Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training

This report analyses the theories, principles and models of learning, assessment, reflection and evaluation in education and training. It also discusses the importance of learners' individual learning preferences in inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.

Theories Principles
and Models in
Education and
Training

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning........................................................3
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning in learning and assessment........................................................................5
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences...........................................................................5
1.4 Learners’ individual learning preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and
assessment..............................................................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................14
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessments................................................14
3.2 Explain ways in which they can be applied in assessing learning.................................15
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................15
5.1 Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation.............................................15
5.2 Explains ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied to
reviewing own practice.........................................................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES:.............................................................................................................................19
Books and Journals...............................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Education can be defined as the activity of learning and enhancing the skills. It is the act
of enhancing the knowledge and skills of the students so that they are able to get career direction.
The students are given proper support and training so that they are able to enhance the
experience of learning (Jena, 2020). It is the process of overall development of the students so
that better skills and knowledge are gained by the students. This report is based on understanding
the theories and principles that help the students to get training and education properly. There is
discussion related to learning theories that will help the individuals to develop the learning
abilities of the students. The learning preferences of the students are also important part of this
report. There is key role of communication and the models and theories of communication assist
the teacher to teach properly. There is key role of curriculum and its development in the success
of students. The models of curriculum development are part of this report. To evaluate the
performance of student’s assessment is taken. The principles of assessment and their application
is part of this report. It is important for a teacher to know about self so that actions of
improvement can be taken.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning
There is key role of learning for the students. It helps them to enhance their skills and
knowledge and retain the same for their successful future. The proper learning helps the students
to carry on the work effectively and get better education (Olokundun and et.al., 2018). The use of
theories and models helps the teachers to enhance the learning experience of the students. Some
of the important theories of learning are as follows:
Behaviourism theory: This theory says that the students are able to learn through
interaction with the environment. It is believed that the inherited factors have less impact on the
behaviour of the students. The environment provided to the students impact them more and the
teacher must try to provide effective learning environment to the students.
Cognitivism theory: This theory says that the students are able to learn with the help of
mental process. The focus in on how the information is being received, organized, stored and
retrieved by the mind (Ismail, Sawang and Zolin, 2018). This helps the students to become active

learner and carry on the process of learning in effective manner. They must focus on the teaching
aids used by the teachers so that the process of learning is effective. The use of effective tools
enhances the attention level of the students and they are able to grab more knowledge.
Connectivism Theory: It is a new theory that assists the students to combine thoughts,
theories, and general information. There is key role of technology is today's time and this theory
is based on this concept. This enhances the creativity level of the students are they are able to
rake effective decisions.
Humanism Theory: As per the theory learning is related with the feelings of human
beings. The students must be motivated and positive at the time of learning so that they are able
to enhance their skills (Ford and Minshall, 2019). There is intellectual development of students
with the used proper training provided to them.
Model of learning
Honey and Mumford: This model states that there are four types of learners and they are
mentioned below:
 Activists: As the name suggest these are the individuals who have experience. They are
active and involved in the activity. This enhances their knowledge and they are able to
take actions.
 Reflectors: These individuals explain their experience and are able to reflect on the same.
They have different perspectives from the experience and this helps them to learn from
experience.
 Theorists: They are the individuals who believe in synthesising and learn from the facts
that make them effective.
 Pragmatists: These individuals have their own ideas and strategies that helps them to
carry on the work with new ideas and experiments.
Principles of learning
 Participation: By making the classroom participative one in able to make the students
learn in proper manner. It is necessary to learn in effective manner.

 Repetition: By repeating the concept again and again the teacher is able to make the
students remember the information.
 Relevance: If the students are told relevant information then they are able remember the
same effectively.
 Transference: It helps to provide training to the students so that they are able to learn
properly.
 Feedback: It is necessary and helpful to take feedback as it helps to perform the activity
in effective manner and learn from the same.
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learning in learning and assessment.
Being a teacher there is key role of using all these theories of learning so that the
capabilities of students are enhanced. The teacher plays a major role in the process of education.
These learning theories enhance the experience of the students and they are able to retain the
information for longer duration of time. I provide proper learning environment to the students as
per behaviourism theory. This make the students positive and they are motivated to carry on the
process of learning effectively. At the same time the use of learning aids and resources such PPT,
articles, journals, activities in class help the students to be focused in class (Lu, Barrett and Lu,
2020). They are able to learn in proper manner and enhance their skills according to Cognitivism
theory. The use of effective theory helps the students to learn properly with the help of combine
thoughts, theories, and general information. I always motivate the students so that they are able
to manage their education. They are provided with case studies and other tasks that motivate
them to manage the work effectively. The assessment of the students must be taken on regular
basis so that they are able to carry on the activities in effective manner.
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences.
The students are different from one another. There is key role of understanding their
learning preferences so that they are provided with proper learning experience. The models are
mentioned below:
Fleming learning model: The different type of learners is explained below:
• Visual learners: the learners are able to retain the information that they have seen. They
are able to grab the information shown in the form of graphs, diagrams, flow chart. They are
attracted towards the colour and that makes them effective in learning.

