). Dyslexic students are the slow readers and need
more time to connect the sound and letters but they are very fast in creative thinking, and they
also have solid reasoning abilities. Dyslexia is a type of disease which cannot be cured, but
with good support dyslexia, affected students can highly succeed in the professional life. In
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16DYSLEXIA DISEASE
this section, a learning program and strategies will be discussed to remove barriers to learning
of dyslexia affected students.
1. Multisensory Learning:
The learning process can be derived from its name. Multisensory learning involves
multiple human sensors to learn more precisely. This multisensory learning process involves
the movement and touches senses alongside hearing and sight (Hahn, Foxe & Molholm,
2014). This type of learning process helps to activate different portions of the human brain.
Multisensory learning allows the dyslexia student to learn and understand new objects more
effectively. Thus they can remember it and can recall it whenever they needed. The dyslexic
students have a major difficulty to learn new things especially in the case of complex learning
when the whole learning process is divided into some sequence. Multisensory learning help
to remove this learning barrier by making this sequence more related to sound and sights.
2. Assistive Tools and Technology:
Now the dyslexic students can learn things more quickly in an easier way with the help of
growing technologies. The newly invented gadgets are helping the dyslexic students in
remembering information properly and effectively (Barden, 2014). One of the most helpful
gadgets is the pocket spell checker. The pocket spell checker checks the word typed by the
dyslexic learner which might be wrong in many cases. In such a situation, the pocket spell
checker gives the correct spell back to the learner which is a great way to correct the mistakes
and remembering the actual spelling (Song et al., 2013). The line reader is very good at
helping the students to read a particular text. It can magnify the text portion over which it will
be placed. This helps dyslexic students by helping them to keep track of the text which they
were reading. Also, a colourful keyboard with large letter interface helps the dyslexic student
this section, a learning program and strategies will be discussed to remove barriers to learning
of dyslexia affected students.
1. Multisensory Learning:
The learning process can be derived from its name. Multisensory learning involves
multiple human sensors to learn more precisely. This multisensory learning process involves
the movement and touches senses alongside hearing and sight (Hahn, Foxe & Molholm,
2014). This type of learning process helps to activate different portions of the human brain.
Multisensory learning allows the dyslexia student to learn and understand new objects more
effectively. Thus they can remember it and can recall it whenever they needed. The dyslexic
students have a major difficulty to learn new things especially in the case of complex learning
when the whole learning process is divided into some sequence. Multisensory learning help
to remove this learning barrier by making this sequence more related to sound and sights.
2. Assistive Tools and Technology:
Now the dyslexic students can learn things more quickly in an easier way with the help of
growing technologies. The newly invented gadgets are helping the dyslexic students in
remembering information properly and effectively (Barden, 2014). One of the most helpful
gadgets is the pocket spell checker. The pocket spell checker checks the word typed by the
dyslexic learner which might be wrong in many cases. In such a situation, the pocket spell
checker gives the correct spell back to the learner which is a great way to correct the mistakes
and remembering the actual spelling (Song et al., 2013). The line reader is very good at
helping the students to read a particular text. It can magnify the text portion over which it will
be placed. This helps dyslexic students by helping them to keep track of the text which they
were reading. Also, a colourful keyboard with large letter interface helps the dyslexic student
17DYSLEXIA DISEASE
as it is more accessible than a normal keyboard (Sarpudin & Zambri, 2014). The text-to-
speech software is also beneficial when the dyslexic student is reading or writing something.
3. Helpful Arrangements:
A perfect arrangement and environment of learning can help the dyslexic student to
learn things more quickly. Before conducting a lesson, giving a brief overview of the lesson
can help the dyslexic student to understand the information in an easier way. This need to be
sure that there is no pressure on the dyslexic student about the study. In such cases, the
teacher needs to give the dyslexic students extra time to complete their respective task. Also,
the teacher can inform the parents of the dyslexic students to help their child to finish the
given task (Keates, 2013). The teacher of the dyslexic student needs to ensure that they are
not strict at all towards the students. Strictness can affect their learning progress. Any correct
things done by the student should be praised by the teacher because it influences the student.
