Theories Principles and Models in Education and Training

This report reflects on the author's teaching experience and applies various theories, principles, and models of learning to teaching, learning, and assessment. It also discusses the development of wider skills and how it has helped the author as a teacher.

To:
From:
Date:
Title: Reflection and evaluation of own teaching along with Application of theories,
principles and Models
[Author]
1

Table of Contents
Introduction-..................................................................................................................3
Findings-.......................................................................................................................3
Analysis of theories and models of reflection and evaluation with examples of how
they are applied to own practice (as a teacher)........................................................3
Analysis of theories, principles and models of learning with examples applied to
teaching, learning and assessment...........................................................................6
An analysis of models of students learning preferences..........................................9
Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning
preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment..........................9
Conclusion..................................................................................................................10
Bibliography................................................................................................................11
[Author]
2

Introduction-
The theories, principles and models of learning are basically the procedural
and declarative knowledge that comprises of the theories, models as well as
principles that further help in identifying and differentiating the qualities of knowledge
that can be applied as well. The report comprises of a reflection in context of my
teaching experience with the help of reflective and learning models (Altrichter, 2020).
Findings-
Analysis of theories and models of reflection and evaluation with examples of how
they are applied to own practice (as a teacher).
Theories, Principles
and Models with
description.
How they are
applied to
review own
practice. (5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
Kolb’s Learning
Cycle
The Kolb’s learning
cycle basically is a
learning style as well
as experience of
learning
The Kolb’s
learning cycle
basically revolves
around the
concrete learning,
reflective
observation,
abstract
conceptualisation
as well as active
experimentation.
The strengths of
the model are
that it approaches
style as well as
experience of
learning.
It is helpful in
postulating the
individuals to use
various other
approaches
within various
other situations.
The weakness of
the model is that
the learning style
cannot prove
effective and
efficient in various
situations
(Arghode, Brieger
and McLean,
2017).
Honey & Mumford
The theory states
that it comprises of
four styles are
Activist, Theorist,
Pragmatist as well as
Reflector. It helps in
providing the learning
activity that suits each
learning style.
The Honey and
Mumford learning
style comprises
of four distinct
styles of learning
and all of them
are effective.
The Honey &
Mumford model is
helpful in learning
in the most
suitable, easy
and quick
manner.
It is helpful in
increasing the
awareness about
the ways in which
individuals can
improve the
learning skills
The weakness in
my aspect is that
it is does not
helps to come
upon a specific
conclusion. Also,
a subject cannot
always be learned
in a way that we
feel more
comfortable in.
[Author]
3

(Baird and et.al.,
2017).
Schon
It is a reflective theory
that states that the
social systems are
capable of
transformation
without proper
hindrances.
The Schon's
theory suggest
that there are two
types of
reflection. One
reflection is that
which occurs
during the activity
whereas the
other one occurs
after the activity.
The theory states
that it is the
capacity of ours
to think
consciously about
what we are
doing (Prescott
and Filatotchev,
2021)
The theory is
based upon a
positive
perspective as
well as
empowering
because it
empowers
intelligence
(Brookfield,
2018).
It is not possible
for all the
individuals to
understand the
reflective process.
Greenaway
The Greenaway
reflective model
revolves around
providing a simplified
procedure of events.
The Greenaway
reflective model
can be used by
individuals during
the singular
closed loop
model that aims
to focus upon the
specific event
(Bruno and
Dell’Aversana,
2018).
It can help in
providing a
simplified
procedure of
events that ned to
be performed.
In my views, the
weakness of the
model is that it
lacks signposting
at various stages
of the model.
Gibbs
Gibbs model is a
management and
self-reflection tool that
allows people to think
in a clear and
systematic manner.
The model can
be used by
following various
steps such as
description,
feelings,
evaluation,
Analysis,
Conclusion and
the action plan.
The model is
easy to
understand for us
and also
facilitates easy
use procedures
(Caena and
Redecker, 2019).
Gibbs model can
provide a
superficial
reflection to use
that has quite less
potential for the
personal as well
as professional
development.
Johns
The model is
descriptive as well as
The focus of the
model in my
aspect is that it
requires to look
The model tends
to be descriptive
as well as easy to
use.
The weakness of
the theory that
can be observed
is that it is private
[Author]
4

