Emergence of Novel Pathogens Sustainability Assessment

Sustainability assessment (SA) refers to a range of methods used to operationalize sustainability ideas for decision-making. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) is one of the most common approaches used. The steps in an EIA include screening, scoping, evaluation, impact prediction, and mitigation. This report assesses the economic (tourism) and social impact (mortality rate) due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tourism sector was greatly affected, with visits by foreign tourists decreasing by 72% between January 2020 and October 2020. The pandemic also had a significant impact on society, with older people being given less priority for care and young people experiencing reductions in pay and labor hours.  

EMERGENCE OF NOVEL PATHOGENS
SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT
Introduction
Nowadays, the phrase "sustainability assessment"(SA) is used frequently to refer to a wide
range of methods intended to operationalize sustainability ideas for decision-making, prima
within but also outside governments. Several methodologies can be used within a SA, which
is created to establish a logic sequence within an analytical and decision-making process[1
To analyze sustainability, there isn't a single, widely used approach. One of the most comm
approaches used in many countries is Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA).
Steps in is Environmental Impact Assessments
1. Screening
2. Scoping
3. Evaluation
4. Impact Prediction
5. Mitigation
Screening
A quick examinationof a policyproposalto find major conflicts betweeneconomic,
environmental, and social aspects that call for an Environmental Impact Assessment.

Scoping
It is done to identify the impact or the issue that is going to be assessed. In this report we a
Economic(Tourism) and Social Impact(Mortality rate) due to pandemic. Here recent pandem
Covid-19, is considered for assessment.
Evaluation
This assessment is done for the Society, Environment and Economic Criteria. The assessme
of Impact Level is based data collected on the Covid-19 and previous pandemics.
Impact on Economy (Tourism)
The sector which got affected the most during the Covid Pandemic and will in any pandemi
is Tourism. Tourism expenditures in both developed and developing countries demand 30%
professional and unskilled labour, according to the GTAP, which is Global Trade Analysis
Project for Travel sector. Travel and Tourism sector influences social and economic progres
in any country[2]. Labor, agricultural products(food and drink), transportation, and housing
just a few of the industries that tourism indirectly affects.

In tourist regions where the flow of people was seriously hampered, emergency procedures
were put in place[3]. According to the UN World Tourism Organization, visits by fore
tourists decreased by 72% between January 2020 and October 2020. About ten times as mu
harm caused in 2009 during the economic crisis[4].
The tourism industries of all the constituents are touched by this conundrum. The outbreak
decreased domestic travel to an all-time high. In 2020, it was estimated that India's touri
industry will lose INR 1.25 trillion because of hotel and aviation sector closures.
Impact on Society (Mortality)
During Covid-19, the number of positive coronavirus strains had rapidly increased over the
entire world. The risk this posed to people and other living things was significant. As young
people were given increasing preference over elderly people, several groups are fighting fo

their necessities and medical care. Numerous unintended trade-offs have been made by the
COVID-19 pandemic in our culture.
Older Generation
When services were scarce due to a pandemic, elderly people's care was given less priority
young and healthy people[6]. The older population is more vulnerable to a coronavi
infection if they have diabetes, asthma, or heart problems. Governments had to cre
necessary strategies to improve their health care systems to handle the pandemic situation
Younger Generation
The COVID-19 pandemic's social and economic effects had a negative influence on young
people. Young workers in developing nations saw greater reductions in their pay and labour
hours. 17% of young people experience despair and anxiety due to disruptions in busine
education, etc.[7]. To lessen the unemployment issue, employment policies was put in plac

Mitigation
Animal Trading
Wildlife trade, and the spread of contagious illnesses are related. Two viruses have spread
animals to people per year during the past 100 years. Areas on the periphery of tropical for
frequently serve as hotspots for animal-to-human viruses[8]. Trade in wildlife, both legal an
criminal, for use as pets, food, or medicine increases transmission.
Strategies:
 Funding for programs to monitor wildlife trade should be increased.
 Strengthenand enforcethe currentinternationalconventionson the sale and
consumption of wild animals.
 Increase public awareness of humane animal handling, sanitation, disease transmissi
and sustainable wildlife management.
 Prohibit the trade of high-risk species like primates, bats, and other species bo
domestically and internationally.
Prediction
From Where can next pandemic arise?
 "Spillover Infections" from animal to people can occur due to large intensive livestock
farm. A hazard from developing illnesses has also been increased by increased
migration of animals and animal products. Every year, different avian influenza strain
spread among wild birds across the world.
 Humans may come into contact with pandemic-prone pathogens like Ebola due
human encroachment into virgin forests for mining and timber harvesting.
 Lack of biosecurityin healthcaresettingsand increasedspreadin crowded,
overcrowded cities are additional sources of disease that can lead to pandemic
according to the World Health Organization.

 The risk of a biological agent being intentionally released is an additional scenario tha
is plausible as technology and knowledge about the production of bioweapons evolve
Can Climate change increase the likelihood of another Pandemic?
As temperatures rise, mosquitoes, ticks and other disease-carrying insects can multiply, ad
to changing weather patterns, and spread to new areas. Pathogens from animal corpses ca
released by melting permafrost, as seen in the 2016 anthrax epidemic in the Yamal Peninsu
Siberia.
Conclusion
Thus, the sustainability assessment is done through evaluation of impact of pandem
Economy,Societyand Environment.Basedon that,mitigationsare discussed.Future
possibilities of pandemic and possible solutions to avoid them is discussed as well.
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