Racial Discrimination and Youth Well-being

This assignment explores the profound impact of racial discrimination on the mental and emotional health of youth. It delves into research findings, highlighting the negative consequences of perceived and experienced discrimination. The analysis encompasses various aspects, such as coping strategies, racial identity development, and family influences. The goal is to shed light on this critical issue and understand its implications for the well-being of young people from marginalized ethnic groups.

IMPACT OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION ON
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN OF MINORITY GROUPS

Table of Contents
1: Introduction.................................................................................................................................4
1.1 General background of the study...............................................................................................4
1.2 Rationale of the Research..........................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Questions....................................................................................................................5
1.4 Problem Statement.....................................................................................................................6
1.5 Significance of the research.......................................................................................................6
1.6 Organization of the proposal form.............................................................................................6
Summary..........................................................................................................................................6
2: Literature Review........................................................................................................................7
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Previous research work..............................................................................................................7
2.3 Gaps in previous research work.................................................................................................7
2.4 Comparison between previous and present research work........................................................7
2.5 Reasons for which the mothers are smoking during their pregnancy........................................9
2.6 Ill effects from smoking towards the child’s health during pregnancy...................................11
2.7 The prevention measures of smoking......................................................................................12
2.8 The roles of the parents for the protection of their child's health............................................13
2.9 When and how the smoking has created impact on the children.............................................14
2.10 The willing processes for stopping the smoke habit during the pregnancy period...............16
2.11 Conceptual Framework..........................................................................................................17
2.12 Summary................................................................................................................................17
3: Methodology..............................................................................................................................18
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................18
3.2 research onion..........................................................................................................................18
3.3 Research Philosophy................................................................................................................19
3.4 Research Design......................................................................................................................19
3.5 Research Approach..................................................................................................................20
3.6 Data Collection Methods.........................................................................................................20
3.7 Sampling Techniques...............................................................................................................21
3.8 Data Analysis Techniques.......................................................................................................22

3.9 Ethical Considerations.............................................................................................................22
3.10 Research Limitations.............................................................................................................22
3.11 Research Timeline.................................................................................................................23
3.12 Summary................................................................................................................................24
4: Anticipated Findings..................................................................................................................24
Reference list.................................................................................................................................25

1: Introduction
There is racial discrimination which does persist and affect the changing life along with
the daily life that is for minorities of race within the various regions of the world. Along with the
persistence of the racial discrimination, there are developments of various racial aspects in the
world. The racial and ethnic discriminations are very early days and decades which are not
granted by the people who are major in the various regions of the world. The minorities do not
enjoy most of the facility and are considered to be the ill-treated people of the world. The various
country has different minority group which is continuously fighting to receive the every kind of
rights which would not differentiate them from all other common people in their country. The
discrimination among the race is creating the impact on the children who are from the minority
group. Their complete developments are not established and they do not enjoy every kind of
facility and are treated as the backward people within the general people group.
In addition to this, it can be said that discrimination is considered as one of key issue
which might affect the overall outcome. By having an application of key measures the
government authorities are looking forward to control the discrimination. It has been noticed in
previous studies that the development of discrimination activities must be controlled from the
initial level so it is significant for UK authorities to ensure that children’s are also well aware of
such values. Current study also provides an information about the fact that the inequalities which
do exist in the globe are in the ethnic patterning of the health of the children and their
development within the various outcomes of minority group ethics.
Recent research has indicated of the fact that the inequalities which do exist in the globe
are in the ethnic patterning of the health of the children and their development within the various
outcomes of minority group ethics. Smoking is an ill effect creating elements for the women
especially to those women who smoke during their pregnancies. Tobacco smoking not only
creates cancer to lungs however also create various health hazards which comprise of heart
disease and miscarriage to the child for the pregnant women. The child also gets suffer from the
smoking while they are in the mother's womb with the toxic substance of tobacco. The child may
get birth with certain dysfunction or disorder or even come out to earth in dead condition. Hence
the study would help the elaborated knowledge on these facts and the preventive measures are to
discuss in the later portion of it. There are various responsibilities of the parents for the

