Health Risks and Control Measures

The assignment delves into the realm of occupational and environmental health risks. It examines the dangers posed by factors such as tobacco smoking, silica dust exposure in construction, and radon gas inhalation. Furthermore, it explores various control measures, regulations, and legal frameworks implemented to minimize these health threats. The analysis includes a review of relevant sources, statistics, and policies related to each risk factor.

DISSERTATION
Lung cancer in adults (30+) in United
Kingdom

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge my gratitude and sincere regards to my seniors and professors those who have
supported me in completing this dissertation. The guidance that I have received from my parents,
family members, friends will always be an inspiration for me. Initially I was very confused and
under confident because I was not having any idea about causes of lung cancer and legislation to
minimize it. But I am grateful to my professor who have given me proper guidance and have
helped in developing my knowledge. I like to thank my peer group those who were with me and
has supported me in gathering secondary information about the topic. Without their support I
would not be able to complete this study on time.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.............................................................6
Overview of research..............................................................................................................6
Rationale of study...................................................................................................................8
Significance of the study........................................................................................................9
Aim and Objectives..............................................................................................................10
Chapter structure..................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................12
Introduction..........................................................................................................................12
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................12
Research approach................................................................................................................12
Research design....................................................................................................................13
Data collection......................................................................................................................13
Data Analysis........................................................................................................................14
Ethical consideration............................................................................................................15
Reliability and validity.........................................................................................................15
Research limitations.............................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................17
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................17
3.2 Number of lung cancer cases in adults in UK................................................................17
3.3 Factors that develop lung cancer....................................................................................18
3.4 Current legislation made by government to control over lung cancer cases..................20
3.5 Effectiveness of current legislation and policies in order to tackle lung cancer in United
Kingdom...............................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................23
Results..................................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................28
Conclusion............................................................................................................................28
Recommendation..................................................................................................................30
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................33

APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................................37

ABSTRACT
Health issues is the major problem in the United Kingdom, smoking has become the major
reason of increasing health problems in the population. Present study discusses effectiveness of
government legislation and policies in order to decrease lung cancer in UK. In the starting of the
study scholar gives facts and statistical records that shows increasing rate of lung cancer in the
country. In the current study scholar has described various actors that increase chances of lung
cancer in the human body. These factors are such as smoking, polluted environment, diesel, dust,
silica, radon gas etc. All these are major causes due to which number of lung cancer cases are
increasing day by day. Later on dissertation emphasised on legislation that have been made by
government to tackle such issue. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, radon act is being
described in this dissertation. Effectiveness of these regulation and polices have been illustrated
in this dissertation

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Overview of research
As per the latest figures it is shown that smoking rates in UK is continuously declining
since 2010. Earlier to that, there were many adults and young people those who addicted to this
bad habit, it was the major cause due to which lung cancer case were increasing in the UK.
Before 2010 adults smoking cases were high but in the year 2016, it was found that 15.8% adults
smoke in UK (Bhaskaran and et.al, 2014). As per the report of office for national statistics
(ONS) this rate was 17.2% in the year 2015. Current statistical records show that 15.5% adults
are in England, 18.1% in Northern Ireland, 17.7% in Scotland and 16.9% in Wales those who
smoke regularly.
Lung cancer or carcinoma is the tumour in lungs which is cause due to uncontrolled cell
growth in tissues of lung. Through metastasis process this tissue growth spread beyond lung and
affect near parts to lungs as well (Moyer, 2014). Due to this medical illness person gets suffer
from weight loss, breathing problems, chest pain etc. The main cause of lung cancer is long-term
tobacco smoking. Only 10% cases are here those who are non-smokers and suffering from this
disease otherwise maximum cases are due to excess smoking. As per the report of world health
organization 17.4% people have been diagnosed with this issue who have survived five years
after this diagnosis. Tobacco smoking, passive smoking, marijuana smoking are the main factors
which increases chances of cancer in human being (Torre, Siegel and Jemal, 2016).
Tobacco smoking has become the major reason of death across the world (World Health
Organization, 2015). Around 100 million people died every year due to excess use of tobacco
(Frazer and et.al, 2016). Over the past few year's government has made strong legislation to ban
smoking. Tobacco Smoking is considered as a leading cause of lung cancer, 90% lung cancer
risk arise due to use of cigarette. It contains chemicals materials that increase chances of cancer
in human body (Zheng and et.al, 2014). Authorities have taken huge action in order to minimize
this risk. Federal Cigarette labelling and advertising act 1965, public health cigarette smoking act
1970, Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act 2009 were made by government.
These legislations were developed with the intention to control lung cancer so that death rate in
the nation can be minimized (World Health Organization, 2015). There are many people those