Whenever a student makes a mistake, it can be highlighted with a green maker rather than
using the traditional cross sign with a red pen. This small changes can make the student
motivated towards the learning process.
4. Educational Games:
Educational games are the great thing as a learning process among the dyslexic
students. It is a perfect way to mix the learning process with fun things which will surely
attract the students towards learning (Franceschini et al., 2013). The dyslexic students will be
more excited as they do not have to face the boring lectures. The students should always be
motivated towards this type of learnings as playing games are always exciting for them.
There are several types of learning games available on the market. There are many types of
games which integrates sound and words together to help the students. Their colourful style
as it is more accessible than a normal keyboard (Sarpudin & Zambri, 2014). The text-to-
speech software is also beneficial when the dyslexic student is reading or writing something.
3. Helpful Arrangements:
A perfect arrangement and environment of learning can help the dyslexic student to
learn things more quickly. Before conducting a lesson, giving a brief overview of the lesson
can help the dyslexic student to understand the information in an easier way. This need to be
sure that there is no pressure on the dyslexic student about the study. In such cases, the
teacher needs to give the dyslexic students extra time to complete their respective task. Also,
the teacher can inform the parents of the dyslexic students to help their child to finish the
given task (Keates, 2013). The teacher of the dyslexic student needs to ensure that they are
not strict at all towards the students. Strictness can affect their learning progress. Any correct
things done by the student should be praised by the teacher because it influences the student.
Whenever a student makes a mistake, it can be highlighted with a green maker rather than
using the traditional cross sign with a red pen. This small changes can make the student
motivated towards the learning process.
4. Educational Games:
Educational games are the great thing as a learning process among the dyslexic
students. It is a perfect way to mix the learning process with fun things which will surely
attract the students towards learning (Franceschini et al., 2013). The dyslexic students will be
more excited as they do not have to face the boring lectures. The students should always be
motivated towards this type of learnings as playing games are always exciting for them.
There are several types of learning games available on the market. There are many types of
games which integrates sound and words together to help the students. Their colourful style
18DYSLEXIA DISEASE
always attracts learners. Also, some workbooks are available online containing 3D drawings,
puzzles and reading lessons to strengthen visual thinking of the dyslexic students.
5. Working together:
The teacher and the parents of the dyslexic students can work together to improve the
learning process. They can meet on a daily basis to discuss the learning progress of the
student. The parents of the child also can give an update to the teacher about the strategies
applied in the home and the success rate of it (Henderson, 2013). This is required because
though two students suffering from same dyslexia disease but at last two students are not the
same. They may belong to the different culture. It is suggesting that sharing the information
about the learners between their parents and teachers can help to find the best method to
break the barrier of the learning process.
6. Typographical support:
Dyslexic students have problems in distinguishing between same types of fonts. This
problem can be fixed by larger font sizes (Rello & Baeza-Yates2013). In a recent study, it has
been found that larger font size can help the dyslexic student to identify it more clearly. For
an example, the Ariel font is the understandable font in which all the letters are placed
separately. Other facts like larger interspacing between two letters and larger line spacing can
also help the dyslexic students to identify sentences quickly (Taha & Azaizah-Seh, 2017).
Conclusion:
Dyslexia is a disease which can affect a human being in their early developing stages
which is not good at all. Dyslexia affected humans struggle to speak, write and read correctly.
It is also a prevalent disease, affecting 20 percent of the total population. Dyslexia is a type of
disease or disorder which is present at the birth, and the worst part of this disorder is that it is
not possible to prevent the sickness and it is not curable. Though dyslexia is not curable from
always attracts learners. Also, some workbooks are available online containing 3D drawings,
puzzles and reading lessons to strengthen visual thinking of the dyslexic students.