protection of child’s health and the right of child’s equality must be accessed by them. The study
would be helpful to gain the prevention measures for such smoking practice done by the women
along with various family responsibility towards the child who is about to take birth.
1.1 General background of the study
The racism is one of the curses in the present and modern world. Every human being must get
the full support and enjoy equality and must not be treated as the minors. They must get the right
to act and get every service which all other people in the country are enjoying. The children are
not able to establish themselves as well as they are not getting full and better development. Even
there are certain faults from the family member who are belonging to the minority group. The
family members of the minority group are practicing certain things which are observed by their
children and they are on the way to tend the act which their elders are performing. There are
various things which the minority group people perform in from of their children such as
smoking and drinking alcohols. The first and foremost thing they practice is the smoking. The
mothers are also involved in such practice even at the time of pregnancy. The young mothers or
the women who are pregnant are likely to smoke very much according to some research in the
past. Every six pregnant women out often do smoke in their pregnancies and the results are very
harsh. Despite the fact that the smokings are dangerous for them and the upcoming child they are
prone to have to smoke in their life.
1.2 Rationale of the Research
Research Aim
The aim of the research is to detect the reason for which the young women and mothers in their
pregnancies smoke. The effect from this would be the obesity to the health of their children from
their birth. Young mothers at the last stage of pregnancy also smoke and the effect is very bad.
This is to analyze the reason and the effect of it towards the children must be shown to the
people of the world so that there would be the reduction in the practice and the health of the
children as well as the mother be safe. The obesity to the children is increasing every year and is
likely to be around 70 percent in the year 2020. The main reason for the children obesity is due
to the smoking by their mothers during their pregnancy times.

1.3 Research Questions
1) Why interested in this research?
2) What is the issue?
3) What is the reason for which the mothers are smoking during their pregnancy?
4) What are the prevention measures?
5) What are the roles for the parents for the protection of their child’s health?
6) When and how the smoking has created the impact on the children?
7) What are the willing processes for stopping the smoke habit during the pregnancy period?
1.4 Problem Statement
The smoking causes the health hazard and the same are the children who are about to take birth.
The children whose mothers are in the habit of smoking during their pregnancy are prone to have
obesity.
1.5 Significance of the research
The research would help to know about the ill effect of smoking on the children health and
society. The prevention measures of the issue are may be identified. The role of their family
member, as well as the parents, are can be detected from the research which would allow
preventing smoking at the pregnancy time and protecting the health of their children.
1.6 Organization of the proposal form
1: INTRODUCTION
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
3: METHODOLOGY
4: ANTICIPATED FINDINGS

Figure 1: Proposal Structure
(Source: Made by Self)
Summary
The whole research would be helpful to gain the access to the ill effect of smoking over the
children due to smoking by their mother at the stage of pregnancy. The prevention measure can
be obtained from the research and the role of parents can be identified with it.
2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The whole literature review would be helpful for the readers and the people from all over the
world about the ill effect of smoking. The effect of smoking are can be discussed due to which
the young mothers are prone to have smoking practice in their life. According to Greenfield and
Cocking (2014), the minority people are discriminated and they are not having complete right to
have safe and protected health life. They are not enjoying the similar health protection as the
common people are enjoying. The young mothers at the pregnancy do smoke and the effects are
over their children which cause obesity. The study would help the people to understand the ill
effect from such practice and the prevention measures of it. The discrimination of race is the
offenses which are overlooked by the law of various countries such as the United Kingdom.
2.2 Previous research work
There are various research made on the similar topic and are quite successful in detecting the
problems and the prevention measures. However, till now, the complete awareness is not
generated from those previous works hence the current research work would likely to helpful for
further knowledge (Priest et al. 2014). This would be better for the people who are discriminated
due to their race. As there were certain gaps in the previous research works on the topic the
current research would be essential for the government and the society to not create
discrimination for the minorities and would help the minorities to receive their every right which
would be better for their health safety and social life.

