Education and International Development

Education and
International
Development

Contents
Contents..........................................................................................................................................................................2
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................................................4
Country 1 USA...........................................................................................................................................................4
Brief History of Primary Education................................................................................................................................4
K-12 Structure...........................................................................................................................................................5
Curriculum................................................................................................................................................................6
Regionalism:..............................................................................................................................................................6
Equality...........................................................................................................................................................................7
International Standing (PISA).........................................................................................................................................8
History of primary education..........................................................................................................................................8
Primary Curriculum........................................................................................................................................................9
Teacher Training:..........................................................................................................................................................10
Focus on Universal primary education and gender equality.........................................................................................10
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Primary School is also called elementary school, children of age group four to eleven years
basically go to these schools (Binder and et. al., 2017). Students that have passed preschool go to
primary schools and after primary school comes secondary school. Going to primary school is
considered as basic right of student as all the development say social, cultural, cognitive and
emotional skills takes place in primary school. This is the most important part in student’s life,
hence parents should make research before deciding the school for their child as the future of that
individual depends on the primary school (Schendel and McCowan, 2016). In early time,
America’s education was dealt by local and state government (Bamber, 2016). In some of the
state the compulsory education was until 16 (Bedenlier, Kondakci and Zawacki-Richter, 2018),
so every state had own structure of compulsory education. K-12 structure is the bifurcation of
grade according to the age of the child.
Many schools are providing the facilities like day care for children, education and
development and so on, but a wise choice is essential because this the time that will not come
back and student is in learning phase a right direction at right time is important. It is easier to
build a good individual then to repair a broken one which means if a child is given proper
education from the starting then it is easier for the person to learn ahead and become successful
but if the education provided, is not up to the mark at initial and development level then the
person will face obstacles in future learning and in other phases of life. Different countries have
their own curriculum and ways of teaching. The purpose of primary education is to give
fundamental skills and knowledge to the students (Knight and De Wit, 2018). Basic subjects are
taught and the main focus is on overall development of the child and improving the
competencies that are required at higher phases of life and that are required after completion on
the elementary education. The main goal of providing quality primary education is to prepare the
kids with basics of main subjects. There the students are not only taught to study but how to
participate, develop interest and learn new things are also the part of primary education. Subjects
that are given importance at that time are reading, math, social studies, science, and physical
education with the motive to improve their thinking, reading and problem solving skills.
According to the populous USA is the third largest in the world having 327.7 million people
and it is the largest economy so that’s why it is called a developed nation (Bourn, Hunt and
Bamber, 2017). In the education system USA has second position in the higher education system.

Even after of this development situation of the country, USA faces many challenges because of
the rival countries such as India and China. China and India has the aim that they overtake the
economy of USA from the end of 2050. So it is very important for the USA that they have to
make their education system best so that they get best students that maintain the largest economy.
For this it is very essential for students that they have to understand the curriculum firstly.
Mastering in simple mathematical operations is essential for the higher studies and are given
more importance (Owens, 2017). Basically, this is the time when children learn to interact and
socialize and they learn this basically from teachers and children that there as well as from their
parents. The report is about the role of primary education and how it is important for later
learning. Also the education system is different in developing country like India and developed
countries like USA. The basic reason behind considering United States of America is that
education level of this nation is education market values approximately to USD 1,350 billion in
2017 and it is expected to reach around USD 2,040 billion by 2026. On the other hand, education
system of United States is expected to exhibit a CAGR of more than 4.5% between 2018 and
2026.Ttherefore, it can easily be said that this country’s education system has improved in
effective and in efficient ways. The discussion about the curriculum followed, the way teachers
are trained, and the standards of teaching and K-12 structure that is followed in USA is there.
Also how it is different from education system is India. Basically, the reason behind considering
both the United States and India’s education system is to compare and improve the existing
education system of India through considering education system of U.S. The history of primary
education in India, the curriculum followed, the focus on universal primary education and gender
equality.
MAIN BODY
Country 1 USA
Brief History of Primary Education
Education is need of society; it is the institution that provides productive and good members to
the society (Zaitseva and et. al., 2016). With the help of education members of the society gain
knowledge, norms and value that make good people (Annan-Diab and Molinari, 2017). Basically
education is of two types informal and formal, both are necessary for the development of the
society or nation. However, without primary education it can be said that living standardisation