easy and focuses
upon the inwards and
outwards approach.
inwards while
considering our
own feelings and
to look outwards
while considering
actual situation
that has
occurred.
and not shared.
Also, it has lack of
focus in our
discussion.
Murphy
Murphy model od
reflecting learning is
based upon the
concept of thinking
and stopping the task
and analysing the
decision for future.
It can be
analysed that the
theory is based
upon the stopping
and further
thinking upon the
work that is to be
analysed for
making decisions
further.
It can be used by
individuals for
fulfilling various
purposes
regarding the
business. Also, it
can help in
creation of self-
awareness as
well.
The weakness of
the model is that it
requires some
practices such as
motivation,
honesty as well as
commitment.
Moon
Moon has stated in
his theory that notion
of learning and
thinking revolves in
the surroundings.
The model aims
upon facilitating
individuals
towards common
sense. It is
basically helpful
in mental
processing of a
purpose in order
to anticipate
outcome in a
complex or
unstructured
idea.
It is mostly based
upon the ideas of
processing the
understanding
and knowledge
that are possibly
emotions that is
already
possessed by us
(Lo, Lie and Hew,
2018).
It can be
sometimes
challenging for an
individuals to
evaluate their own
practice.
Dewey
The theory focuses
upon the concept that
human beings tend to
learn from the hands
on approach.
The theory has
helped in
beginning the
foundation of
reflecting thought
in order to appeal
to our own
advantage and
further fall with a
strong passion.
It has helped in
focussing upon
the process of
learning and self-
awareness as
well.
It tends to ignore
the various
significant impact
of the emotions
while considering
the reflection.
The development of wider skills can improve student motivation, confidence and
achievement plus reflections in aspect of my personal experience of a teacher. The
various ways in which skill improvement has helped me as a whole have been
discussed below.
[Author]
5

 The development of wider skills is helpful in developing the current skills that
further facilitates in increasing the knowledge. The enhancement of
knowledge in the area tends to make individual feel more confident during the
teaching experience (Panadero and et.al., 2019).
 It is helpful for an individual in improving the productivity level in teaching
experience. An improvement in the productivity level can help in enhancing
motivation within an individual and hence the contribution towards the
productivity of an individual increases as a whole.
 The wider area of skill development facilitates an individual to have better job
opportunities. The skills enhancement has helped in creation of the job
opportunity that can be considered as an achievement. Another sense of
achievement that a person can access is, through adaptability of technology
and methods.
Analysis of theories, principles and models of learning with examples applied to
teaching, learning and assessment.
Theories,
Principles and
Models of
learning.
How they are
applied to review
own practice.
(1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
Anderson –
procedural v
declarative
The model
revolves around
the concept of
Procedural and
declarative
knowledge.
Procedural
knowledge is the
type of
knowledge that is
exercised in order
to perform a task.
Declarative is a
theory that is
consciously
aware in order to
understand the
information.
The advantage
that of the theory
is that it creates a
memory that lasts
for a long time
within an
individual
(Phuong, Cole
and Zarestky,
2018).
The drawback of
the model is that it
can be effective
as well as less
effective based
upon the
scenario.
Gagne
Gagne model
focuses upon
Verbal
information,
Intellectual skills,
Cognitive
strategies, Motor
There are various
categories of
learning under
the Gagne model
which are Verbal
information,
Intellectual skills,
Cognitive
The strength of
the Gagne Model
is that it focusses
upon the
processing of
various mental
events in order to
bring learning
The weakness of
the theory is that it
is important for
individual to
identify the right
scenario for the
method. Else, it
will not be a
[Author]
6

skills as well as
attitudes.
strategies, Motor
skills as well as
attitudes. Each
type of learning
requires different
internal and
external
conditions.
outcomes and
further arrange
specific
instructional
events (Picciano,
2017).
successful
learning theory in
the practice.
Bruner \ Vygotsky
The theory of
Bruner has a
belief that in order
to develop a
coding system, it
is important to
experience it on
own rather than
being explained
by the teacher.
Bruner's theory of
learning basically
has direct
implications for
the purpose of
teaching practice.
It can be used as
this model in
being aware of
the various
learning modes
such as enactive,
symbolic as well
as iconic. This
has helped in
planning
appropriate
materials for
giving instructions
accordingly that
matches the
difficulty level of
the learner.
The theory of
Bruner is
significant in with
the views of
symbolic
representation for
the cognitive
department.
Language is
considered as the
primary means of
symbolising the
world and hence
the theory is of
great
significance.
It can be helpful
in providing a
basis to
understand
people and the
way they explain,
describe, analyse
as well as allows
prediction in
context of
learning.
The weakness of
the theory is that
cognitive overload
is created. It has
some potential
misconceptions
that can be a
drawback while
applying the
theory. Another
disadvantage of
the theory is that
there can be
instances where
the teachers may
not be able to
detect problems
or issues that are
being faced by the
students.
Ryle
The theory states
that mental
processes can be
referred as
intelligent acts as
well.
The theory is
based upon the
fact that there is a
basic distinction
between the mind
and matter and
the mental
processes are
considered as
mere intelligent
acts.
The theory is
basically skill
based and it
distinguishes
between two
varieties of
knowledge.
It can be difficult
to analyse various
situations as a
teaching intern.
The learning
method is not
necessary to
guarantee
success for an
individual.
Ausubel The learning The advantage of The drawback of
[Author]
7

