Assessment of Efficiency Regenerative Braking with Electromagnetic Braking Systems in PHEVs

This research aims to determine the efficiency of the electromagnetic braking systems in terms of the rate of energy production and conversion. The study will use a model friction of an electromagnetic braking system. Statistical data analysis methods including regression, standard deviation, mean and research hypothesis will be used in the analysis of the obtained results of the study.

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Topic: ASSESSMENT OF EFFICIENCY REGENERTATIVE BRAKING WITH
ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEMS IN PHEVs
Abstract
This research will be an attempt to demonstrate that the braking system of electric drives in
companies as well as automobiles, more specifically PHEVs, with the use of electromagnetic
braking system generates energy during the process of braking and almost resembles the already
existing electric regenerative braking.
Introduction
Currently, there are numerous kinds of electric drive braking systems which are in existence.
Some of these braking systems are mechanical braking systems also called friction brakes. One
of the main disadvantages of the friction brakes revolves around the frequent replacement of the
brakes that is needed, dissipation of energy in the form of heat which turns out to be non-
environmental friendly (Tandel et al., 2018). There are at the moment three main sub-methods of
electrical braking systems: plugging, electric regenerative as well as dynamic or rheostat brake.
The electric regenerative braking system has turned out to be possessing better qualities and thus
more popular as compared to the other two.
This is attributed to the energy regeneration through changing the monitoring action into a
generator; a process that cannot be achieved by the other methods. Other advantages are that it is
not polluting, it is economical and as well does not need frequent maintenance as is the case with
the others (Gofran, Neugebauer & Schramm, 2017). This study aims at studying the benefits
including the efficiency of the use of electromagnetic system in regenerative braking of a PHEV.
While it has been established that the conventional braking systems including mechanical or

friction braking system are not energy efficient as they produce energy in the form of heat which
not only increases the rate of tear and wear but also pollute the environment, it is believed that
the electromagnetic braking system is more efficiency in terms of energy (Luo et al., 2017).
Research Aim
 Determining the efficiency of the electromagnetic braking systems in terms of the rate of
energy production and conversion
Research Hypotheses
 Electromagnetic braking system is a better system that the conventional dynamic braking
system and mechanical braking system
 Electromagnetic braking system enhances the energy efficiency by reducing or
eliminating the production of energy in the form of heat in a PHEV
Literature Review
Electromagnetic braking refers the application of brakes through the use of magnetic power and
electronic power. Electromagnetic braking systems have been in application as equipment for
supplementary retardation besides the regular friction brakes as observed in heavy vehicles
(Yadav, Shah, Yadav & Patel, 2018).
General Principles of the Electromagnetic Braking System
The principle of electromagnetism is used in this system to end up with a frictionless braking.
With a frictionless braking the lifespan as well as the reliability of the brakes are enhanced as it
would reduce the rate of tear and wear of such brakes (Sharma, Dhingra & Pathak, 2015). It as
well calls for minimal oiling and maintenance their property of being frictionless tends to be the

main reason for the proposal of electromagnetic braking system in vehicles. The working
principles of any braking system on vehicles on the road are changing into thermal energy which
is heat to kinetic energy. A powerful stopping force is applied by the driver upon stepping on the
brakes. The force applied by the foot of the driver has been established to be numerous time
powerful in magnitude as the very force that is used in initiating motion in a car thereby
releasing the related kinetic energy in the form of heat (Ren, Ma & Cong, 2015).
Tests to be used in the study
In order to attain the objectives and aims of the study, the research will use a model friction of an
electromagnetic braking system. The fabrication model will be composed of an electromagnetic
iron plate, disc brake plate as well as liners. Electromagnetic braking system uses the principle of
electromagnetic property from which a braking action will occur (Tiwari et al., 2018). The
modelling of the fabrication will be done in such a way that the brake liners would be connected
to the electromagnet and to the iron plate simultaneously on a single basis. The disc plate is then
inserted to the two plates. The model will also incorporate a silicon control rectifier in which the
silicon control rectifier gate pulse would be shot and the resultant directed into an electromagnet
for use in breaking the wheels. Silicon control rectifier offers a relatively large current to the
electromagnetic braking system. The overall impact of this is a rebellion of the rotation or
movement of the wheels (Kelly, Lesh & Baek, 2014).