of children may not improve in near future. Informal education undertakes from the parents
whereas formal education is undertake from parents that are the first teacher of the students. USA
is the developed nation that means it is the country where the people are independent but they
can be attained through vary hard time. In the early days of America, the number of formal
education was so hard. Only 10% of colonies student went for the formal education because
other students had not enough money that provides formal education. The first formal education
school was opened in 17th century that named Boston Latin School. For improving spellings
books were written in standardize form so that it provides the base of the education after the
revolutionary war. But these books were negative effect the Native of the America because it
includes the strict patriotism that gives another meaning of education. It differentiates the white
and black person as black boys are not allowed for formal education and girls were only for
informal education. Compulsory education was started in mid 1800s; it was the big change and
development for the America. In mid 1900s very less number of students went for the college but
after World War 2, suddenly increasing in number of the college students from all social class.
Including this, some of the recent developments in policies in relation with education system of
United States that took place can be understood with a good example of Civil rights and
discipline: In January 2014, the U.S. Divisions of Education and Justice delivered a first-since
forever bundle of direction and asset materials proposed to help schools and areas address the
abuse of exclusionary discipline and lopsided paces of order for understudies of shading and
understudies with handicaps. The Civil Rights Data Collection additionally focused,
unexpectedly, on circumstance holes across a scope of pointers, including understudy
maintenance and admittance to thorough coursework. A first-historically speaking highest point
in the late spring of 2015 met by the White House likewise united groups of instructors and
overseers from the nation over to talk about sure school atmospheres.
K-12 Structure
K-12 is the acronym of kindergarten to 12th grade that gave the roughly idea of age that
means school starting from the age of 5 and ends with the age of 18 with grade 12th (Gedeon and
et. al., 2016 2017). It is the structure where grades were broken into three stages (Aulawi and et.
al., 2017) Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and granting a large amount for the
growth of K-12 structure. This would help in improve education level and living standards as

well of society. These enactments in the education system are the main base USA as a developed
country.
Curriculum
USA adopted the K-12 structure that already explained in the above discussion. In USA
English is the core language that is compulsory for all the students, because it is the mother
tongue of USA (de Wit and et. al., 2020). However, it has been found that a substantial
population of United States speak Spanish and other languages as well. On the other hand, first
stage is the elementary school that involve grade K to 5. Second stage is the middle school that
includes the children of grade 6 to 8. The last and important stage is high school that involves the
children of grade 9 to 12. This structure guarantees to the students that they get the free
education till the 12th grade. K-12 structure was come in the 19th century. In 1965 the President of
USA i.e. Lyndon B. Johnson agreed and signed the document i.e. Curriculum of USA is only
depending on states because the country has no separate national curriculum. American Common
Core State Standards is the base of the curriculum of USA; it includes Math, History and
Geography, English Language and Science (Woya, 2019). USA conducts many other curriculum
activities that give the opportunities to the students (Jiani, 2017). They use many strategies like
class learning, inquiry based method of teaching. In their curriculum they mention four years
English, two years of arts, one year of computer science and many more.
Regionalism:
Regionalism is the word that refers to apply different policies at each state in USA (DeWind,
2019). Because USA adopts the structure of education system in which every state has own
curriculum. Every state has own policy and plans of education standards because they don’t have
own national curriculum (Campbell, Strawser, and George, 201). Every state has different rules
and regulation so that’s why in many states have different age of compulsory education. For
example in some states the minimum age of getting study is 5 and in other states it is 7. In USA
the maximum age is also vary due to regionalism i.e. 16 to 18. The ultimate responsibility of
education system is in the hands of states so they have different curriculum guidelines. States are
taking charge in the policy making of education system and having separates board. These board
members are elected by the state legislature or governor. They have separate department that
handle all the educational system. In this department there is one leader that can be

commissioner, secretary, director or superintendent of the department (Verger and et. al., 2018).
The database of policies of different education is maintained by Education Commission of the
States. Every state did not require making kindergarten such as Idaho, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Alaska. The District of Columbia and other 15 states are compulsory to attend
kindergarten education. In many states the students are compulsory to attain the minimum age
for getting the education. So every state has own system that they are follow to make their
students good in education. As in numerous nations, socio-financially advantaged understudies
in the United States beat burdened understudies in perusing, arithmetic and science. In perusing,
the presentation hole between socio-monetarily advantaged and distraught understudies was 99
score focuses (OECD normal: 89 score focuses). Some 27% of advantaged understudies in the
United States, yet just 4% of burdened understudies (OECD midpoints: 17% and 3%,
individually), were top entertainers in perusing, implying that they accomplished one of the two
most noteworthy capability levels. Also, 10% of hindered understudies in the United States had
the option to score among the top quarter of understudies in their nation in perusing.
Equality
Everyone is living in democratic world follows by rules and law weather in terms of
education or living standards or harassment, everyone has their own right to raise their voice and
right to fight for themselves. In regard with this, equality in education is considered to be a main
part of countries development as today’s youth are the future of tomorrow. An educated person
would be well known about the sensitivity of right to education, as it is biased free in terms of
rich poor or gender discrimination (Caniglia, and et. al., 2018). Every person must get educated
to become a successful individual and make their contribution in countries economy. Treating
everyone with equal right to education will be a significant and foremost step towards
development, it is a fact that a country would only be developed when persons make it to its
most extent. In respect with the USA, it is considers as a well-developed country by being
world’s largest strong economic contributor. USA gives equal right of free education for each
student without being discriminated by financially, ability, gender or colour. The country has its
various laws and constitutions through which people are bound by, one of its laws termed as
‘bills of rights’ which possess the law regarding free public education without any discrimination
(Rieckmann, 201). The ACLU is focusing hard to spread the equality in the whole country and