5. Working together:
The teacher and the parents of the dyslexic students can work together to improve the
learning process. They can meet on a daily basis to discuss the learning progress of the
student. The parents of the child also can give an update to the teacher about the strategies
applied in the home and the success rate of it (Henderson, 2013). This is required because
though two students suffering from same dyslexia disease but at last two students are not the
same. They may belong to the different culture. It is suggesting that sharing the information
about the learners between their parents and teachers can help to find the best method to
break the barrier of the learning process.
6. Typographical support:
Dyslexic students have problems in distinguishing between same types of fonts. This
problem can be fixed by larger font sizes (Rello & Baeza-Yates2013). In a recent study, it has
been found that larger font size can help the dyslexic student to identify it more clearly. For
an example, the Ariel font is the understandable font in which all the letters are placed
separately. Other facts like larger interspacing between two letters and larger line spacing can
also help the dyslexic students to identify sentences quickly (Taha & Azaizah-Seh, 2017).
Conclusion:
Dyslexia is a disease which can affect a human being in their early developing stages
which is not good at all. Dyslexia affected humans struggle to speak, write and read correctly.
It is also a prevalent disease, affecting 20 percent of the total population. Dyslexia is a type of
disease or disorder which is present at the birth, and the worst part of this disorder is that it is
not possible to prevent the sickness and it is not curable. Though dyslexia is not curable from
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19DYSLEXIA DISEASE
the above discussion, it can be concluded that having a dyslexia disease not means that the
child will be unable to learn things like an average human. Taking proper steps against
dyslexia can help the learners to develop themselves in their early development stage.
Though they might take a longer time to learn different things, still they are capable of doing
it. Their parents and their teacher needs to help them in this learning process. Helping hands
from the others and learning in a different attractive way the dyslexic students can surely
overcome their learning problem.
the above discussion, it can be concluded that having a dyslexia disease not means that the
child will be unable to learn things like an average human. Taking proper steps against
dyslexia can help the learners to develop themselves in their early development stage.
Though they might take a longer time to learn different things, still they are capable of doing
it. Their parents and their teacher needs to help them in this learning process. Helping hands
from the others and learning in a different attractive way the dyslexic students can surely
overcome their learning problem.
20DYSLEXIA DISEASE
References:
Alesi, M., Rappo, G., & Pepi, A. (2014). Depression, anxiety at school and self-esteem in
children with learning disabilities. Journal of psychological abnormalities, 1-8.
Alexander-Passe, N. (2016). The school’s role in creating successful and unsuccessful
dyslexics. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6(1), 2161-0487.
Alsobhi, A. Y., Khan, N., & Rahanu, H. (2014). Toward linking dyslexia types and
symptoms to the available assistive technologies. In Advanced Learning Technologies
(ICALT), 2014 IEEE 14th International Conference on (pp. 597-598). IEEE.
Bacon, A. M., & Handley, S. J. (2014). Reasoning and dyslexia is a visual memory a
compensatory resource?. Dyslexia, 20(4), 330-345.
Barden, O. (2014). Facebook levels the playing field: dyslexic students learning through
digital literacies. Research in Learning Technology, 22(18535).
Bellocchi, S. (2013). Developmental dyslexia, visual crowding and eye movements. Eye
movement: Developmental perspectives, dysfunctions and disorders in humans, 93-
110.
Berninger, V. W., Richards, T. L., & Abbott, R. D. (2015). Differential diagnosis of
dysgraphia, dyslexia, and OWL LD: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Reading
and writing, 28(8), 1119-1153.
Bloom, J. S., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., & Hynd, G. W. (2013).
Planum temporale morphology in children with developmental
dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 51(9), 1684-1692.
References:
Alesi, M., Rappo, G., & Pepi, A. (2014). Depression, anxiety at school and self-esteem in
children with learning disabilities. Journal of psychological abnormalities, 1-8.
Alexander-Passe, N. (2016). The school’s role in creating successful and unsuccessful
dyslexics. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6(1), 2161-0487.