2.3 Gaps in previous research work
Previous research works are able to create awareness of the fact on this topic however they are
failed to create complete impact over the common people who are the responsible for the
discrimination against the minorities. The mothers are still not aware of the ill effect of smoking
and the same has failed to create the effect on them by the previous research works.
2.4 Comparison between previous and present research work
Early studies on the topic are good however, they lack to some information which would be
effective for the young mothers as well as the children. The early study could not create impact
over the parents who are close to their children and are responsible for the health and society for
their children. Hence the present study are to be done which can create the impact that would
create the positive impact over the mind of the parents as well as the government who can take
care of the every right that should be enjoyed by the minority group people and can betterment to
the children health as well as the society. The present study would be helpful to generate the
knowledge about the responsibility of the parents towards their children who are supposed to
have the better health condition (Umaña‐Taylor et al. 2014). The present study would be able to
create awareness to the government as well as various health care organization and health care
society to work after the fact and can help to sort out the issues which are creating impact over
the health of children. The reasons for obesity due to mother’s smoking habit at the pregnancy
stage are the ill effect creating matter and this should be understood by the health care
organization and to the mothers along with the parents. The present research work on the topic
would make understand the adverse effect of discrimination among the race and the rights to
equality for the minority people. The children are affected with the reason of discrimination due
to an indirect effect of discrimination from the society. According to Schmitt et al. (2014), this
fact is to be checked by the government as well as the health care organization so that the
children can enjoy the equal right and gain better health from the society as well as from the
parents. The parents are to play the important role for their children's health and equal right.
Children must also have health in better condition. Obesity is the problem creating matter for the
children at the initial stages of their life and hence the present study on this topic would be
helpful to gain better access to the children health and would make sure to provide them with
better society and the health at the same time without any kind of discrimination. Discrimination

does not allow to access every kind of right since the society does not allow the discriminated
people to have every right in equal state and hence various things are missed by the
discriminated people which were supposed to enjoy and can provide their children with better
lifestyles (Brittian et al. 2015). The present research would be able to provide the information on
why the young mothers tend to smoke during their pregnancies. This would also provide the fact
about the prevention measures of the mothers smoking at this stage of pregnancy. When as well
as why the children are affected due to the mother’s smoking are also elaborated in this present
study. The various roles of parents towards the protection of their child’s health are to be
discussed in this particular study. This study finally elaborates the willing procedures for the
prevention of the smoking habit during the period of pregnancy. Hence as a whole, the present
study would help every people to detect the discrimination and its effect on the health and
society for the minority people which was not possible in the previous studies done on the
similar kind of topics (Rivas‐Drake et al. 2014).
2.5 Reasons for which the mothers are smoking during their pregnancy
Most of the people do know the smoking do cause cancer and heart disease along with certain
major issues in health. However, this practice during the pregnancy does cause some additional
health problems. These additional problem are consists of premature birth, defective birth to the
babies as well as the death of the infant.
Young women have various practices which include alcoholic drinking and smoking tobacco
(Simpson and Yinger, 2013). They are in this practice due to their social aspects however certain
kind of women do this due to some anxiety and requirement of some habits. The higher class
women get this habit from their lifestyles in the higher society from their friends. Various
women are prone to smoke for their fantasies. However many women smoke to remove stress
according to some smokers who smoke a lot in their daily life. Smoking has many adverse
effects on the heath as well society. Despite this fact many smoke the tobacco knowing the ill
effect of smoking. They are not able to stop this practice and make this a habit with greater
intention to make this a requirement in life. Seaton et al. (2014) stated that various awareness
programs are there to stop the smoking practice, however, the people are able to stop this activity
from their daily life.

The discrimination for the minorities is one of the main issues for which the people are not able
to stop this habit. Discrimination creates difference among the various people. This may be due
to caste, creed, and race. The people with minority are also within the discrimination and they
think are the different people living in the same place, however, are not able to enjoy every kind
of rights and equality from the government as well as the society.
In the United Kingdom, the smoking tobacco is in certain limitation of government permission.
In early days the age limit from which any person can consume tobacco is at the age of sixteen
years however this has been changed to eighteen years (Bostwick et al. 2014). This can be done
not in any public place where various kinds of people gather. There are laws to provide
punishment to the people who sells the tobacco to the under aged people either the same are
bought for personal use or for others. There are fine for such offense for the seller who sells the
tobacco to any minor people. There is National Health Service who is looking into this fact and
continuously working on this to prevent smoking by the people of United Kingdom. They are in
the way to make various awareness programs which indicate the ill effect of smoking and the
slogan to stop this practice.
The minority people are more prone to smoke due to their nature of society and work in daily
life. Seaton and Douglass, 2014 stated that the women also get influence from their society and
the people around them. They are in actual habit to smoke which are not discouraged by their
family members as well. Mostly young women start smoking due to social influence and for their
fantasies. Later these fantasies become the habit which is not easily stopped by the smokers. This
causes various ill effects on their personal health as well as the people around them. The young
woman with smoking habit does smoke tobacco during their period of pregnancy as well. This is
only due to their personal habits which cannot be easily stopped. There are various health
societies who are continuously working on this matter to stop however the people of the minority
group are not able to access the same due to certain discrimination (Rivas‐Drake et al. 2014).
The discriminated people are not able to access various rights for their welfare and the same also
for the smoking habits. The people are not in safe feeling to have the rights of every kind which
are enjoyed by the common people of the country. Hence the awareness programs are not
attended by the discriminated people.