who are in high risk. Adults age between 30 are considered as high-risk group and they suffer
from the lung cancer. In the age of 30-35 people smoke in excess and they live in such
environment where they have to face issues. They get engaged in wrong habits which increase
chances of lung cancer in this group of people.
As per the view of (Frazer and et.al, 2016) in the year 2014, 46,403 new cases of lung
cancer were found by the authorities. It has shocked the nation that number of cases are
increasing with a rapid speed. It was approx. 13% high as compare to last year statistics. As per
the statistical report of 2014 it was found that 77.9% male candidates get suffer from lung cancer
due to excess smoking whereas 66.0% female are suffering from this illness. According to Frazer
and et.al, (2016) 44500 people were diagnosed every year from 2012 in UK with Lung cancer.
85% cases have occurred due to tobacco smoking. 25.7 million adults and approx. 75,000
children are suffering from cancer right now. It would be increased by 10% at the end of this
year (Laws/Policies, 2017).
Bean and et.al, (2014) stated that lung cancer is correlated with cigarette smoking.
Passive exposure to tobacco is another reason of this health issue. Smoking is injurious to heath
and it not only impacts on human body but also affect psychology of the person as well
Caponnetto and et.al, (2013) argued that use of alcohol is the major cause of lung cancer and
increasing age is another factor that cause this illness in human being. With the increasing age
lungs of individual fail to perform their work properly which turn into cancer.
According to Jawad, Lee and Millett, (2015) in the year 1965 government of nation has
made Federal cigarette labelling and advertising act. The main motive of this policy was to give
health warning on packages of cigarette so that people can stop using tobacco. In the year 1984
UK government has also made comprehensive smoking education act in which authorities have
taken action to make people aware with the drawbacks of smoking so that persons can live this
habit soon (ANTISMOKING LAWS AND REGULATIONS, 2017).
As per the view of Frazer and et.al, (2016) Scotland has become the first destination in
UK where government has taken initiative to introduce smoke free environment. In the year
2006 authorities have made related legislation so that smoking can be banned in the place. Lung
cancer has become the second biggest medical problem in UK after breast cancer. Smoke free
law of UK have come into existence in the year 2007. After commencement of this legislation
approx. 1.9 million British smokers have stop smoking. It was the great success for the

government of country because it has supported in decreasing death of the persons from lung
cancer. Frazer and et.al, (2016) stated that these laws have helped in banishing smoking from
indoor areas such as offices, pubs, clubs etc. but still there were many people those who were
smoking in outdoor areas. Thus, these legislations were quite ineffective to abolish smoking
from the country.
There are many countries that have made several policies to make the environment
smoke free. The main agenda of this legislation and policies are to protect the public from
negative effects of SHS and change their smoking behaviour. Smoking not only affects their
lungs but also impact on other people as well. World health Assembly has adopted Framework
convention on Tobacco control (FCTC) in the year 2003. Through this regulation government of
the nation has made strategies to minimize supply of tobacco and other smoking material.
Furthermore, in the year 2007 FCTC has adopted guidelines of Article 8 in which they have
concentrated on adoption of effective measures so that people can get protected from exposure to
tobacco smoke in indoor places.
This will help in making government policies more effective so that death rate can be
controlled. Government of UK have made several legislations in order to reduce smoking in the
nation. US food and drug administration (FDA) regulation have been made to protect health of
public. Family smoking prevention and Tobacco control act, Federal Cigarette labelling and
advertisement act 1965, public health cigarette smoking act, comprehensive smoking education
act, prevent all cigarette trafficking (PACT) act, SFE act etc. are several regulations that have
been made to minimize smoking and improving health condition of public (Malvezzi and et.al,
2015). Apart from this, authorities have increased tax on tobacco, cigarillos and decreasing
supply and availability of cigarettes so that number of lung cancer cases in adults can be reduced.
Present study will discuss factors that cause lung cancer in human being. Furthermore, it
will explain several government legislation and policies that have been developed to control over
this issue. Effectiveness of these laws will be described in this dissertation. At last, suggestion
will be given to minimize this disease in high risk groups (30-74- year old).
Rationale of study
The main reason of conducting this research is that number of lung cancer cases are
increasing in UK. Over the past few years many people have got died due to lung cancer. The
main cause is tobacco smoking (Richardson, Ganz and Vallone, 2015). Though government has

made several laws to ban smoking but still many persons are inhaling it. Number of patients of
lung cancer are increasing in hospitals (ANTISMOKING LAWS AND REGULATIONS, 2017). It
has become essential to pay attention on factors that develop this issue among adults and make
several effective legislations so that this problem can be controlled. The main reason of
conducting this dissertation is to identify the factors due to which lung cancer cases in adults are
increasing in UK. United Kingdom has become the country where death rate is increasing day by
day due to excess use of smoking. Though government has made several laws to control over
smoking but still there are many people those who smoke in outdoor environment. It not only
impacts on their body but also affect surrounding as well (Pirie and et.al, 2013).
Another rationale of this investigation is to make people aware with the drawback of
smoke and create smoke-free environment. Smoking cessation is the main agenda of the
researcher so that number of cases of lung cancer can get decreased. Furthermore, to make the
government aware with the effectiveness of their laws and policies to minimize smoking so that
that necessary amendments can be made in these laws and new legislation can get developed.
This can help in meeting with the real objective of smoke free environment (Ward and et.al,
2014).
Significance of the study
With the help of this study government will be able to analyse the factors due to which
lung cancer is increasing. That will support to make effective legal action on it. With the help of
this study service provider will be able to provide more quality services to patients. This will
support in minimizing cases of lung cancer from the country (Hawkins, Bach and Baum, 2016).
This dissertation will be beneficial for other researchers because they will find a new area to
conduct investigation. It will give them overview of the UK situation, government legislation
related to smoking. Health providers support the government in promotion of health awareness.
Thy participant in health camps so that more people can know about their medical conditions and
treatment. This will help in making government policies more effective so that death rate can be
controlled. Effectiveness of government legislation to decrease number of lung cancer cases in
adults in UK is the important topic. This investigation will help the government in identifying the
real situation of the country and effectiveness of current laws (Garon and et.al, 2015). That
would assist in making necessary amendments in existing regulations so that condition of
environment can be improved. Furthermore, this dissertation will be beneficial for other scholars