• Auditory learners: They are able to remember the information that they have heard. There
is need of effective listening skills that make them efficient (Makhmudovna and et.al., 2020).
The audio files make them effective learner. The pitch and sound of students help them to learn
effectively.
• Read/Write learners: This is another category of learner who believe that to learn
effectively they have to read and write the topics effectively. The use of proper books help them
to memorize the information for longer period of time. This will manage their overall learning
experience.
• Kinesthetic learners: These are the learners who are able to enhance their learning power
by getting part of physical activity. |
1.4 Learners’ individual learning preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and
assessment.
There is need of identifying the learning needs and requirements of the learners. This
enhances the inclusive learning practices. Being a teacher, I always focus on the requirement of
the students so that I am able to teach them in effective manner. Proper communication assists
me to know about the learning needs of the students. By developing relation with the students I
am able to involve all of them in the classroom (Muleya, Magasu and Mweemba, 2020). In
business and management, the students are visual learners. I teach them with the help of power
point presentations that include bullet points and pictures that help the students to retain the
information effectively. The use of proper flow charts makes the students effective and they will
be able to learn thoroughly. There is need of using all the resources in effective manner for
development of the students. It is necessary for me to interact with the students on regular basis
so that the problems faced by them are analysed and evaluated. This assist the students to
perform in effective manner and remember the important points.
The class is made interactive so that all the students are active. They are able to
remember the information properly and revise the same. All the students are given chance to
learn and remember the information. The assessment is taken on regular basis so that they are
able to know their performance and further action for improving them are used.

TASK 2

Speaker notes
This model is majorly used in seminars, public speaking and lectures so that they can influence
the targeted audience by fulfilling the requirements and demands in best possible manner.

Speaker notes
Message is the process a where an individual converts the feelings and thoughts which are
conveyed by the sender and this process is also referred as encoding. It comprises of various
elements like content, element, treatment, structure and code.
Speaker notes

It involves that receiver also possess communication skills so that they can effectively decode the
message and understand the same thought which is conveyed by the sender.
Speaker notes

It shows the progression in sequence so that employee can evaluate the curriculum development
in effective manner with the help of this model.
Speaker notes
It allows user for evaluating different issues which can hamper the relations among different
parts of curriculum development. It focuses on maintaining discipline with the help of technical
terms which allows user in altering their technical languages.

Speaker notes
It is necessary to apply the model of communication in teaching, learning and assessment very
effectively because then only a teacher can achieve the objective of effective learning
(Kristjánsson and et.al., 2020). For that application, it is necessary to effectively to use the
effective ways which assists in effectively conveying the message to the learners. There two
ways of communication that included verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal
communication includes the oral communication. On other hand, non-verbal communication
included the body language, signs, symbols, etc. That means a teacher can apply theories of
communication with the help of these ways. For example, a teacher wants to apply the
transactional model of communication on learners. It is necessary that teachers should use non-
verbal ways of communication also as it helps them to develop an effective relationship with the
learners. With the help of non-verbal communication, learners are able to know the real sense of
message.

Speaker notes
This is due to setting learning objectives that generally found in the last stage of lesson. I will
apply this model in the planning stage of curriculum development. It helps me to achieve the
learning objectives of my learners. Business management is found to be the subject which
require more and more practical applications. I found that the curriculum of business
management is including many models and theories that can be better understand only when I
will apply on a practical life. That’s why I should try to development the curriculums in such a
way which focuses on practical application of theories and models. I need to design the
curriculum with the way of critical thinking that helps to identify the practical approach of
development of curriculum. The process theory can be applying in the development of
curriculum with a way of focusing on more learning theories as it is just opposing to the concept
of product theory.