The women of the minority group are under the influence of their surroundings which provoke
them to smoke and no one does stop their practice of smoking and does not make them aware of
the ill effects from this practice. Smoking not only causes cancer however it also causes heart
disease along with very bad effect for the women. The smoking of tobacco can make the women
experience the adverse effect for giving birth to their own babies. Spencer (2013) stated that the
babies also get affected from their mother's smoking habit from within the womb of the mother.
The toxic substance present within tobacco does create the adverse effect on the health of an
infant. The child can bear with certain health disorder and also can bear dead from the effect of
tobacco which was consumed by their mother while the child was in the womb. There is also the
risk of getting miscarriage of the child who had the habit of smoking tobacco. The minority
women do not participate the various activities which are done with the common people. Hence
they are the lack of awareness programs which were conducted by the government as well as the
healthcare societies. The activities done within the minorities are also not detected by the
government and hence the practices done among them are not prevented. Most of the tobacco
sellers’ are prone to make their business without the concern on the fact of the ill effect of
tobacco (Suizzo et al. 2014). They sell tobacco to every customer who does visit them to have
them. Hence the tobaccos are easily reached to the minority women and are consumed by them
easily without any barrier. The family member also does not prevent the women from smoking
nor do they make any awareness to the women who are pregnant. Around ten percent of pregnant
women had stated that they smoke during their last three months of pregnancy. Among the
women who used to smoke during the last three months of pregnancy, fifty-five percent does quit
the same during pregnancy and again stars the same after six months of child’s birth (Hughes et
al. 2015). Hence most of the women who are under influence of society where the practice of
smoking takes place and the women of the minority who are discriminated are more prone to
smoke tobacco.
2.6 Ill effects from smoking towards the child’s health during pregnancy
Most people do know that smoking cause cancer, various health problems, and heart disease.
However, the smoking also creates the certain health issue for the women as well the child when
practiced such thing during pregnancies. According to Bagci et al. (2014), there may be the
miscarriage of the baby, premature birth of the child, various birth defects as well as death to the

child. Smoking creates this harder to get pregnant for any women who are in this ill practice.
Smoking does create the problem with placenta which is the only source of baby’s foods as well
oxygen during pregnancy. The placenta may be separated from the women’s womb at early
stages of pregnancy which are the bleeding factors and are dangerous for both baby and the
mother. Smoking also creates risk factors which are sudden death syndrome for the infant. The
children who are born from the smoking women are with certain defects such as cleft palate and
cleft lip. Hence there should be the prevention to the practice of tobacco smoking by the women
as well as the people with certain habits. Another ill effect of tobacco smoking by parent or
mother is, the children would get learn to smoke from them and would practice them in secret
which is very dangerous with choking hazard and the get affected from tobacco at the early stage
of life (Tran, 2014). The learning of smoking would be curious at the start, however, this would
get the habit to them and smoke the tobacco on the regular basis.
The prevention of smoking would make the baby obtain more oxygen from the placenta which
is only one day after quitting smoking. There would be less risk to get the early birth of the
babies. There would be the reduction of the sudden death of the babies and the baby would come
to home from the hospital after birth. There would be less cancer disease, heart-related disease,
lung cancer, stroke and chronic lung cancer. This would be helpful to lead the life without such
disease for the longer time and enjoy every kind of enjoyment from life. According to Romero et
al. (2014), there would be less lung related issues which might be caused by tobacco smoking.
The people would live longer and know the grandchildren. People would breathe better with ease
and feel more energetic and perform daily activities easily with less physical effort. Heart disease
would not there. Food would taste better. The foul smell of tobacco smoke would not be there in
clothes and homes. Money can be saved and spent on other required expenses. This would make
feel better and happy as this is done for self and for the child as well. The cigarette is legal and is
the poison that not only damages the health of the mother, however, the unborn child as well.
During the pregnancy, the smoking does increase the risks of cardiovascular disease,
hypertension and disease of kidney, pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disease, BMI as well as
obesity, alteration in the neurology and psychological behavior and addiction towards the
smoking.