The theory of
Ausubel explains
that new
knowledge can be
gained through
the concepts that
are known
already.
theory by
Ausubel is helpful
in learning new
concepts that are
learned and
incorporates in
the various
inclusive ideas
and concepts
(Saric and Steh,
2017).
the learning
theory is that
advance
organisers can
use verbal
phrases or
graphic as well
that makes the
teaching
experience more
attractive.
the learning
model is that it
requires a lot of
efforts in order to
complete the
tasks in the
teaching
experience. Also,
it is quite time
consuming in
comparison to
various other
learning models.
Lave and Wenger
The theory states
that learning can
be developed
through
participation in
various
communities
through practice.
The Lave and
Wenger model of
learning is also
known as
Situated
Learning. The
theory is helpful
in possessing
professional skills
as an individual.
The various skills
that have been
facilitated through
this model are
research as well
as peripheral
skills.
The strength of
the situational
learning in my
aspect is that it
focuses upon the
concept of social
learning in order
to provide better
opportunities for
communication
as well. The
theory
emphasises upon
linking the
learning process
with life and
further it is active
as well.
The weakness of
the situational
theory is that it
can at times fail to
acknowledge the
objectivity through
the medium of
independent
study. The theory
can also lack to
acknowledge the
creative
individuality which
is a drawback as
the creativity
individuality are
considered as the
driving forces of
social progress.
Another drawback
of the theory in
my perspective is
that it can
considered as
quite impractical
for the western
education system
which is a
classroom-based
approach.
Freire
The theory states
that the learning
stage begins
while
The theory is
applicable in
providing the
liberty to choose
the program,
The strength of
the theory is that
Freire focusses
upon the fact that
oppresses people
The weakness of
the approach is
that the students
cannot control the
way a teacher will
[Author]
8

understanding the
dialectical
relationship
between the
concept of theory
as well as
practice.
content as well as
the students to
adapt to the
method. The
students who
have not been
involved in the
consultation are
also adapted to it.
need to become
conscious in a
critical manner.
The focus or the
emphasis upon
the theory is upon
liberation as well
as social change.
The theory further
facilitates
alteration of the
oppressive
structural
conditions.
teach their
students. They
are required to
follow or adapt to
the various
teaching methods
that are used by
the teachers.
Dewey / Rogers The learning is
socially
constructed and it
has also based
upon the brain-
based pedagogy
rather than the
institutions as
well as
curriculum.
The strength of
the theory is that
the great thinkers
tend to have
same ideas about
their teachers as
well. In aspect of
the Theory, there
are various
similarities
between the ideal
classrooms and
democratic
ideals.
The weakness of
the theory is that it
allows great deal
of variation but it
does not identify
various constant
variables that can
be helped in
detecting the true
accuracy.
An analysis of models of students learning preferences.
It can be analysed that there are certain earning models that are favoured by the
students as well. The models that can help the students to have zeal is Gagne
Model of learning. In the above report it can be analysed that there are various
categories of learning under the Gagne model. As per Gagne model, there are five
categories of learning namely motor skills, attitude, cognitive strategies, verbal
information as well as intellectual abilities (Stupnisky And et.al., 2018).
The theory suggests that the learning tasks can be organised with the help of
intellectual skills in a hierarchical manner. These are arranged in accordance with
the complexity. The components of the learning theory include, stimulus recognition,
response generation, following the procedure, using jargons, discrimination,
formation of concepts, application of rules as well as problem solving.
Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning
preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences is that there are multiple kinds of intelligence in
[Author]
9