Alsobhi, A. Y., Khan, N., & Rahanu, H. (2014). Toward linking dyslexia types and
symptoms to the available assistive technologies. In Advanced Learning Technologies
(ICALT), 2014 IEEE 14th International Conference on (pp. 597-598). IEEE.
Bacon, A. M., & Handley, S. J. (2014). Reasoning and dyslexia is a visual memory a
compensatory resource?. Dyslexia, 20(4), 330-345.
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21DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Bonifacci, P., Montuschi, M., Lami, L., & Snowling, M. J. (2014). Parents of children with
dyslexia: Cognitive, emotional and behavioural profile. Dyslexia, 20(2), 175-190.
Bornman, J., & Donohue, D. K. (2013). South African teachers’ attitudes toward learners
with barriers to learning: Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder and little or no
functional speech. International Journal of Disability, Development and
Education, 60(2), 85-104.
Carrion‐Castillo, A., Franke, B., & Fisher, S. E. (2013). Molecular genetics of dyslexia: an
overview. Dyslexia, 19(4), 214-240.
Ellis, A. W. (2016). Reading, writing and dyslexia (classic edition): a cognitive analysis.
Psychology Press.
Evans, T. M., Flowers, D. L., Napoliello, E. M., Olulade, O. A., & Eden, G. F. (2014). The
functional anatomy of single-digit arithmetic in children with developmental
dyslexia. Neuroimage, 101, 644-652.
Finn, E. S., Shen, X., Holahan, J. M., Scheinost, D., Lacadie, C., Papademetris, X., ... &
Constable, R. T. (2014). Disruption of functional networks in dyslexia: a whole-brain,
data-driven analysis of connectivity. Biological psychiatry, 76(5), 397-404.
Franceschini, S., Gori, S., Ruffino, M., Viola, S., Molteni, M., & Facoetti, A. (2013). Action
video games make dyslexic children read better. Current Biology, 23(6), 462-466.
Frith, U. (2017). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In Surface dyslexia (pp. 301-
330). Routledge.
Gooch, D., Vasalou, A., Benton, L., & Khaled, R. (2016, May). Using gamification to
motivate students with dyslexia. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 969-980). ACM.
Bonifacci, P., Montuschi, M., Lami, L., & Snowling, M. J. (2014). Parents of children with
dyslexia: Cognitive, emotional and behavioural profile. Dyslexia, 20(2), 175-190.
Bornman, J., & Donohue, D. K. (2013). South African teachers’ attitudes toward learners
with barriers to learning: Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder and little or no
functional speech. International Journal of Disability, Development and
Education, 60(2), 85-104.
Carrion‐Castillo, A., Franke, B., & Fisher, S. E. (2013). Molecular genetics of dyslexia: an
overview. Dyslexia, 19(4), 214-240.
Ellis, A. W. (2016). Reading, writing and dyslexia (classic edition): a cognitive analysis.
Psychology Press.
Evans, T. M., Flowers, D. L., Napoliello, E. M., Olulade, O. A., & Eden, G. F. (2014). The
functional anatomy of single-digit arithmetic in children with developmental
dyslexia. Neuroimage, 101, 644-652.
Finn, E. S., Shen, X., Holahan, J. M., Scheinost, D., Lacadie, C., Papademetris, X., ... &
Constable, R. T. (2014). Disruption of functional networks in dyslexia: a whole-brain,
data-driven analysis of connectivity. Biological psychiatry, 76(5), 397-404.
Franceschini, S., Gori, S., Ruffino, M., Viola, S., Molteni, M., & Facoetti, A. (2013). Action
video games make dyslexic children read better. Current Biology, 23(6), 462-466.
Frith, U. (2017). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In Surface dyslexia (pp. 301-
330). Routledge.
Gooch, D., Vasalou, A., Benton, L., & Khaled, R. (2016, May). Using gamification to
motivate students with dyslexia. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 969-980). ACM.
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22DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Goswami, U., Huss, M., Mead, N., Fosker, T., & Verney, J. P. (2013). Perception of patterns
of musical beat distribution in phonological developmental dyslexia: significant
longitudinal relations with word reading and reading comprehension. Cortex, 49(5),
1363-1376.