because they will get brief idea about this topic and they will be able to conduct further
investigation on the same subject or related subjects. In addition, this dissertation will be
beneficial for the public because they will be aware with the factors that increase chances of lung
cancer and they will get ways to prevent themselves from this issue.
The present study will discuss effectiveness of government legislation and policies in
order to decrease lung cancer in UK. Furthermore, research will investigate number of case of
lung cancer in adults and will find factors that develop this disease in human being. Secondary
research will look at the effectiveness of government legislation and policies as to how lung
cancer can be decreased in UK.
Aim and Objectives
Aim
“To provide better understanding of effective legislations and policies in place regarding
smoking, how to maintain them and improve them, if possible”.
Objectives
 To investigate and analyse number of lung cancer cases in adults in UK.
 To identify RISK factors that increase chances of lung cancer
 To investigate current legislation and policies in order to tackle lung cancer.
 To suggest ways to minimize this lung cancer in high risk groups (30-74- year old).
Chapter structure
The accompanying structure on entire dissertation will be as following:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dissertation will be beginning with the brief of the topic, aim, objectives, rationale will
be described in this chapter.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
It would be following part in which scholar will take support of other researchers and will
review their literatures.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
It would be third section which will contain instruments, tools to gather and analysis
information about subject matter.
Chapter 4: Results, conclusion and recommendation

This section will summarize the entire study and will give necessary suggestion through
which cases of lung cancer can be minimized and legislation can be improved.

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Research methodology can be defined as tools and techniques that are used by the scholar
to get results of given research problem. In methodology, scholar must use various criteria in
order to resolve issues so that overall objective of the investigation can be achieved. It is the
systematic study through which individual can collect and analysis data and can reach to the
conclusion in effective manner (Coiro and et.al, 2014). This chapter will cover various tools and
techniques that are applied by researcher in the dissertation of identifying effectiveness of
government legislations and policy to minimize lung cancer cases. Rationale of selected tool will
be described in this chapter.
Research philosophy
It is the tool that deals with nature and development of knowledge of the researcher about
the subject matter. For completing the project on time, it is essential for scholar to enhance their
knowledge. It can also be defined as development of the background of the topic in order to
develop link between theories and research objectives. There are many methods of research
philosophies such as positivism, interpretevism, realism etc. (Creswell, 2013). Scholar has to
select appropriate tool as per the nature of the investigation. Positivism is the tool that explain
that reality is stable, and data can be gathered through objective point of view. In this method
there is no need to interfere with the phenomena. On other hand interpretivism is another
philosophy which is generally applied in qualitative type of investigations. It is completely based
on understanding of human nature and their role in the study. Realism is another type of method
in this reality is project by the person on the bases of individual's sense as truth.
In the present investigation scholar has applied interpretivism research philosophy. It is
considered as most suitable tool because by this way individual can take support of theories and
models in order to develop understanding about the subject matter. Apart from this scholar
became able to collect realistic information by using this technique in the dissertation.
Research approach
It is another technique of research methodology which is used by researcher during the
investigation. It supports the scholar in identifying the facts about the topic and getting realistic
information about subject matter. It has two types; inductive and deductive. Both these have
unique characteristics. The major difference in both these approaches are hypotheses

development. Deductive approach is the tool which is generally applied in the quantitative type
of researches. In this type of method individual has to test the validity of developed assumptions
or hypotheses. On other hand in the inductive approach researcher has to take support of theories
and models in order to get results about the subject matter. Deductive approach starts from
general point of view and it goes to specific direction (Gioia, Corley and Hamilton, 2013). On
other hand inductive approach start the study from specific direction and go towards the general
direction. In the deductive approach it is essential to develop hypotheses whereas in inductive
approach individual can take support of theories and models related to the subject matter.
In the current research scholar has applied inductive research approach. It has supported
investigator in analysing effectiveness of government policies and legislation in order to
minimize number of cases of lung cancer in UK. This tool has helped the scholar in getting valid
results and carrying out investigation in effective manner. Research approach considered as one
of the effective tool that consists of steps that supports scholar in gathering reliable information
about topic and analysing the detail in effective manner. Scholar will use secondary researches
and on the bases of these information overall study has been conducted. With the assistance of
this technique researcher will be able to RESEARCH factors that causes lung cancer,
effectiveness of policy of government in order to minimize number of cases of lung cancer
(Chatrakul Na Ayudhya, Smithson and Lewis, 2014)
Research design
In the present dissertation investigator has applied descriptive research design. Individual
has taken support of earlier articles on the effectiveness of government policies in minimizing
lung cancer cases. On the bases of this scholar has described each policy and has developed link
between effectiveness of policy and number of lung cancer cases (Gioia, Corley and Hamilton,
2013).
Data collection
It is one of the most important part of dissertation, if individual fails to collect relevant
data then it may impact on the study because individual will not be able to complete dissertation
in effective manner. There are two main types of data collection techniques: primary and
secondary. In the primary data collection tool individual must take support of questionnaire,
interview, survey in order to gather first hand detail about the topic (Keating and et.al, 2015). On
other hand in the secondary data collection methods researcher takes support of books, journals,