people. Gardner has proposed eight intelligences along with one more that is known
as existentialist intelligence. The strengths of the approach are that it offers visual
and spatial judgement and potential career choices. The weaknesses of the
approach are that people can be assumed as daydreamers or overly shy (Yavich
and Rotnitsky, 2020).
Coffield et all – The author summarises that the learning styles are different for
every individual as per their preferences. Various studies have been carried out for
learning styles along with its relationship with academic performance in various
disciplines (Chen and et.al, 2020)
Entwistle – Entwistle has defined various approaches like Deep learning
approaches, Strategic learning approach and surface apathetic learning approach.
The approaches are basically a reflection of various ideas and learnings while
formulating strategies (Neupane and Seok, 2020)
Sadler Smith – Sadler Smith has stated that there are three cognitive styles which
are intuition analysis, adaption innovation and Wholist-analytical. It is basically a
psychometric measure which provides answers like true, uncertain false, etc. (Vieira,
Parsons and Byrd, 2018)
How would taking account of learners’ individual preference enables inclusive
teaching, learning and assessment?
In order to take account of individual references in teaching, learning and
assessment, it is essential that the individuals must focus upon enhanced
communication as well as engagement (Kolb and Kolb, 2018).
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the study that application of model, theories and learning is
a significant part in life of an individual. The report is helpful in understanding the
various learning models and theories along with strengths and weaknesses. Also, It
has helped in gaining knowledge in context of various models of reflective learning
along with its strengths and weaknesses.
[Author]
10

Bibliography
Altrichter, H., 2020. The concept of quality in action research: Giving practitioners a
voice in educational research. In Qualitative voices in educational
research (pp. 40-55). Routledge.
Arghode, V., Brieger, E.W. and McLean, G.N., 2017. Adult learning theories:
implications for online instruction. European Journal of Training and
Development.
Baird, J.A. And et.al., 2017. Assessment and learning: Fields apart?. Assessment in
Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 24(3), pp.317-350.
Brookfield, S., 2018. Developing critically reflective practitioners: A rationale for
training educators of adults. In Training educators of adults (pp. 317-338).
Routledge.
Bruno, A. and Dell’Aversana, G., 2018. Reflective practicum in higher education: the
influence of the learning environment on the quality of learning. Assessment
& Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(3), pp.345-358.
Caena, F. and Redecker, C., 2019. Aligning teacher competence frameworks to 21st
century challenges: The case for the European Digital Competence
Framework for Educators (Digcompedu). European Journal of
Education, 54(3), pp.356-369.
Chen, Y. and et.al., 2020. Forecasting global fire emissions on subseasonal to
seasonal (S2S) time scales. Journal of advances in modeling earth
systems, 12(9), p.e2019MS001955.
Kolb, A. and Kolb, D., 2018. Eight important things to know about the experiential
learning cycle. Australian educational leader, 40(3), pp.8-14.
Lo, C.K., Lie, C.W. and Hew, K.F., 2018. Applying “First Principles of Instruction” as
a design theory of the flipped classroom: Findings from a collective study of
four secondary school subjects. Computers & Education, 118, pp.150-165.
Panadero, E. and et.al., 2019. Using formative assessment to influence self-and co-
regulated learning: the role of evaluative judgement. European Journal of
Psychology of Education, 34(3), pp.535-557.
Phuong, T.T., Cole, S.C. and Zarestky, J., 2018. A systematic literature review of
faculty development for teacher educators. Higher Education Research &
Development, 37(2), pp.373-389.
Picciano, A.G., 2017. Theories and frameworks for online education: Seeking an
integrated model. Online Learning, 21(3), pp.166-190.
Saric, M. and Steh, B., 2017. Critical reflection in the professional development of
teachers: Challenges and possibilities. CEPS journal, 7(3), pp.67-85.
Stupnisky, R.H. And et.al., 2018. Faculty members’ motivation for teaching and best
practices: Testing a model based on self-determination theory across
institution types. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 53, pp.15-26.
[Author]
11

Neupane, D. and Seok, J., 2020. Bearing fault detection and diagnosis using case
western reserve university dataset with deep learning approaches: A
review. IEEE Access, 8, pp.93155-93178.
Yavich, R. and Rotnitsky, I., 2020. Multiple Intelligences and Success in School
Studies. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(6), pp.107-117.
Prescott, J.E. and Filatotchev, I., 2021. The business model phenomenon: Towards
theoretical relevance. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), pp.517-527.
Vieira, C., Parsons, P. and Byrd, V., 2018. Visual learning analytics of educational
data: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Computers &
Education, 122, pp.119-135.
[Author]
12