Earthquakes Resistance Construction
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Added on 2021-04-24
Earthquakes Resistance Construction
Added on 2021-04-24
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Earthquakes Resistance Construction 1OPTIMIZATION OF SPECIFIC ELEMENTS WITHIN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANTCONSTRUCTIONA Research Paper on Earthquakes ByStudent’s NameName of the ProfessorInstitutional AffiliationCity/StateYear/Month/Day
Earthquakes Resistance Construction 2INTRODUCTIONPurposeThis research paper is about validation and optimization of dimensions, sizes, number, and details for the most commonly used vertical and horizontal bands for construction in Nepal. The research seeks to optimize the specific elements within the earthquake resistant construction by improving the overall strength and stability of the horizontal bands and vertical reinforcement. Through testing laboratory, the team will determine the amount of seismic force that these types of constructions can withstand. BackgroundBetween 2007 and 2012, the Smart Shelter Foundation constructed 15 schools that areearthquake resistant in the mountainous region of Kaski, Nepal. Some of the structures were constructed with hollow concrete blocks while others with rubble stone masonry. The horizontal concrete bands were incorporated into the walls at numerous levels to improve their overall strength and stability, and stones were incorporated into the walls for better bonding. Good construction and design meant by the Smart Shelter Foundation survived the heavy earthquakes that struck the area in 2015 April without any substantial destruction, while numerous houses surrounding including the whole of the villages were flattened. It is normally accepted that horizontal bands have a positive impacts on the seismic resistance of the structure. Assessment after the earthquakes indicates that structures with horizontal ties can sustain the seismic forces much better compared to the buildings without these specifications. It has been noted that block and brick walls need vertical reinforcement so as to strengthen the critical connections and to prevent shear cracks.
Earthquakes Resistance Construction 3ScopeThis research seeks to fully cover the collaboration and combination of vertical and horizontal steel bars and provide clear recommendations for their use in cement block masonry, brick and block, and rubble stone masonry. However, this report will not cover the process of lab testing concerning the amount of seismic force that these types of constructionscan sustain. The report just presents the outcome of the experimental setup with recommendations for the optimized details, dimensions, sizes, and numbers of the horizontal and vertical bands for constructions in Nepal. RESEARCH AREA 1STATUSThis task seeks to provide description of the performance of horizontal bands, describe thingsthat have been accomplished, and difficulties encountered. There is analysis, testing and recommendations of diverse types of horizontal reinforcement and their details such as rods, lacing, and bands. The types and solutions of horizontal reinforcements are also considered together with their seismic behaviour. This last task for this section is the development of a matrix for optimum dimensions of the beam, optimum steel reinforcement, and correct detailsfor different types of constructions and for different levels of seismic hazards. Performance of Horizontal BandsThe horizontal band is a method of reinforcing masonry construction through the provision of higher tensile strength. This is effective in regions where two elements of the structure of a building meet, hence a connection is formed all together and they would behavea single unit. Horizontal bands can also be referred to as seismic bands which entail reinforced concrete running flat in the whole of the internal and external masonry wall elements. The horizontal bands can be applied in the following levels; at the ceiling levels, at
Earthquakes Resistance Construction 4the levels of lintels such as windows and doors, and at the plinth of the construction[ CITATIONAgu11 \l 2057 ]. The requirement of horizontal bands in the level of the roof is not necessary in case the roofs are reinforced masonry slab or reinforced concrete units provided that they possess a depth of 2/3rd thickness of the wall. There are four types of horizontal bands based of the region where the horizontal band is provided, these include plinth band, lintel band, roof band, and gable band. An illustration of horizontal bands is a masonry building is as shown inthe figure below:Gable Band: This is applied in the constructions that have the roof that is sloped such as truss construction where the gable bands are essential. The gable band is only applicable when the roof construction is by the use of truss and not when the construction has a flat roof.Roof band: These types of bands are majorly implemented in constructions where the roofs are made of CGI sheets or flat timber. In case the roof of the building is made of brick roofs or reinforced concrete slabs, then the roof band is not necessary since reinforced slabs itself behave as a horizontal band[ CITATION Aoy11 \l 2057 ]. Lintel band: These are horizontal bands applied at the lintel level and is used in almost all constructions. Under the action of ground motion as a result of the earthquake, the lintel bandis exposed to continuous bending and also pulling as illustrated below:
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