2.7 The prevention measures of smoking
There are no scopes of safe exposure to tobacco smoke. Very less amount of tobacco smoke can
cause ill effect due to the breathing of it. According to Motti-Stefanidi and Masten (2017), the
one and only process to keep protection from the cigarette smoke are to live in completely
smoking free place and the environment. The protection from tobacco smoke can be done by;
 Making the house and cars absolute smoke-free.
 Asking people for not smoking around the family and children and the place where
smoking is not allowed.
 Ensuring the child care center and the study center are smoke-free.
 Choosing the smoke-free for working and roaming.
 Making understand to children about the ill effect of smoking and prevent them from
doing so.
 When there is the existence of any respiratory issue to self and children the every kind of
smoke must be avoided.
 Since there are great dangers from the tobacco smoke the heart patient and the pregnant
women must be avoid smoking and the place where the presence of smoke does occur.
 Avoiding passive smoking and get the fullest information from the doctors and
consultants about the smoke of others around the nonsmokers.
 Making various awareness programs which describe the ill effect of tobacco smoking.
 Health care centers are required to make various programs which would help people to
about the effects of smoking.
 The government must introduce various laws which would prevent smoking.
 By not selling the tobacco or cigarette to any minors.
 There should be the punishment to the seller who sells tobacco to minor or child of
underage.
 There must be campaign and advertisement and awareness posters on various platforms
of media which may be print media, broadcast media as well as social media through the
internet (Zeiders et al. 2014).
 Every cigarette packet should indicate dangers of tobacco.

 The social worker must make various awareness programs which are easily reached to
the people.
 Health care centers are to take various preventive measures to make quit to the cigarette
smokers.
2.8 The roles of the parents for the protection of their child's health
Parents are the closest persons to the children. Hence their responsibility remains to take care of
every aspect of their children. The roles of them are the prior toward their children. Thus they
have to look after the children are free from cigarette smoking. Parents do require knowing every
factor of the children and should take care of the fact that the children are started with the
smoking habits. The parents are responsible for the protection of their young ones from any
physical harm. They must provide their children with the entire required element which are for
benefit of the children health and comprise of water food, clothes and protect them from the
smoking environment. They must provide assistance for not smoking and make understand about
the ill effect of smoking (Walker et al. 2017). They must mot smoke by themselves. The mother
who is about to give birth to her young ones must not smoke and stay away from any
environment where the smoking are exposed. The mother who is pregnant must not use smoking
for personal pleasure. Hence by avoiding such practice, they are ensuring better and healthy baby
for them. The tobacco smoke causes separation of the path which supplies oxygen and food to
the baby within the womb and bleeding may occur which leads to the premature birth of the
babies. Hence this habit of the smoking cigarette during pregnancy must be avoided to get
healthy children. Not accessing the smoking by the parents especially by the mother stands the
prior responsibility for the benefit of children. Children are innocent and can acquire any habit
which they observe various times with short frequency. Hence the smoking in front of them may
be dangerous since they may get this to be addicted and want to try them. The slow try method
may one day become the requirement to practice smoking and gradually smoke a lot which in
general very dangerous and have various adverse effects from it (Smith, 2014). This point of
view must be considered by the patients and should not smoke in front of them. The parents are
the major tutor for the children. Whatever they teach to their children is learned faster than any
other kind of tutor. Hence this becomes the duty to provide their children with good habits rather
teach them with harmful practices. Only parents can provide health and safe life to their children.