Hahn, N., Foxe, J. J., & Molholm, S. (2014). Impairments of multisensory integration and
cross-sensory learning as pathways to dyslexia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral
Reviews, 47, 384-392.
Henderson, A. (2013). Dyslexia, Dyscalculia and Mathematics: A practical guide. Routledge.
Huc-Chabrolle, M., Charon, C., Guilmatre, A., Vourc’h, P., Tripi, G., Barthez, M. A., ... &
Toutain, A. (2013). Xq27 FRAXA locus is a strong candidate for dyslexia: evidence
from a genome-wide scan in French families. Behavior genetics, 43(2), 132-140.
Jackson, J. E. (2014). Towards Universally Accessible Typography: A Review of Research
on Dyslexia.
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2018). Development itself is the key to understanding developmental
disorders. In Thinking Developmentally from Constructivism to
Neuroconstructivism(pp. 97-117). Routledge.
Kazakou, M. N., & Soulis, S. (2015). Feedback and the speed of answer of pupils with
dyslexia in digital activities. Procedia Computer Science, 67, 204-212.
Keates, A. (2013). Dyslexia and information and communications technology: A guide for
teachers and parents. Routledge.
Knowles, J. (2017). Diversity, Inclusion and Equality in Practice Placements: Experiences of
pre-registration student nurses with dyslexia (Doctoral dissertation, London South
Bank University).
Goswami, U., Huss, M., Mead, N., Fosker, T., & Verney, J. P. (2013). Perception of patterns
of musical beat distribution in phonological developmental dyslexia: significant
longitudinal relations with word reading and reading comprehension. Cortex, 49(5),
1363-1376.
Hahn, N., Foxe, J. J., & Molholm, S. (2014). Impairments of multisensory integration and
cross-sensory learning as pathways to dyslexia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral
Reviews, 47, 384-392.
Henderson, A. (2013). Dyslexia, Dyscalculia and Mathematics: A practical guide. Routledge.
Huc-Chabrolle, M., Charon, C., Guilmatre, A., Vourc’h, P., Tripi, G., Barthez, M. A., ... &
Toutain, A. (2013). Xq27 FRAXA locus is a strong candidate for dyslexia: evidence
from a genome-wide scan in French families. Behavior genetics, 43(2), 132-140.
Jackson, J. E. (2014). Towards Universally Accessible Typography: A Review of Research
on Dyslexia.
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2018). Development itself is the key to understanding developmental
disorders. In Thinking Developmentally from Constructivism to
Neuroconstructivism(pp. 97-117). Routledge.
Kazakou, M. N., & Soulis, S. (2015). Feedback and the speed of answer of pupils with
dyslexia in digital activities. Procedia Computer Science, 67, 204-212.
Keates, A. (2013). Dyslexia and information and communications technology: A guide for
teachers and parents. Routledge.
Knowles, J. (2017). Diversity, Inclusion and Equality in Practice Placements: Experiences of
pre-registration student nurses with dyslexia (Doctoral dissertation, London South
Bank University).
23DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Moustafa, A., & Ghani, M. Z. (2016). The Effectiveness of a Multi Sensory Approach in
Improving Letter-Sound Correspondence among Mild Intellectual Disabled Students
in State of Kuwait. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(32), 151-156.
Novita, S. (2016). Secondary symptoms of dyslexia: a comparison of self-esteem and anxiety
profiles of children with and without dyslexia. European journal of special needs
education, 31(2), 279-288.
Pritchard, A. (2013). Ways of learning: Learning theories and learning styles in the
classroom. Routledge.
Reid, G. (2016). Dyslexia: A practitioner's handbook. John Wiley & Sons.
Rello, L., & Baeza-Yates, R. (2013). Good fonts for dyslexia. In Proceedings of the 15th
international ACM SIGACCESS conference on computers and accessibility (p. 14).
ACM.