TASK 3
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessments
Principles of assessment are the guidelines that help to ensure that a test is useful,
appropriate, effective. Assessment helps to know about the performance of the students. The
principles of assessment are mentioned below:
 Reliability- This principles helps the trainer to interpret the consistence in learning.
There is need of proper planning that helps the teacher to know about the requirement of
training. There is need of managing the work by taking feedback from the students so that
vital decisions to teach them are taken (Muradova, 2020). After planning it is necessary
to design and develop assessment for them according to the requirement. In the end the
quality check of the assessment is being done so that overall performance of the students
is known. It enhances the learning experience of the students are they are able to assess
the performance.
 Validity- This helps to check that the students is bale to learn all the criteria that are
being taught to them in training session. All the units must be considered at the time of
assessment so that the the real results are analysed. The situations must be given so that
real progress of the students in known to the teacher. The performance of the students is
valid if different type of questions are involved in the assessment. The use right
techniques helps to get better results and manage the work effectively.
 Flexibility: This principle says that the students must be given flexibility and the
assessment must not be rigid. The needs of learners must be considered so that the
teacher is able to check what they have acquired (Bager-Elsborg, and Greve, 2019).
Different range of methods must be used so that the real progress of the student is known
to the teacher. It helps the students to enhance their progress level and enhance their
working.
 Fairness: There is need of being fair so that the learners are being provided effective
opportunity to check the progress level. It helps to include all the people so that they are
able to learn effectively. There is need of catering proper balance in the working so that
they are able to manage the working effectively.
 Competency- It is used to check the learning progress of the students. The progress level
of the students must be evaluated in order to make competency check of the students. The

test is based on checking the progress level of the students and providing them greater
benefit to attain successful position in market.
 Authenticity- The knowledge of the students must checked with authentic test and
assessments. The use of proper assessment techniques is necessary to check the overall
progress of the students (Farashahi and Tajeddin, 2018). The progress level of students
must be observed so that effective techniques can be used to evaluate the performance.
3.2 Explain ways in which they can be applied in assessing learning
Being a teacher there is need of designing the assessments in effective manner so that real
progress of students is evaluated. The use of principles of assessment plays a vital role in check
the learning of the students. The questions must include all the lessons and learning outcomes
must be reviewed. There are different types of assessment and they must check the success of the
students. The lifestyle of the students and other learning techniques must be checked so that the
areas of lacking are analysed. The use of all these principles help to reduce the burden on the
students and they are able to give the exams with confidence. The use of different test are
necessary so that overall performance of the students is assessed. It keeps the students motivated
and they are able to learn in proper manner.
TASK 4
5.1 Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Reflection helps the learners to go deep in the experience and share the same in order to
learn from the same. This helps the learners to develop their skills and know about the areas of
lacking (Spataro and Bloch, 2018). This enhances overall performance of the students and
enhance their working in effective manner. Evaluation is the process of gathering and analysing
the information to improve the learning efficiency of students. The models of evaluation and
reflection are as follows:
Gibb's model of reflection
This model includes cycle of reflection that includes six stages. It is necessary to
understand all the stages in order to learn form them effectively. First stage in the model is
description. In this stage the overall description of the event is written. There are various
instances that take place at the time of being part of the event. The next stage is related to feeling
and the true positive and negative feelings are mentioned here. There is need of being positive at

the time of getting part in new project (Bell and et.al., 2018). It is important to write the
evaluation of the situation that helps to know about the bad and good experience. The next stage
in analysis in which all the events and overall work is being evaluated. There is key role of
managing the work with the help of proper analysis and know the skills that are being enhanced.
In conclusion the summary of overall experience is given. It is necessary to mention all the
important tasks that took place at the time of experience. In the end, actions for improvement are
taken. It is seen that there are certain skills that need improvement so they are mentioned at this
stage and the time in which they will be completed are mentioned.
KOLB'S four stages of learning -
This theory is based on the experience that is undertaken by the person. After carrying the
experience the individuals are able to enhance their skills and knowledge. The learner observes
new things if they are part of the activity. There are four stages of learning in this theory and the
first is Concrete experience. In this stage the individual is indulged in an activity and is involved
with others. They do not observe others indeed they participate in the activity so that they are
able to acquire new skills and knowledge. The next stage is related to reflective observation in
which the individual ask the question from themselves (Oladunjoye, 2018). This helps them to
learn effectively and carry on the task in effective manner. In the next stage that is related to
Abstract conceptualization the learner is indulged in comparing the knowledge. It is the step
where new information is being analysed. Being attentive at this stage is important so that work
can be done effectively in the last stage. The fourth stage is called active experimentation in
which the person is involved in the activity so that they are able to learn from the experience and
learn from the experience. It helps to learn from the experience and use the knowledge
effectively in the next situation. The plans must be formulated in effective manner so that the
overall work in managed.
5.2 Explains ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied to
reviewing own practice
The teacher must know about their own experience. This helps them to take effective
decisions by knowing about own strengths and weakness. It helps to take actions for
improvement as well. Gibb's model is used to show the experience:

