Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training

This presentation explores the theories, principles and models of communication, assessment and curriculum with examples of how they are applied to teaching and learning. It analyzes different types of assessments and theories of curriculum development and explains how to apply these theories in your own area of specialism.

Presentation on Theories,
Principles and models of
Communication, Assessment
and Curriculum with examples
of how they are applied to
teaching and learning.
By name

Table of Content
• Introduction
• Communication theories
• Communication – Whole Class
• Examples of using it as teacher
• Assessment
• Principles
• Examples of using it as teacher
• Analyse theories and models of curriculum and development
• ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in own area of
specialism.
• Summary

Introduction
• The aim of this presentation is to analyse the theories and principles in
education and training. There is evaluation related to communication
and the theories that help teacher to interact with the students.
• Afterwards, there is discussion regarding the theories and models of
assessment as it helps to evaluate the performance of the students.
• The curriculum development plays a vital role in development of
students so the models that help in developing the curriculum are
discussed.

2.1 What are Communication Theories such as Berne transactional
analysis, Piaget, stages of development and Vygotsky role of
language.
• Berne Transactional Analysis: It is a modern analysis that focus on
the relationship of the persons and interactions. These analysis helps in
determining the ego of the speakers. It gives the idea of that how a
person behave, think and feel while interacting with others. There are
three stages of ego in a human personality which are made up of
behaviour, feelings and thoughts. This theory helps in developing the
personality of a person while communicating with others.

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• Piaget stages of development theory are designed according to age. There are four stages of
development that are being studied under this theory. The characteristics of the child are different at
each stage.

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• Role of language on cognitive development by Vygotsky believes that the the student is able to
learn the language by social interactions. It helps them to interact with adults and transmit the
information. The language is necessary for the students for intellectual adaptation.
• Effective listening skills are required to carry on the process of communication. This helps them
to understand the concept that is being taught in class The use of listening skills make the students
better.

Communication – Whole Class
• At the time of communicating with the students, I use clear words and simple language so that they
are able to understand the concept.
• The activities undertaken to engage the students in classroom. The use of all these activities
enhances the knowledge of the students and they learn at the time they play.
• The activities are designed in such a manner that they are given opportunity to listen effectively. All
the students are provided chance to communicate and others have to listen to each other.

Communication – 1-2-1
• After the students have completed their tasks they are motivated so that they can perform the
activities in proper manner in future. This helps them to carry on the activities in effective manner
so that they are able to use the same in future.
• The students of the class are told about the importance of body language so that they are able to
learn the same at this point of time. The use of all this enhances the skills and knowledge of the
students.

2.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of communication.
What theory /
principle/ model?
Strengths Weaknesses
transactional analysis
- Berne The relationship of the student and the
way they communicate can be checked.
The communication is at different levels and
that is problematic for the listener.
Piaget stages of
development – The teachers get help with the help of
Piaget stages of development to teach the
students.
Some students develop faster then it is
mentioned in the stages.
Role of language -
Vygotsky There is discussion related to key
fundamentals skills that are required by
students.
The ability of students is not properly analysed
under this theory.
Whole class teaching This approach helps to interact with all
the students and develop them.
The teacher has to make efforts in order to
make the class inclusive.
One to One Teaching The individual is able to learn effectively
because of one to one teaching
It is a time taking process.

2.2 Examples of using it as teacher
• Being a teacher of nursery and disable students I take care to
communicate properly with them. There is need of using all the
above discussed theories to enhance their skills. I set some ground
rules and teach the students according to them.
• All the learners are different from each other so I assure that the
requirement of all is being fulfilled. I do not shout in class room
and work on reducing the barriers. There is need of indulging them
in competition and in such activities that make them effective
learner. By communicating in normal pitch and clear words the
students are able to learn effectively.

Assessment
• Educational assessment is a systematic way of evaluating the performance
of the students. It assist in checking knowledge, skill, attitudes, and beliefs
of the student so that they are able to improvise the students.
• There are different types of assessment that help to access the performance
of the students. Formative feedback is the process of checking the
performance of regular basis. The use of formative feedback help to
enhance the performance of the students on regular basis.

Principles
• VACSR as this is often used as a basis to standardise and confirm assessment decisions.
• Validity: There is need of checking the content that has been written. The relevancy of the work done by the
student is being evaluated in this principle.
• Authenticity: Under this principle the owner of the work is checked. The work must be done solely by the
student.
• Currency: The new and updated information related to the topic must be mentioned. This helps to check the
current relevance of the work that is being done. The use of current information and data is helpful for the student
to get good grades.
• Sufficient: The information must be sufficient enough as per the specified guidelines. All the requirements of the
assessment must be fulfilled by the students in order to perform effectively.