internet articles which have been prepared on the same topic. Both these methods are effective
in order to develop understanding about the subject matter and finding solution for the research
problems.
In secondary source's researcher will use books, journals, internet articles on the same
topic. But scholar will gather information through secondary research this will assist in getting
realistic detail about effectiveness of government's legislation and policies. In the current
research scholar has applied secondary data collection sources. Scholar will use books, journals,
internet articles that have been made on the same topic. Previous literatures will be reviewed in
order to develop understanding about effectiveness of government policy in tackling lung cancer
cases (Gioia, Corley and Hamilton, 2013).
Data Analysis
Data analysis is the systematic process of inspecting information, transforming data and
finding truth from the available data. It supports in reaching to the final results and drawing valid
conclusion. It is an evaluating process in which researcher evaluate all available information by
using logical reasoning and review data to draw a valid conclusion It is the most important part
of the dissertation; it is the tool that helps in organizing data in effective manner so that helpful
information can be driven. It is the process to evaluate the information so that results can be
interpreted. Selection of data analyses tool is depended upon the type of study. In qualitative and
quantitative both studies' researcher takes support of different analyses tools. In the qualitative
type of investigation scholar applies thematic analyses tool. It is considered as best suitable for
the qualitative type of investigations. It supports scholar in presenting all data in appropriate
manner and interpret it properly so that valid results can come out (Gioia, Corley and Hamilton,
2013). On other hand in the quantitative studies researcher takes support of statistical tools.
Individual uses calculation, SPSS analyses, T-test etc. This supports the investigator in finding
the accurate results. Through this technique researcher can interpret the findings easily.
Current dissertation was based on identifying effectiveness of government legislation in
minimizing number of lung cancer cases in the UK in adults. It was the qualitative study and
scholar has applied secondary data collection sources. For that individual has used thematic
analyses tool. It has helped the researcher in interpreting the data in appropriate manner and
finding the accurate results (Goisser and et.al, 2015). This has helped in analysing the

effectiveness of government legislation in UK in order to minimize number of Lung cancer cases
in adults.
Ethical consideration
Researcher has not copied any information from any website, scholar will prepare entire
study in his own words. Scholar will not force any person to share their views, individual took
their prior permission and then send them questionnaire (Hawkins, Bach and Baum, 2016). For
taking their positive concern investigator will send them consent form on their email id. All
people will read this consent form and will sign it.
It is very important for scholar to get ethical approval from the higher authorities. In
order to get approval from authority’s scholar has sent a copy of entire study to them and they
have checked entire detail. After that they have given approval for the investigation. Researcher
has taken consent of all involved persons. Apart from the investigator has maintained
confidentiality in the study. Scholar has not linked any information to the third person. This has
supported in keeping data secure. Individual has recorded all details in password protected
computer and has not discussed this password with any third party. In order to ensure that no
ethical issues that place, researcher will cross check the entire process. Scholar will select such
articles those which are easily available on authorized sites. Scholar will read the entire article in
order to examine ethical consideration, on the bases of this individual will research articles.
Researcher has collected information from secondary sources, individual has used books,
journals, internet articles in order to know effectiveness of government legislation in order to
minimize lung cancer causes in adults in United Kingdom. Scholar has not accessed any
unauthorized website (Goisser and et.al, 2015). Before conducting the investigation on the topic
scholar has taken permission from the higher authorities and then individual, has started work on
it. Researcher has communicated information with their involved persons truly and entire study
has been conducted honestly.
Reliability and validity
Reliability and validity are essential aspects of research methodology. That needs to be
consider by the scholar while conducting investigation on particular subject. In the current
dissertation researcher is being associated with the high level reliable in formation. This has
supported the investigator in generating the results (Creswell, 2013). Validity can be defined as
the requirements that have been followed by the researcher as per the objective of the

dissertation. It is compulsory requirement of all type of investigations. All data that have been
used by the scholar are reliable and valid. Scholar has taken appropriate time in order to
complete this study. Researcher has applied most suitable research methods that has helped in
completing the investigation in effective manner.
Individual has taken support of secondary data collection sources, that has helped the
investigator in gathering reliable and realistic detail about the effectiveness of government
legislation. With the assistance of correct tool and technique scholar has become able to get
positive output (Goisser and et.al, 2015).
Individual has taken support of secondary data collection sources, that has helped the
investigator in gathering reliable and realistic detail about the effectiveness of government
legislation. With the assistance of correct tool and technique scholar has become able to get
positive output (Goisser and et.al, 2015).
Research limitations
It is essential element that need to be identified while carrying out the dissertation.
Researcher has faced many limitations in this dissertation. Formulation of aim and objective was
initially very difficult. Because topic effectiveness of government legislation is the vast topic.
Scholar has to focus on only government legislation and lung cases in adults. There were too
many essential aspects such as government legislation, lung cancer in adults in UK etc. So, it
was initially very difficult to frame correct aim and objective. Furthermore, Researcher was
having short time period to complete this investigation (Goisser and et.al, 2015). In such short
duration it was difficult to gather information about effectiveness of government legislation in
minimizing lung cancer cases in adults in UK. But scholar had good experience in conducting
the investigation so individual has divide activities in appropriate manner which has supported in
completing the dissertation on time. In addition, scholar was having limited fund which was
another issue for the researcher. Due to having limited monitory resources individual was having
issues but selection of most cost-effective tools and appropriate methodology have supported the
investigator in completing the study in appropriate manner and meeting with the objective.

CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Introduction
In the current chapter scholar will take support of previous literatures on the same subject
and will review these articles. This section helps the scholar in developing understanding and
knowledge about the topic. Scholar will use only such articles which are related specific to the
topic.
3.2 Number of lung cancer cases in adults in UK
As per the view of Walter and et.al, (2016) lung cancer is the second biggest disease after
breast cancer. Approx. 14% new cancer cases are related with lungs. As per the report of cancer
society 2017, there were 222,500 new cases of lung cancer found in which 116,990 are men and
105,510 are women. Statistical report of the society shows that 155,870 deaths have been
occurred from lung cancer in which 84,590 are men persons and 71,280 are women. Lung
cancer has become the major cause of death among all female and male public (Lung cancer
incidence statistics, 2014). It is fact that 1 out of 4 got died due to lung cancer. Records states
that more people got died every year from lung cancer as compare to prostate, breast cancer.
Gascon and et.al, (2016) argued that in the year 2014 46403 new cases of lung cancer have been
found in United Kingdom, it is 13% of total cancer cases. As per the record of 2012 it is found
that 85-89 is the peak age of suffering from lung cancer medical illness.
According to Ward and et.al, (2014) Cancer research society has revealed their data in
which it is found that 35895 cases were in 2014 who were died from lung cancer. It was very
high as compare to previous year records. England and Wales were the places where survival
rate of patients those who were suffering from lung issue was only 5% in the year 2010-2011.
Every year approx. 13% new cases are found by medical professionals those who suffer from
this medical illness. In the year 2014, approx. 24280 male people have been found with this
illness and 21600 cases were diagnosed in female. Approx. 44% cases are diagnosed in people
those who are in the age of 75 or over. But this rate is high in adults in United Kingdom.
Government has made several laws to control over it but still cases are increasing day by day
(Lung cancer incidence statistics, 2014). Over the last few decades’ number of lung cancer
cases have been increased by 7% in UK. It is estimation of the authorities that after making
impactful legislation these cases will be declined by 7% in UK between 2014 to 2035. It is the

projection of the authorities that in the year 2035 there will be only 88 cases of lung cancer per
100000 people.
Torre, Siegel and Jemal, (2016) stated that lung cancer has become the most common
disease in England because most people are living in deprived areas. It is common is white rather
than Asian or black persons. Statistical data shows that there are only 5% people in England
those who have survived 10 years or more after diagnosis of Lung cancer. 10% people in
England with this disease have survived only 5 years. Around 32% patients those have been
diagnosed in the year 2010-2011 and they have survived only one year. It is fact that survival
rate is high in women as compare to men. As per the view of Pirie and et.al, (2013) adults are
more interested in smoking and using alcohol that is the main reason that these young people are
moving towards bad health. It not only impacts on their health but also affects surrounding as
well. There are many adults chain smokers those who are unable to live this habit. They learn
from society that motivate them to use tobacco and cigarette.
3.3 Factors that develop lung cancer
As per the view of Bhaskaran and et.al, (2014) lung cancer is the dangerous medical
illness which impact on lungs of an individual. The main cause of occurring this issue in human
body is smoking. If the person smoke cigarettes regularly then individual may get suffer from
lung cancer. Quitting this habitat early age can prevent from this cancer but in later age it can
turn into big problem and can develop lung cancer in the person. At the later stage it becomes
difficult for medical professionals as well to give proper treatment to the person because at that
time cell growth start affecting outside side tissues of lungs as well. Malvezzi and et.al, (2015)
stated that 80% lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. Risk of suffering from this issue is
higher in smokers as compare to non-smokers. In-healing cigar, tobacco increase risk on lungs
due to which tissue of lungs get affected and turn into cancer situation.
As per the view of Torre, Siegel and Jemal, (2016) radon gas is the biggest cause due to
which lung cancer gets increase in the human being. Radioactive gas released from normal decay
which impact on the human body to great extent. It is present in air and when individual takes
breath then it enters into their body. It can also enter through cracks in floors, walls etc. These
radioactive particles damage the cells in lung and increase chances of lung cancer in the person.
Ward and et.al, (2014) stated that asbestos is the risk factor which increase lung cancer in
the human body. As per the report of centres for disease control it is found that asbestos is the