Sarpudin, S. N. S., & Zambri, S. (2014). Web readability for students with Dyslexia:
Malaysian case study. In User Science and Engineering (i-USEr), 2014 3rd
International Conference on (pp. 192-197). IEEE.
Snowling, M. J. (2013). Early identification and interventions for dyslexia: a contemporary
view. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 13(1), 7-14.
Song, H. J., Park, Y. H., Shim, H. S., Ham, J. G., Kim, H. S., Lee, J. H., & Lee, S. H.
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Office.
Stein, J. F. (2017). A visual defect in dyslexics?. In Dyslexia in Children (pp. 137-156).
Routledge.
Moustafa, A., & Ghani, M. Z. (2016). The Effectiveness of a Multi Sensory Approach in
Improving Letter-Sound Correspondence among Mild Intellectual Disabled Students
in State of Kuwait. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(32), 151-156.
Novita, S. (2016). Secondary symptoms of dyslexia: a comparison of self-esteem and anxiety
profiles of children with and without dyslexia. European journal of special needs
education, 31(2), 279-288.
Pritchard, A. (2013). Ways of learning: Learning theories and learning styles in the
classroom. Routledge.
Reid, G. (2016). Dyslexia: A practitioner's handbook. John Wiley & Sons.
Rello, L., & Baeza-Yates, R. (2013). Good fonts for dyslexia. In Proceedings of the 15th
international ACM SIGACCESS conference on computers and accessibility (p. 14).
ACM.
Sarpudin, S. N. S., & Zambri, S. (2014). Web readability for students with Dyslexia:
Malaysian case study. In User Science and Engineering (i-USEr), 2014 3rd
International Conference on (pp. 192-197). IEEE.
Snowling, M. J. (2013). Early identification and interventions for dyslexia: a contemporary
view. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 13(1), 7-14.
Song, H. J., Park, Y. H., Shim, H. S., Ham, J. G., Kim, H. S., Lee, J. H., & Lee, S. H.
(2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,365,070. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.
Stein, J. F. (2017). A visual defect in dyslexics?. In Dyslexia in Children (pp. 137-156).
Routledge.
24DYSLEXIA DISEASE
Stienen-Durand, S., & George, J. (2014). Supporting dyslexia in the programming
classroom. Procedia Computer Science, 27, 419-430.
Sumner, E., Connelly, V., & Barnett, A. L. (2013). Children with dyslexia are slow writers
because they pause more often and not because they are slow at handwriting
execution. Reading and Writing, 26(6), 991-1008.
Taha, H., & Azaizah-Seh, H. (2017). Visual word recognition and vowelization in Arabic:
new evidence from lexical decision task performances. Cognitive processing, 18(4),
521-527.
Thelen, A., Talsma, D., & Murray, M. M. (2015). Single-trial multisensory memories affect
later auditory and visual object discrimination. Cognition, 138, 148-160.
Warmington, M., Stothard, S. E., & Snowling, M. J. (2013). Assessing dyslexia in higher
education: the York adult assessment battery‐revised. Journal of Research in Special
Educational Needs, 13(1), 48-56.
Stienen-Durand, S., & George, J. (2014). Supporting dyslexia in the programming
classroom. Procedia Computer Science, 27, 419-430.
Sumner, E., Connelly, V., & Barnett, A. L. (2013). Children with dyslexia are slow writers
because they pause more often and not because they are slow at handwriting
execution. Reading and Writing, 26(6), 991-1008.
Taha, H., & Azaizah-Seh, H. (2017). Visual word recognition and vowelization in Arabic:
new evidence from lexical decision task performances. Cognitive processing, 18(4),
521-527.
Thelen, A., Talsma, D., & Murray, M. M. (2015). Single-trial multisensory memories affect
later auditory and visual object discrimination. Cognition, 138, 148-160.
Warmington, M., Stothard, S. E., & Snowling, M. J. (2013). Assessing dyslexia in higher
education: the York adult assessment battery‐revised. Journal of Research in Special
Educational Needs, 13(1), 48-56.
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