Figure 1: Diagram for Construction of the Model
Figure 2: Diagram for the Fire Circuit
For better understanding of the working of the electromagnetic braking that has been modelled
and in order to establish its efficiency, a number of statistical calculations will be made on the
fabricated model. These statistics calculation will assist with the derivation of different
quantative measurements that will be compared against the theoretical values to establish the
error margin (Coolican, 2017). The findings of the quantative measurements would also be used
in comparing the performance of the electromagnetic braking system with the conventional
friction braking as well as dynamic or rheostat braking system. The calculations will include
calculation of the;

Brake power
KE=0.5 m v2 … … … … … … … … … … … … .. Eq .1
Braking force; a derivative from the Second Law of Motion of Newton
T = 0.5 Fd
R … … … …… … …… … …… … …… … …… … …… … Eq.2
Braking force determined using the equation
V = πdN
60 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Eq.3
Clump force calculated as
C=( T
π × Re )… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Eq .4
Methods of Data Collection and Analysis
In this aspect of the research, the efficiency of electromagnetic braking system and the rationale
behind the phenomena is given a wide coverage. The data collection methods, limitation of the
research as well as the research portfolio will adequately be addressed.
Data Collection Methods
Going by the nature of this study, quantative data collection approach will be the strategy that
will be adopted with the main tools being used including experiments and interviews. The
quantative aspect of the study will involve the collection of a broad range of numerical data from
reliable sources and using them for the purposes of analysis (Vaishnavi & Kuechler, 2015). The
quantitative data collected would be of utmost importance when a comparison is being made on

the different scenario of studies which are deemed important to this research for example the
amount of energy produced by electromagnetic braking system.
By making such quantative comparisons, a ground for testing if the hypothesis is true or false is
established which would then be used in making the concluding remarks. The interviews will be
adopted in which the research will be subjecting various stakeholders to a series of oral questions
aimed at digging deep into the topic at stake (Lewis, 2015).
Interviews: The interviews will be carried out among a few automobile companies and users of
automobile products. The results will be helpful when it comes to establishing the accurate study
outcomes. The interviews will provide grounds for laying firm claims as they would encompass
collection of the information from the affected people directly in the study. Going by the
convenience, the interview will be done in two varied categories: group interviews as well as
individual interviews.
The group interviews will bring on board a collection of the affected persons (users of
automobiles or staff in an automobile industry) while the individual interviews will be held
between the researcher and the interviewee only. The group interviews will be aimed at gaining
an understanding of the working of the various braking systems and the accrued benefits of the
electromagnetic braking system from a collective or group view point. The interviewees will
have an open forum to share widely on their experience with both the conventional braking
systems and the electromagnetic system (Jackson, 2015). In so doing, the researcher will be able
to gather a wide range of data that would not only be all inclusive but also highly refined. The
data will be refined in the sense that the information shared by each of the members of the group

will be subject to scrutiny and it will be possible to come up with a common benefit or advantage
as well as challenge that is applies to all the members of the group.
Individual interview on the other hand would be ideal when engaging the higher management or
administration of an automobile industry. The manager will be interrogated regarding the reason
for the adoption of the electromagnetic braking systems and the observed benefits so far with
regard to embracing the technology (Punch & Oancea, 2014). Individual interview would be
effective and convenient in case where only one of the categories of persons of interest is
available for the interview. At the same time it would be effective in cases where there is need to
maintain some levels of confidentiality of the information that has been shared as part of the
policy of the organization for the purposes of, may be, maintaining its competitive strength and
might.
Data Analysis Methods
Following the nature of the data that will be collected from the various research methods that
will be adopted for this research as have been discussed, statistical data analysis methods will be
the main methods used in the analysis of the findings of this study. Among the techniques that
will be considered include mean, standard deviation, hypothesis testing and regression (Punch &
Oancea, 2014). Hypothesis testing is a data analysis method that is used in finding out if the
findings if the research is true or false with regard to the aforementioned hypothesis. This is
attained by comparing the findings of the study and the research hypotheses as had been stated
before. A statistical significance is assumed in case the results of the research are established to
be occurring by a random chance.