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• Transparency: The use of fair practices must be done in order to carry
on the work effectively. There is need of being open about the use of
articles and books used to complete the assessment.
• Reliability: It means the level at which an assessment tool gives stable
and consistent results. As there is very much variability from teacher
that impacts student performance, therefore reliability in assessment and
scoring student performance gives a valid assessment.

3.1 Analyse different types of Assessments with Strengths and Weaknesses
Methods of Assessment Strengths Weaknesses
1. Initial Assessment and Diagnostic
assessment.
The assessment helps to address the
knowledge gaps and work on filling
them.
The importance of these assessments
diminish with the large groups. The
students also become anxious in
starting.
2. Formative Feedback Black and
Wiliam and Hattie using Kahoot,
project tasks help to know about the
performance of the students on
continuous basis.
It helps to monitor the performance
and help the students to enhance the
same on regular basis.
The students take the feedbacks
negatively and due to which it
becomes difficult to motivate them.
3. Summative assessment The overall progress of the student is
checked in summative assessment.
It is given in the end and may impact
the student in negative manner.

3.2 Examples of using it as a teacher
• I always use assessments in order to check the performance of the students. The use of different
assessments is done to evaluate the progress made by the students.
• The use of initial assessment is done so that the level of knowledge regarding the topic is evaluated.
The use of activities is done so that the students are able to learn. The use of formative feedback is
important and helps the students to know about the work done by them.

4.1 Analyse theories and models of
curriculum and development
• Humanist (Rogers): As per this theory, the curriculum is designed as per the set belief that the
educations must be good for welfare of all. Whether it is for one individual or the nation. The
individuals could choose their area of learning.
• Behaviours (Skinner): as per this theory, the individuals learning depends on the environment. It is all
about conditioning which can be done through giving reward or punishments. Therefore, the
curriculum must be designed as per the important concepts that must be achieving by the students.
• Cognitive (Piaget): This theory believes in giving varieties of experiences to the learners. The teachers
must set the curriculum criteria as per the development level of the students. The curriculum is must be
facilitator with all the learners ability and mind set.

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• Learner centred: as per this, the teachers not only believes in giving instructions. The students
needs to be independent in taking decisions and be an active learner. In which, the student will
present their ideas for curriculum development rather than the teachers.
• Product based: As per this theory, the objectives and aim needs to be clears mentioned in the
curriculum. It will be easy to drive practical solution of the subject related problem.
• Pyramid or spiral (Bloom): as per this theoretical prospective, the curriculum could be desired for
every subject to any development stage. Through this, the student could able to grasp the subject
knowledge through effective teaching.

4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum and development
Methods of curriculum and
development
Strengths Weaknesses
Humanist – Rogers and Maslow Is is effective as it will provide
equality and diversity to the students.
The weakness is that, this theory
could not provide curriculum
instructions according to every
individual need which will loose their
expectation.
Behaviourist – Skinner, Watson It sticks the learner to focus on one
motive.
This theory is based on observational
behaviour which might change in
different situations.
Cognitive – Piaget, Gardner It provide great application of
practical working for the learners.
it is not helpful in observing
behaviour at right context.

4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum and development continued
Methods of curriculum and
development
Strengths Weaknesses
Learner Centred – Dewey
Stenhouse and Tyler It helps in fostering learning
through collaboration and expand
development.
It require experts knowledge like
teachers.
Product Based It helps in successful completion
of the projects and desired results.
It may affect the quality of work.
Pyramid or spiral - Bloom A proper structure is required for
logical behaviour.
It is not valid for shirt term
courses.

4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of
curriculum development can be applied in own area of
specialism.
• The curriculum development theories are found to be effective for
the teachers and learners. It could be applied in own practice for
nursery and disable students.
• I will use spiral, cognitive and learner centred theory to design
curriculum. This will enhance the learning capacity of children and
they will be able to make self decisions. Therefore, I will promote
their ideas and collaboration at classroom. It will create a positive
learning environment.

Summary
• From the above presentation, it is concluded that there is key role of education for the learning of
students. The theories of communication and the way interaction in class is done are part of the
report. There is evaluation related to principles of assessment. The models of curriculum
development with strengths and weakness are presented in the end.

References
•
Tonkaboni, N.D., Peyman, N. and Khandehroo, M., 2022. Application of Health Theories and Models of Health
Education and Promotion in Nutritional Interventions for Pregnant Women in Iran: A Systematic Review. Journal
of Education and Community Health, 8(1), pp.65-71.
• Al-Qaysi, N., Mohamad-Nordin, N. and Al-Emran, M., 2020. A systematic review of social media acceptance
from the perspective of educational and information systems theories and models. Journal of Educational
Computing Research, 57(8), pp.2085-2109.
• Jain and et.al., 2021. Sustainable Infrastructure Theories and Models. Digital Cities Roadmap: IoT‐Based
Architecture and Sustainable Buildings, pp.97-126.

Thank You
Any Questions?