2.9 When and how the smoking has created impact on the children
Children are affected by the smoking in various ways. The pregnant mothers who are having
smoking habit are also smoke during their pregnancies. The pregnant mother who smokes during
their pregnancies creates the adverse effect on her baby from within her womb. The tobacco
creates the effect on the path through which the food and oxygen pass to the baby. The passage
might get removed from its original position and bleeding would start as a result the premature
birth of the baby can occur which is very dangerous. This may also be dangerous as the sudden
death may occur to the baby (Thompson, 2016). The baby can bear with certain dysfunction and
disorder. There might be certain heart disease from the birth stage and this is because of tobacco
smoking by the mother during the pregnancy stage.
The baby can experience the smoking effect on themselves due to passive smoking by their
mother during the pregnancy period. The parents are responsible for looking after these factors
that the baby doers do not get any kind of these effects due to smoking of tobacco and cigarette.
As the pregnant women do breathe passive smoke the chemicals of the smoke pass by her lungs
and followed by the bloodstream. Various chemicals such as nicotine and carbon monoxide
along with various other chemicals are passed by the blood stream and these are directly affected
by the children from the mother’s womb.
Children also get smoking effect after their birth also. This is because of the fact that their
parents are smoking in front of them and they are inhaling them at every moment of time
whenever their parents are around them (Beelmann and Heinemann, 2014). The women who are
more secondhand smoke are more prone to have less weight baby birth of less than two thousand
five hundred grams. This fact is, in general, the unhealthy baby at birth and further can be
affected through suck chemical effect of tobacco smoke.
The mother who smokes must not share their beds with the newborn baby since the baby also
affected by the smoke effect. There must be no sharing of beds below four months of an ageing
baby. Children of people who smoke are more prone to the infection such as swelling in their
ears. The children also get the infection in their lungs and experience of bronchiolitis, bronchitis,
and pneumonia at the first few years which not the same as the children of nonsmokers. The
children also might be affected with the middle ear disease which leads to loss of hearing the
power and the power to speech are delayed. The children of smokers also breathe less and harder

as compared to the no smoker's children (Thijs and Verkuyten, 2014). Exposed to smoke by the
children who have asthma are very dangerous as the children might experience very hard
breathing which results in choking to lungs and the life of him he might lose.
The immune systems for the smoker’s children are less and often experience various disease and
they suffer very much. The children are more prone to copy the elders and to the people who are
around them hence to reduce smoking habit for the children the parents and the people around
the children must not smoke. Children have to visit often due to the effect of smoking around
them since they inhale the smoke of tobacco and get a cough, colds, asthma very easily. Sudden
infant death can occur from the active or passive smoking. Ear infections are more prone to the
children of smoking people. Various people do sell smoking materials to the children which are
not actually for themselves, however, there would be the curiosity for the children as what the
effect are received from the materials and anytime they desire to try them.
This is one of the most important things to remember of the fact that desire to smoke does occur
from the frequent seeing to someone and from various bad people influence who provoke to have
cigarette smoking (Rivas‐Drake et al. 2017). The tendencies of getting affected by the smoking
habits are from various people who smoke around them. The children who get smoking due to
passive smoking are more dangerous than the active smoker. The passive smoking creates
various dysfunctions which the children can experience and have to suffer a lot with breathing
problems. Most of the children do not smoke cigarette however they are affected by the smokers
around them in everyday life. The parents have to look after the fact so that they might not get
affected by the smoking.
2.10 The willing processes for stopping the smoke habit during the pregnancy
period
Female smokers are easy can kick out the habit of smoking in some timely date according to
their menstrual cycle. There is the much better success for the women who did want to quit
smoking. Smoking cigarette is one of the leading causes of death which can be prevented within
the United Kingdom. In this country, the women do experience severe death cause due to
smoking of cigarette rather than those of men (Roberts et al. 2014). There is also increase of
heart disease along with coronary diseases from the smoking of tobacco.