leading cause of lung cancer. Asbestos is present in the cigarettes and it affects immune system.
Smokers are exposed to this risk (Engineering Control Technologies to Reduce Occupational
Silica Exposures in Masonry Cutting and Tuckpointing, 2009). Furthermore, diesel, dust is
another cause of increase chances of lung cancer. Due to dust and diesel polluted air enters into
the body which affects cell growth. It damages lungs and increase cancer chances. As per the
view of Malvezzi and et.al, (2015) silica is the leading factor which increase lung cancer in the
person. Inhaling particles when cutting, contains silica. This affect breathing and cell growth due
to which cancer gets increased in the individual (Occupational health guideline for Crystalline
Silica, 2016).
second-hand smoke is the major factor which develops lung cancer in the human being. If
person do not smoke but individual is in touch with others those who smoke in front of them then
also person may get suffer from lung cancer medical illness. Statistical records show that approx.
7,000 lung cancer cases are of second-hand smoke. Non-smoker can also get suffer from lung
cancer disease. These persons are come in touch with the person who smoke regularly. In
workplaces many people smoke cigarettes and due to which diesel exhaust and other chemical
increase chances of lung cancer in non-smokers. There are many people those who are unaware
with the fact that cancer can be caused by coming in touch with smokers. Though, lung cancer in
non-smokers is quite differed from smokers. Smokers those who smoke regularly, tumour gets
developed in their lung which increase chances of death in human being. If individual fail to get
treatment on time, then it becomes difficult for doctors to provide treatment to such patients.
Bhaskaran and et.al, (2014) stated that changes in gene is the major cause which lead to
lung cancer. As per the increasing age gene change their behaviours. Changes in lung cell's DNA
cause lung cancer in non-smokers. In this condition abnormal cell growth take place in lungs of
individual and it turns into cancer situation after some time. DNA is the chemical composition in
cell which makes control over the cell functioning. Due improper functioning of DNA risk of
abnormal cell growth can get increased in the person. That can cause lung cancer in the person.
Apart from this inherited gene changes are another reason that can lead to lung cancer in human
body. Due to this problem gene capability to reduce break down gets decreased and it increase
chances of cancer in the persons. Inherit faulty DNA repair mechanism is the cause that impact
on the lungs of the individual and affect the human body to great extent.

As per the view of Ward and et.al, (2014) Pipe and cigar smoking is the main cause of
lung cancer in the human body. Tobacco contains more than 60 toxic substances that affect DNA
functioning. By this way DNA fails to control over cell growth that develops cancer in the
person. Smoking cannabis is also associated with the lung cancer disease. In UK there are many
cannabis smokers those who take cannabis with tobacco. They inhale such type of things more
deeply which increase chances of suffering from lung cancer.
3.4 Current legislation made by government to control over lung cancer cases
As per the view Gascon and et.al, (2016) there are number of regulations have been made
by authorities to tackle lung cancer cases. Government was facing huge issues since long time,
due to increasing pollution, increase rate of smoker death rate as increasing in the country. At
that time it has become essential to make several laws that can help in reducing cases of lung
cancer in adults. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 was the main legislation that have
been introduced by the authorities. In this government has provided guidelines that employer
have to provide clean and healthy environment to their workers so that they can be healthy. Ward
and et.al, (2014) argued that Tobacco control act 1990 has been made by government of nation to
develop smoke free environment. According to Bhaskaran and et.al, (2014) cigarette packets
under warning labels regulation 1987 has been developed by the authorities so that knowledge of
population can be increased and they can get to know about issues can be faced because of
smoking.
3.5 Effectiveness of current legislation and policies in order to tackle lung cancer in United
Kingdom
As per the view of Gascon and et.al, (2016) government of UK has increased cigarette
tax in the country. Now people those who buy it for commercial of individual purpose are
needed to give more tax to government of the nation. It is the best policy that have been
implemented by the authorities in the year 1983. It has supported in reducing selling of cigarette
packets thus, at that time number of lung cancer have been decreased. Apart from this
government has spent two million dollars to provide smoking education to the communities. By
this way health providers have made people aware with the drawback of the smoking and
symptoms of lung cancer. At the same time government of the nation has taken legal action to
ban tobacco advertising. This bill has been passed through assembly but late on it was defeated

by two votes in legislative council. Statistical reports show that approx. 34% adults of the
country smoke. That is why lung cancer cases are high in adults.
Ward and et.al, (2014) stated that in the year 2015, government of the nation has
introduced Haifa Bay action plan this has supported in reducing pollution and environment risk.
This was the great initiative of the government which has improved condition of surrounding and
has supported in minimising issues related to cancer. Apart from this government has made
emission standards and fuel quality standards. This has helped in reducing issues related to
diesel. After that auto mobile companies were forced to manufacture gas-online powered
passenger cars (Legislative Provisions Relating to Silica Exposure and Silicosis in India: The
Need for Review, 2014.).
Bhaskaran and et.al, (2014) argued that the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 has
been introduced by the government in which government has imposed duty on employer for
ensuring occupation safety and health of workers. Employer is responsible to maintain
workplace environment and individual has to create such surrounding where health of person can
be safe. In the oil and gas firms there are many people those who are facing or dealing with
silicon, dust etc. This impact on their health and they got died due to cancer. After that
authorities have made this standard in which employer is responsible for the good health of the
employees. Furthermore, the indoor radon abatement act 1988 is being introduced by the
government in order to reduce number of lung cancer in the nation. In this respect government
has taken initiative to provide technical assistance to the health care professionals (Health Risk of
Radon, 2017). Apart from the radon survey is being conducted in school and federal buildings.
This has supported in improving condition of the human being in the country.
According to Ward and et.al, (2014) in the year 1987 government of the nation has
introduced health warning on cigarette packets under warning labels regulation 1987. With the
help of this legislation smoking has been reduced in communities and now people are more
aware with the drawback of cigarette. In the year 1990 Tobacco control act 1990 has been made
by the authorities and it was passed in the year 1990. Hawkins, Bach and Baum, (2016) stated
that 'make smoking history' is being launched by the cancer council and department of health.
The main agenda of this policy was to minimize prevalence of smoking among young adults. In
this respect government has introduced smoking free gaming area and has restricted smoking in
some places such as employees. Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act has been