provide opportunities to each one. The country never promotes discrimination or any harsh
behaviour in schools or universities, even anyone tries to break the law will cost his own life into
danger (Shestakova and et. al., 2017).
International Standing (PISA)
According to Hoel and Mason, (2018), US is termed to be most developed country
because of its high education and performance system. So as to be the most powerful approaches
and valuable standards for education which is used by many countries in order to be a breaker for
United States. For which, this PISA system has immigrated in 65 countries including united
states for enhancing student’s capabilities and internal thinking, as it indulges maths, science and
reading skills capabilities for up to 15 years old students, in order to put influence on their mind
sharpness and high IQ level. This test is prepared to eliminate judging criteria depends only on
grades but more of analysing student’s problem solving skills in an immediate situation
(Dyachenko and et. al., 201). The main aim of this test is to contribute into economic
development by preparing present youth to be a better future for their country as those nations
who has good schools and teaching standards would be resulted in economic success whereas
countries who has less efficient schooling system resulted in under developed countries. The
PISA data collects in every three years which regulate the performance of each country.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has revealed that US country
has more of prominent students as compare to other 64 countries and a better future (Patel,
2017).
Country 2 INDIA
History of primary education.
INDIA was not so focused on education system in past years, as before independence
(15th August, 1947), constitutions were in the hands of British forces, which does not allow to
maintain individual institution for education. Now that phase has gone with the efforts of
Christian missionaries who took India to a new level of democratic country. When British
government amended their constitution, law to educate Indians has formed to the responsibilities
for east-India company. To generate this law into whole country was quite difficult in beginning
years, at that time performance was not satisfactory, for which several surveys had conducted to
analyse the need for change. After some initiative efforts, it results in two primary levels of

education which creates influence on reading, writing, historical facts and science. In regard with
administration, each local district were allowed to open their separate institutions that will be
followed by some acts and provisions (Findler and et. al., 2019). Apart from this, India was not
properly managed these responsibilities, there were several consequences that has faced. After
independence Mahatma Gandhi opposed his strategies and believes towards country
development (Caniglia and et. al., 2018), which has taken a new turn for India as the constitution
has made under Article 45 for qualitative development of primary education system, which
provide free elementary education for up to 14 years’ age of children with the objective to
develop their skills and talent, also with some basic etiquette and behaviour need to be develop
also try to bring overall development of children in terms of self-reliance or competency (Annan-
Diab and Molinari, 2017).
School Structure: -
In India the structure that followed by education system is at four level. First one is lower
primary that consider the age between 6 to 10, second one is upper primary that consider age
between 11 and 12 (Galvão, Ferreira and Marques, 2018). In ancient times, the system focuses
on quality of the education but in now times system just focuses on show off (Lomer, 2017).
Nowadays parents are just focusing on the buildings and other benefits, they don't consider
quality of education. In India there are three types of schools that are mentioned in the below
points:
 Public schools- Those schools that are funded by government that one is public schools.
They have less fees as compared to the other types of schools. They also have minimum
facilities because the teachers and principal are not focus on the infrastructure and other
entitlements.
 Private schools– In India the parents are focuses on infrastructure and other type of
benefits. So that's why the parents chooses private schools more than public schools.
These schools have high amount of fees and other type fees, it include computer fees and
tuition fees, that result very costly schools (Parsons and. Et. al. 2019).