Various pregnant do welcome the advice for quitting the smoking during their pregnancies. The
women who are pregnant think the fact that smoking has various negative expectations and must
be reduced or quitted during the time of pregnancy. They are prone to quit smoking during such
circumstances however not able to quit successfully due to addiction and such thing. Hence there
must be some activities from the government to make understand the fact of ill effects of
smoking during pregnancies. Smoking is like the habit and any habit can be changed or stopped
after certain evaluation and feeling the adverse effect from it. There must be certain patient-
centered approach from various doctors and health care personnel who are to make the women
understand the risk factors for her along with the unborn babies (Bowen and Bok, 2016). The
future of the unborn babies would be in danger and all these are from the smoking of tobacco
which is the difficult however preventable. The smoking must be stopped in order to get self-
help or make clear about the better health of their child. The children only get adverse effect
mostly during the stay at their mother’s womb. The effect of smoking is very much affected by
the unborn child since the effect of smoking directly get into the body of the babies through the
mother's passage line through which food and oxygen are supplied to the babies.
Hence these are the main issues from the smoking of cigarette and the fact has to understand to
them by the various awareness campaigns which must be frequent in every area which is to done
by the government as well as health care centers. The women who love their babies and want a
genuine birth of her babies are smarter and can understand the risks of smoking toward the health
of her baby (Aboud and Spears Brown, 2013). Hence these willing powers of the mother are
encouraging them and other women around such mother to stop cigarette smoking.
The modern approach from the various medical practitioners is very successful in making the
pregnant women understand the fact of child risks due to her smoking habit and the adverse
effect of tobacco over the child health which may ultimately take the life in beginning stages. A
family member also does require making the mother understand the risk factors for the expected
child due to the adverse effect of cigarette smoking. The mothers are very caring about her baby
and hence she would be able to quit smoking during the pregnancy period and at least four
months after the childbirth.

2.11 Conceptual Framework
2.12 Summary
The smoking causes cancer and ultimately death to the victims who are under the adverse
influence of tobacco smoking. The smoking has the various adverse effect which comprises of
cancer, heart disease, bronchitis, lung infection disease, children obesity, the sudden death of the
child after birth, the birth of the child with the certain disorder. For avoiding such adverse cause
from the cigarette the mothers must quit smoking. The mothers should not smoke at all.
However, they must quit smoking during their pregnancy periods for the sake of children health.
Every child has the right to birth and enjoys their other rights as well in full scope. Hence there is
no scope to provide ill health for the cause of tobacco smoking towards the unborn child as well
as the newborn child.
There are various ways to stop the smoking. Government and other healthcare organization are
on the path of making aware of the ill effect of tobacco smoking for common people as well as
the women especially the pregnant women and children. The willing capability of the people
would be the most affecting thing to stop such practices.
3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The purpose to make aware of the adverse effect from the smoking of tobacco is very good
indeed. This would enable a better environment where the children would be safe from any kind
of ill effect of tobacco smoking. This chapter would illustrate the various procedures and the
methods for how the smoking can be prevented and the research for the reason of children
obesity are caused. The proper approach for this purpose would ensure of better research on this
topic.
3.2 research onion
The research onion provides the framework which is based on the conducted study. This only
formulates the layered approach through which the research must go on for the success of the
study.

Figure: Research Onion
(Source: Leslie et al. 2013)
3.3 Research Philosophy
Figure: Research Philosophy
(Source: Craig and Smith, 2014)
Research
Philosophy
Positivism
Realism
Post
positivism
Interpretevism

The philosophy helps the formulation of the desired path by which the study takes place. There
are commonly four kinds of philosophy and they are positivism, post-positivism, realism, and
interpretivism. This study does carry the philosophy of positivism.
3.4 Research Design
Figure 6: Design of the research
(Source: Roberts et al. 2014)
The research design does help the layout presentations which are related to the study. There are
mainly three types of research design which comprise of experimental design, descriptive design,
and explanatory design. This topic research has to take the descriptive type of research design
which would help the learners’ better experience of the facts which make awareness for them.
3.5 Research Approach
The research must be approach with the certain plan for the successful conduct of the research.
Research approaches are divided into two main parts. They are deductive approach and inductive
approach. The inductive approach generally starts from the particular point and then carries on
providing a generalized conclusion and on the other hand the deductive approach starts from a
generalized setting and culminates at a specific point.
Research design
Descriptive design
Explanatory design
Experimental
design

Figure 7: Approach to the Research
(Source: Beelmann and Heinemann, 2014)
3.6 Data Collection Methods
Data are collected by the general two ways and they are primary data collection and the
secondary data collection. The new data collected are called as the primary data whereas the
existing data that are previously present are called as the secondary data. The data must be
collected for ensuring and evaluating the study topic success. However, for the present
investigation the secondary data collection method will be consider. It will allow to have
secondary data collection through use of methods like books, journals, etc.
Research
Approaches
Deductive
approach
Inductive
approach

Figure 8: Methods of Data Collection
(Source: Seaton et al. 2014)
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques
Figure 10: Data Analysis Techniques
(Source: Rivas‐Drake et al. 2014)
Data Collection
Methods
Primary
Data
Collection
Secondary
Data
Collection
Data Analysis
Techniques
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed Method
or
Triangulation