passed by the president. It was enforced through executive branch agencies food and drug
administration (FDA). Garon and et.al, (2015) argued that in the year 1970 Public health
cigarette smoking act has been made by the government. Through this act government has
started giving warnings in cigarette packages so that people can get to know about drawback of
smoking. Apart from this, under this act government has prohibited advertising cigarette on
televisions and radio. By this way many people have left this habit and number of smokers have
been reduced in the nation to great extent.
As per the view of Frazer and et.al, (2016) in the year 2009 family smoking prevention
and tobacco control act has been made by FDA authorities. Authorities have started regulating
manufacturing, distribution and marketing of such type of tobacco products. FDA after passing
this act has started inspecting tobacco retailers. If any person is selling cigarettes illegally then
individual may have to pay fines and penalties.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Results
Empirical research has confirmed that government legislation plays significant role in
improving health condition of the population. Government has made legislation in which they
have started giving warnings on the cigarette packets. This has supported in quit smoking to
those people those who really wanted to leave this habit. This warning signals have supported
then in identifying the drawbacks of the tobacco and they get to know what future issues they
may face if they continuously smoke these elements. After that number of smokers have been
decreased in the UK. From the study it is analysed that sales of cigarette packages have been
declined after giving warnings on the packets.
Study has focused on harmful influence due to tobacco advertisement and promotion of
such elements. Framework of World health organization convention on Tobacco control has
supported in banning advertisement of tobacco material. By this way most of the people have
changed their perception and many people have quit smoking. In the year 2002 Tobacco
advertisement and promotion act was introduced by the government. Under this legislation
government has banned marketing of tobacco goods on print and broadcast media. In the year
2003 sports sponsorships was banned by the authorities partially and in the year 2005 it was
completely banned.
From the secondary data analyses, it is analysed that silica dust is the main causes which
increase chances of lung cancer in the human body. When individual come in touch of this
element then it affects the cell growth of human body. Some time it damages cells due to which
cancer conditions get developed in the person.
In the year 2010 government has passed Tobacco and primary medical service act. Under this act
government has restricted retailing of tobacco products in the United Kingdom. From the
empirical research it has been analysed that this was the most effective regulation of the
government. After that no retail stores were having permission to sell these tobacco products.
This has helped smokers in quitting their smoking habit. Most of the people those who were
chain smoker were not getting cigarettes and they started taking primary care so that their health
can be improved. From the discussion it is analysed that World Health Organisation has achieved
its goal to protect the young adults. Legislation and policies of the government were very
effective in minimizing harmful consequences of smoking. It has supported in meeting with the

public health goal of the nation, but somehow it was not able to protect public from exposure of
second hand smoke (SHS) in the initial phase. Population of the UK were addicted for the
smoking and they were unable to leave this habit. In such condition government was organizing
continuous camps and health care programs to make people aware with the drawbacks of
smoking. This has helped in minimizing number of cases of young adults those who are moving
towards this habit. World health organization has considered the act that banning smoking in the
UK is the ultimate solution for improving health condition of the population. The major cause of
increasing lung cancer issue in the adults were due to high smoking. There were many people
those who are in the age between 14-18, they move towards this habit. It not only impacts on
their health but also affects surrounding as well. By this way this impact negatively on
environment and other people also get affected with the cancer disease. From the discussion it is
analysed that coming in touch with smokers and self-smoking are two major causes due to which
lung cancer is increasing in the nation with the rapid speed. Government has tried to minimize
number of cases by organizing health care programs. But it was not successful because people
those who are addicted to this habit they were unable to quit smoking. In this respect higher
authorities have made new legislation in which they have increased tax rates on cigarette packets
and other tobacco packets.
From the secondary analyses it is found that Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 of
the government has decreasing death rate in the nation. After passing this regulation, employer
has started providing good environment to their employees. By this way individual do not have
to work in the polluted area and they keep away from dust and pollution. It improves their life
rate thus chances of occurring lung cancer has been decreased to great extent.
From the above discussion it is analysed that 13% causes are of lung cancer from total
cancer cases/. It has become the major issue in the United Kingdom. In the year 2014 there were
46403 lung cancer cases were diagnosed in the country. It was the shocking new for the higher
authorities because they were not expecting that lung cancer will raise with the rapid speed.
From the discussion it is analysed that every year 35,895 death were occurring due to this
disease. Only 5% people were able to survive in this medical issue. It was the critical situation
for the government and it was very difficult to tackle this situation. Statistics show that every
year number of lung cancer cases were increasing continuously, and people were not quitting
their smoking habit. Female and males both were suffering from this issue.