Regression will be used in finding the extent or degrees of the relation between the dependant
and independent variables used in the research. This method would be ideal in finding the
relationship between the energy produced in the form of heat and the level of friction. When the
value of the regression is found to be tending to one for example greater than 0.9, then there is a
strong correlation between the two variables under investigation (Punch & Oancea, 2014).
Conversely, a correlation coefficient that is less than 0.5 indicates minimal relationship between
the variables under study. Mean is used in the determination of the average of a given set of
data. It is helpful in finding the nature or trend of the collected data and would be ideal when
finding the level of satisfaction of the interviewees with electromagnetic braking system as well
as some of the responses received from them. The formula for standard deviation is given as
x
x −¿
2
¿
∑ ❑
¿ S= √❑
The method comes in when there is need to determine the spread over a given mean for data
which would in turn help in understanding the nature of such a spread thereby aiding in
estimating the efficiency of electromagnetic braking system over the conventional braking
systems (Punch & Oancea, 2014).
Conclusion
This is a presentation of a research proposal on the efficiency of electromagnetic braking systems
in terms of the reduction on the production of energy in the form of heat. Quantative research
method will be adopted in a bid to meet the aims and objectives of the research. Various methods
of collection of data among them interviews and experiments will be at play, both of which will

be collecting primary data. Data will be presented in various forms including tables, graphs and
pie charts among others. Statistical data analysis methods including regression, standard
deviation, mean and research hypothesis will be used in the analysis of the obtained results of the
study.
References

Coolican, H., 2017. Research methods and statistics in psychology. Psychology Press
Gofran, T., Neugebauer, P. and Schramm, D., 2017, October. Condition monitoring of an
electro-magnetic brake using an artificial neural network. In IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering (Vol. 257, No. 1, p. 012050). IOP Publishing
Jackson, S.L., 2015. Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage
Learning
Kelly, A.E., Lesh, R.A. and Baek, J.Y. eds., 2014. Handbook of design research methods in
education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and
teaching. Routledge
Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), pp.473-475
Luo, L., Zhai, Q., Li, W., Qian, C. and Liu, H., 2017. Research on an integrated electromagnetic
auxiliary disc brake device for motor vehicle. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, 12(3), pp.434-439
Punch, K.F. and Oancea, A., 2014. Introduction to research methods in education. Sage
Ren, G., Ma, G. and Cong, N., 2015. Review of electrical energy storage system for vehicular
applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, pp.225-236
Sharma, R.C., Dhingra, M. and Pathak, R.K., 2015. Braking systems in railway
vehicles. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 4(1), pp.206-211

Tandel, A., Jyani, S., Patel, H., Patel, P. and Bhavsar, M.T.M., 2018. Review Paper on Optimal
Robust Control of Contactless Breaking System Using Eddy Current System
Tiwari, A., Sinha, J., Baghel, V., Sood, G. and Agrawal, A., 2018. Magnetic Analysis of an
Electromagnetic Band Brake (EMBB). In Proceedings of the International Conference on
Modern Research in Aerospace Engineering (pp. 255-265). Springer, Singapore
Vaishnavi, V.K. and Kuechler, W., 2015. Design science research methods and patterns:
innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press
Yadav, Y.K., Shah, A.K., Yadav, J.K. and Patel, J.P., 2018. Electromagnetic Braking System