The data which has to collect must be analyzed for yielding the perfect result for the study. There
are mainly three kinds of data analysis techniques. They comprise of quantitative analysis,
qualitative analysis and the mixed method of data analysis. The study would be helpful by the
quantitative analysis. Along with this, the facts and figures will be presented in the report so that
standards of quantitative analysis can be accomplished effectively. By having an application of
diverse methods in regard to quantitative aspects the issues can be overcome effectively.
3.8 Ethical Considerations
The ethical aspects must have to maintain since the date which is to collect for the study must be
kept under the protection act of data collection act of 1998. There should not be any kind of
monetary involvement for collecting the data and this must be ensured.
3.9 Research Limitations
There may arise various limitations for the study and data analysis. These have to keep in mind
while the research would go on. The research starts generally with the estimated amount of
money, however, the amount may be required at any point of research work for the purpose of
this topic.
3.11 Research Timeline
Activities
during
research
1st
Week
2nd Week 3rd Week 4th
Week
5th
Week
6th Week 7th
Week
Selection of
research topic
Composition
of the
literature
review
Methodology
followed in
the research
Collection of

secondary
data for the
research
Data analysis
and
interpretation
Findings
Conclusion
and
Recommendat
ion for the
research study
Final
submission of
the research
report
Table 1: Gantt chart
(Source: Made by Self)
3.12 Interpretation
According to secondary sources evaluation, it can be stated that young women have
various practices which include alcoholic drinking and smoking tobacco. In order to deal with
diverse social aspects they are focused towards such activities. In addition to this, women are
concern about such values due to some anxiety and requirement of some habits. Along with this,
secondary sources also indicates that high class women are more attracted towards such activities
because of their lifestyle. In order to meet the class standards such aspects are being promoted.
However, it impacts the health of children (Aboud and Spears Brown, 2013). For better control
over stress the women are also used to of smoking habits. It is habitual values which does not
allow to have control over activities because of high level of stress. It has been identified that
various awareness programs are there to stop the smoking practice, however, the people are able
to stop this activity from their daily life (Beelmann and Heinemann, 2014).

Other than this, secondary sources also indicates that there are various features which
need to be referred properly in order to have better understanding about the subject. Smoking
causes cancer, various health problems, and heart disease. It also affects the child during
pregnancies and might cause a serious issue. It has been noticed that miscarriage of the baby,
premature birth of the child are key issues which might be faced due to smoking. It means the
women need to ensure about various aspects which might also cause death to the child. Smoking
does create the problem with placenta which is the only source of baby’s foods as well oxygen
during pregnancy (Bowen and Bok, 2016). It is significant for government and other associations
to ensure about values so that issues can be resolved. It has been witnessed that children that
focuses on the smoking during pregnancy manly faces issues of cleft palate and cleft lip. There
are various methods which need to be referred properly for sustainable values. It is necessary to
focus on child care center so that better measures can be taken into account. Promotion of study
center for smoke-free also need to be referred so that better application can be referred.
Moreover, creating awareness to understand about the ill effect of smoking and prevent them is
also significant (Craig and Smith, 2014).
3.13 Summary
The perfect selection of different methods for the purpose of the study would help the successful
completion of the study. The research design, its approach as well the research philosophy must
be correct which would enable the study easy and the final result from the study can be obtained
easily with fewer hurdles.
4: Anticipated Findings
The study must be conducted in some specific way which would ensure the less money as well
as time to complete it. The study must be done with samples within the actual target area which
would cost less and the results are obtained easily. From the present study, it has also been
anticipated that activities of discrimination can be overcome effectively. Along with this, it also
provides an information about standards which might assist in overcome the issues.
4.1 Conclusion and Recommendation
As per above report, it can be concluded that smoking is having a great impact on women
health. Also during the pregnancy they are facing diverse issues due to smoking. Number of

health issues like miscarriage are being promoted due to act of smoking which need to be
controlled properly. In order to overcome issues the government regulations and monitoring need
to be advanced effectively.
For better understanding for subject the further research can be carried on healthcare
norms that are need to be changed according to standards so that smoking habits can be
controlled. It will allow to have better understanding and allows to maintain long term
sustainability.

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