In offices government has tried to ban the smoking but still people smoke outside the
office premises. Thus, they were not able to understand that smoking is injurious to health and
they can suffer from critical disease due to excess smoking. In the year 2012 death occurred due
to lung cancer were 354,000. Empirical research has resulted that death rate due to lung cancer is
not improving from last 40 years in the United Kingdom. In the year 1970 approx. 5 people out
of 100 were getting died due to this disease. From the discussion it is analysed that initially lung
cancer affects the lungs of the human being and then in the later stage it starts affecting other
body parts. Due to which immune system of the person get negatively affected and individual
suffer from many other issues. 2004 statistical report of the government has shown that 85,000
people were diagnosed with the lung cancer. But with the passing years’ number of cases have
been increased to great extent in the country. Now this figure has been reached to its extreme
level. Prevalence rate has risen by 23% in the year 2005 as compare to 2004.
From the secondary analyses it is found that indoor radon abatement act 1988 was
effective to reduce occurrence of lung cancer in the human body. After passing this act
government has providing funds to the department to conduct survey and make people aware.
This has improved environmental condition of the country to great extent.
From the discussion it has been analysed that efforts of the authorities are in the right
direction but due to poor monitoring actual results were not got by government in the initial
level. Government has made legislation but there were no controlling and monitoring over it.
After implementation of the regulation to not to sale tobacco in the retail store. There were many
retailers those who were selling it illegally. At that government have not focussed on the rout
cause of the problems that was the reason that this legislation has not worked at the initial level.
But later, government has start monitoring implementation of its legislation. This has given
positive results to the country. After that no person could smoke in the public areas and if
someone finds with the same then individual will have to face legal punishments.
From the study it has been analysed that government has faced many difficulties when it
has increased tax rates on the Tobacco products. Tobacco industry was the only sector which was
paying high tax to government but with the increment in tax rates, sales has been decreased. This
was loss for the economy, but this legislation has supported in changing perception of individual.
People had to give more tax on these products thus, overall price of cigarettes have been

increased. That is why number of people have quit smoking because they were unable to spend
high amount on these products.
From the discussion it is analysed that number of cases increasing day by day. Higher
proportion of people those who were suffering from Lung cancer were living in East and North
West of England. Whereas South West was the place where minimum lung cancer cases were
diagnosed. From the discussion it is analysed that everyone can come in touch with the smokers
and they may get affected with the lung cancer disease. In the year 2012 it was found that 6
people those who were in the age of 31-40 out of 100,000 has lung cancer. This number gets
increased with the age.
Empirical research has resulted that in the year 2011, 43463 new cases were diagnosed
with the lung cancer. Incident rate has been increased by 48.5%. United Kingdom has become
the country where number of death were high in number due to lung cancer. UK was in the
fifteenth position in this respect.
From the above discussion it is analysed that Government has made strong legislation to
reduce number of lung cancer cases from the nation. These policies and regulations have helped
the higher authorities in reducing smoking rates till the end of 2015. In the year 2009-2010 there
were 21.2% adults were diagnosed with the lung cancer whereas till the end of 2015 this rate has
reached to 18.5%. There were 12% less people those who were in the age of 15 were diagnosed
with this medical problem whereas this rate in this age group was 15% in 2009. Increase tax
prices on the tobacco products especially for the young people has helped the government in
reducing the lung issue in the adults. Increase tax prices has decreased number of selling of
smoking products from the nation. This legislation of the government was very effective; it has
supported in meeting with the objective of the authorities. By this way till the end of 2015 it was
found that number of cases of lung cancer have been decreased to great extent. It was the strong
regulation and action for the government to stop smoking from the nation.
From the discussion it is analysed that anti-smoking campaign were arranged by the
government to encourage people for making changes in their behaviour. In these campaigns
authorities have taken support of medical professionals and have make people aware with the
dangers of smoking. They have encouraged most of the people to quit smoking habit and do
continuous exercise to remain fit. It has been analysed that most of the smokers start smoking in
the early age. There were 66% adults were found those who have started smoking before 18

years and 83% cases were found where people have started smoking before 20 years. That shows
that most of the people get attracted towards smoking in the early age. When they smoke in the
early age then it impacts badly on their lungs and after certain time it started affecting other body
parts of the human being.
Empirical research has resulted that government has made legislation to give health
warning on the cigarette packages. They have also started education campaigns and smoking
cessation acts. These regulations were helpful and beneficial in minimizing tobacco selling and
improving the environment condition in the United Kingdom. Legislation to ban the tobacco
products in the UK was impressive decision of the higher authorities. It has helped in providing
cessation services to those smokers those who wanted to quit this smoking habit. After this
regulation prevalence rate of smoking has been decreased to great extent. It has been analysed
that after this banning regulation overall lung cancer rates have been decreased in the UK to
great extent as compare to other countries. Though it was the costly decision for the government
because tobacco industry was contributing well in the economy development of the nation, but it
was necessary for them to make control over smoking so that death rate can be minimized. This
legislation has strongly helped the government in tackling lung cancer cases in appropriate
manner.
Increment in tax rates on Tobacco products has contributed well in reducing affordability
of smoking, it was the great public health intervention which has supported in meeting with the
objective. Anti-smoking movement has been introduced in the country by the higher authorities.
This movement has motivated most of the people to take strict action against use of cigarettes.
Since mid of the 1960 government of United Kingdom has introduced many programs and
policies with the intention to discourage use of Tobacco. Tobacco control was the major action
that has been taken by the government of the country. In this action government has restricted
selling of tobacco products in the country. So that now retail stores and business were unable to
sell these products in the market. Though it was huge loss for the authorities because this
industry was paying the highest tax to the government. After this action sales and revenues of the
industry got down to great extent. But this has helped the authorities in minimizing the lung
cancer cases from the nation. Apart from his, government has introduced health programs in
which it has made people aware with the consequences of cigarettes.