 Boarding schools– Those students who stay far from their parents so they chooses
boarding schools that gives the accommodation facility too. This type of school taking care of
children that are not residing with their parents (Altinok, Angrist and Patrinos, 2018).
Primary Curriculum
In India the primary school are more focuses on general education. It includes very basic
subjects like writing, reading with these subjects that are geography, history, civic and general
science (Caspersen, Frølich and Muller, 2017). There are two type of boards that are popular in
the Indian curriculum first one is CBSE acronym of Central Board of Secondary Education and
another one is CISCE that is the acronym of Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examinations. The CBSE is developed by NCERT acronym of National Council of Educational
Research and Training located in New Delhi (Hoel, and Mason, 2018). CISCE is a NPO that
means it is the non profit organization that not work for profits, their main agenda is social
welfare that is accomplished by providing literacy to the society. The curriculum of primary
education is developed for the benefits of child that includes cognitive, spiritual, aesthetic,
emotional, moral, imaginative, physical and social.
Teacher Training:
It refers to the procedures, policies and provision that include in teacher training process.
It is developed for providing knowledge and skills to the teachers so that teachers performs very
effectively in the schools (Owens, 2017). When the teachers are get trained than they becomes
teacher educator. After that teachers can teaches very well to the students after the training of
teacher.
Teacher training can be done through various type of curses such as B.Ed or M.Ed degree
(Hoel, and Mason, 2018). It is the degrees that trained the teachers with minimum cost because it
is the governmental courses. In these courses the teachers are getting tools and techniques for
handling the situations of children in schools. Every state has own test for teacher training for
example, Haryana has HTET and Rajasthan has RTET. So every state has their different teacher
training program. These programs are very beneficial for the teachers. As it provides theoretical
as well as practical knowledge of the student’s behavior. It includes the study of psychology and
other main subjects that are the part of their studies. There are many more courses like B.P.Ed
and D.El.Ed. Teacher can get training in every subjects it can be get in Chemistry, Physics,

English and many more. From the above courses the teachers get certificates that allow the
teachers go for teaching in schools. Teachers get trained and give their best knowledge to the
students so that they develop their future very efficiently (Kelchtermans, Smith, and
Vanderlinde, 2018).
Focus on Universal primary education and gender equality
The important point in the respect of education is gender inequality because it is the issue
that becomes a big picture in India. UNESCO always try to eradicate the gender equality in the
global situation. It is the global priority of UNESCO because it creates discrimination in the
country (Parsons and. Et. al. 2019). Females are not allowed to study in the earlier times because
peoples thought that education is not compulsory. UNESCO mention that education is the right
that should be achieve by all gender whether it is female or male. They focuses on gender
equality because it is the fundamental right and it promotes the substantial growth of global
economy. With the Education 2030 Framework for Action, They aims to get ensure that the
growth should be inclusive that means the participation of all individuals should be equal not
considering any gender disparity. The also aim for achieving gender equality so that they
empower the girls and woman in the country.
The agenda of Education 2030 reminds gender equality that means it consider the girls
and boy’s equality. It simply means that women and men cannot discriminate in education
system. Gender equality is essential for sustainable growth of the global economy. It also
promotes peaceful in the global economy (Maba, and et. al., 2017). It can be achieved through
equal right of women and men. It contributes the economy with achievement of gender equality.
It can be achieved through applying many strategies such as launching an awareness programs
that promotes gender equality. Because it is just not fundamental right but also essential
foundation that helps in the peaceful, sustainable and prosperous in environment. It can be
adopted the government policies such as reducing the small age marriages, encourage more
literacy so that people can understand the gender equality. Literacy is one of the important factor
that reduces gender equality as it helps to aware the gender equality to the people.
Comparison
The education system in India being a developing country is different in various aspects then
in USA as it is developed country. The education system is more advance in USA, the primary

education is called first grade and it starts from age of 5 years normally. The focus is on
understanding the concepts and a practical away to learning in USA whereas India focuses more
on bookish knowledge and theoretical part. In USA the emphasis is on learning and preparing
students for future, not stressing them out for exams but in India a student is judged through the
academic performance (Murray, Swennen, and Kosnik, 2019). In USA the sports are given equal
importance and the students them excel in other areas also but in India the main focus is on
academics, the students in India are more strong in the studies then in other things, India follow
traditional methods. USA focuses on learning in small numbers and in India nothing like this
prevails. The curriculum followed every state in USA is different there is nationalised curriculum
followed there because the age of entering school is also different in states. The rules and
regulations also differ with states. Flexibility provided is more in USA if compared with India.
The main thing is India focuses majorly on maths, which is a subject optional in USA.
CONCLUSION
After making the report it can be concluded that a developed country like USA has better
primary schooling despite the facilities provided and the training of teachers are somewhere or
the other same as India. Both the countries have system of government and private schools. Both
the countries have their own curriculum. Overall what is important is the proper primary
education given to a child because that is given when the kid is in learning part of life. Student is
small enough when admitted in primary schools but when the one completes the elementary
school the life is changed and has all the concepts build. In USA the black children are deprived
of education they are discriminated on the basis of race.
In India the ground for discrimination is gender more priority is given to a boy child in
comparison to girl child but now things are getting better. No doubt the things are getting better
at both the places nowadays but this is still seen at some places. What a student learns in primary
school helps the kid in future as all the basic concepts and the skills are developed there. The
curriculum in India should also focused on practical based learning as students are only given
theoretical knowledge but now things are improving and students are given practical based
knowledge also the focuses now given on other areas like sports for physical fitness and interest
of students.

The benefit of taking quality primary education is that the further studies become easy as the
conceptual knowledge is build there. So it is right of every student black or white, girl or boy to
get quality primary schooling.

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