 Description: In this stage I want to tell about my teaching experience. I am a teacher of
business and management and I have good experience in this subject. It helps me to work
with passion and include all the students at the time of teaching.
 Feeling: I was positive as teaching in business and management is my area of interest.
This helped me to create positive learning environment in classroom so that the students
are able to learn effectively. There is key role of felling as they make the students
positive and learn in appropriate manner.
 Evaluation: It is evaluated that there is need of communication skills that help to teach
confidently. It also helped me to build relation with the students and understand their
problem.
 Analysis: It is analysed that a teacher must used effective theories and models that help
them to teach the students. This leads to overall development of the students.
 Conclusion: It is concluded that there is need of understanding the students so that they
can learn properly.
 Action: It is necessary to speak clearly and take feedback of students in order to become
an effective teacher. There is need of both written and verbal communication skills.

CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is concluded that there is important role of teacher in the life of
student. There are theories that help the teacher to help students in learning. The teacher must
know about the learning preference of the students. It is necessary to manage the work with the
students at communicate properly so that they learn in effective manner. The learning preference
of the students are part of this report. There is need of effective curriculum design that will help
to provide effective knowledge to the students. There is need of using the principles so that
progress of students can be evaluated. In the end of this report the theories of reflection are
mentioned.

REFERENCES:
Books and Journals
Bager-Elsborg, A. and Greve, L., 2019. Establishing a method for analysing metaphors in higher
education teaching: a case from business management teaching. Higher Education
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Baskar and et.al., 2019. An energy persistent range-dependent regulated transmission
communication model for vehicular network applications. Computer Networks, 152,
pp.144-153.
Bell and et.al., 2018. From the guest editors: Opportunities and challenges for advancing
strategic management education. Academy of Management Learning &
Education, 17(3), pp.233-240.
Bhuttah and et.al., 2019. Analysis of curriculum development stages from the perspective of
Tyler, Taba and Wheeler. European Journal of Social Sciences, 58(1), pp.14-22.
Farashahi, M. and Tajeddin, M., 2018. Effectiveness of teaching methods in business education:
A comparison study on the learning outcomes of lectures, case studies and
simulations. The international journal of Management Education, 16(1), pp.131-142.
Ford, S. and Minshall, T., 2019. Invited review article: Where and how 3D printing is used in
teaching and education. Additive Manufacturing, 25, pp.131-150.
Ismail, A.B., Sawang, S. and Zolin, R., 2018. Entrepreneurship education pedagogy: teacher-
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Kristjánsson, H., and et.al., 2020. Resource theories of communication. New Journal of
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Lu, C., Barrett, J. and Lu, O., 2020. Teaching Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE)
Online: Challenges and Solutions. Brock Education: A Journal of Educational Research
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Mak, A.K. and Song, A.O., 2019. Revisiting social-mediated crisis communication model: The
Lancôme regenerative crisis after the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement. Public
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Makhmudovna and et.al., 2020. Language is a Means of Cognition and Communication for
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Moon, S.M., 2021. Theories to guide affective curriculum development. In Social-emotional
curriculum with gifted and talented students (pp. 11-39). Routledge.
Muleya, G., Magasu, O. and Mweemba, L., 2020. Pedagogical challenges in teaching civic
education in secondary schools in Zambia.
Munna, A. and Kalam, M.A., 2021. Application of Theories, Principles and Models of
Curriculum Design: A Literature Review. International Journal of Multidisciplinary
and Current Educational Research, 3(1).
Muradova, F.R., 2020. VIRTUAL LABORATORIES IN TEACHING AND
EDUCATION. Theoretical & Applied Science, (2), pp.106-109.

Oladunjoye, T.G., 2018. Optimizing business education for national development. Nigerian
Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED), 3(1), pp.1-16.
Olokundun and et.al., 2018. The effect of non traditional teaching methods in entrepreneurship
education on students entrepreneurial interest and business startups: A data article. Data
in brief, 19, pp.16-20.
Spataro, S.E. and Bloch, J., 2018. “Can you repeat that?” Teaching active listening in
management education. Journal of Management Education, 42(2), pp.168-198.
Tawafak and et.al., 2020. Framework design of university communication model (UCOM) to
enhance continuous intentions in teaching and e-learning process. Education and
Information Technologies, 25(2), pp.817-843.