Importance of Employee Motivation in Enhancing Business and Workforce Performance: A Study on Waitrose LTD

This study analyses the importance of employee motivation in enhancing business and workforce performance within a workplace, with a focus on Waitrose LTD. It explores the conceptual framework of employee motivation, effective ways and theories used by Waitrose, benefits of employee motivation, and challenges faced by Waitrose in the absence of motivated employees.

TO ANALYSE THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE
MOTIVATION IN INCREASING BUSINESS AS WELL AS
WORKFORCE PERFORMANCE WITHIN A WORKPLACE: A
STUDY ON WAITROSE LTD
1

Contents
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION............................................................................................3
1.1 Background to the Research .................................................................................................3
1.2 Organisational Background ..................................................................................................3
1.3 Significance of the Problem...................................................................................................4
1.4 Statement of Purpose.............................................................................................................4
1.5 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................5
1.6 Aim and Objectives ...............................................................................................................5
1.7 Research Questions................................................................................................................6
1.8 Dissertation structure ............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................8
What is the conceptual framework of employee motivation in context with retail industry?.....8
What are the effective ways and theories used by Waitrose for motivating their employees
within a workplace? ..................................................................................................................10
What are the benefits of employee motivation for workforce and Waitrose?...........................12
What are the major challenges that would be faced by Waitrose in the absence of motivated
employees at workplace?...........................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................17
Introduction................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS...................................................................21
Introduction................................................................................................................................21
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................27
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................27
Recommendation.......................................................................................................................28
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................30
2

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Research
Motivation is the most important part of the work life of a worker. Motivation introduces
to the process of developing organisational conditions that will impel focus to strive to
accomplish organisational goals and objectives. Employee motivation within a workplace is
important because it helps an organisation in handling uncertainty better. There are different
advantages of employee motivation for an organisation such as lover level of absenteeism,
retention of workers, improved relations between management and employees, improved worker
performance, improved customer service and improved quality (Ali and Anwar, 2021). All these
are main benefits that helps an organisation in improvement of its business performance.
Therefore, employee motivation is highly important and significant within a workplace of
company.
Motivational Theories assist the businesses to find out what motivates people to work.
Businesses are interested in motivational theories as motivated individuals are more productive
and beneficial for the organisation. The employees should be highly motivated regarding their
work in the organisation, a dissatisfied employee can't give their best in the organisation. In order
to develop the same this is mandatory that to use various motivational aspects so that employees
may be involved in organisational activities and at the same time this is easier for the
organisation to attain succession opportunities as well. This is being analysed that there are
various methods which are used within the business for the purpose of developing employees
and these are helpful for the business and could assist in gaining long term sustainability as well.
Employee motivation is holding high degree of importance as for every organisation their
employees are treated as asset and in the presence of motivated employees this will be easier to
acquire efforts and skills of their employees in meeting business objectives.
1.2 Organisational Background
Within this research, Waitrose is a selected brand of British supermarkets that was founded
in 1904 by Waite, Rose & Taylor. Company was headquartered in Bracknell, Berkshire, and
Victoria, London, United Kingdom. Main motive of Waitrose is to increase motivation of their
employee because motivated employees at workplace played various roles. These are improved
business performance, increase sales, enhanced business performance and many others. There
3

are various advantages of having motivated employees within a workplace such as improved
customer base, higher employee retention, increased productivity, ongoing employee
development, increased employee commitment and many others (Dixit, 2021). All these are
main benefits that turn to impact on business performance in positive manner.
1.3 Significance of the Problem
Employee motivation is an important topic because it helps companies and workforce in
improvement of their performance. These benefits are higher quality of service or products,
better employee retention rates, pleasant work environment, monetary savings, improved
performance and productivity, helps in attainment of business goals and many more. All these
are main benefits of employee motivation and helps an organisation in improvement of their
business performance. Employee motivation is the major force which leads the employees to
grow and develop into the market so that the company may get easy market access and separate
edge to deal with competitors. This is determined that with the help of motivational force this
would be helpful for employees to manage their skills and competence in such a manner that
organisation heights can be attained. So in terms of an organisation this is profitable for them to
manage their employees and their competencies in attaining organisational objectives.
1.4 Statement of Purpose
Main purpose of the current research is increase employee motivation within a workplace.
Employee motivation is an interesting topic because it helps in increasing knowledge about the
significance of motivated employees for company and workforce. Along with this, increasing
motivation among employees is important for Waitrose because it assist them in attaining
competitive advantages and making strong position in marketplace (Leonova and et. al., 2021).
There are various purposes behind conducting this research such as to identify the conceptual
framework of employee motivation in context with retail industry, to determine the ways and
theories used by Waitrose for motivating their employees within a workplace, to analysis the
benefits of employee motivation for workforce and Waitrose and to determine the challenges that
would be faced by Waitrose in the absence of motivated employees at workplace.
Current research is important for various stakeholders that are employees, Waitrose,
students and many others. For Waitrose, present investigation helps them in providing accurate
information about how to improve employee motivation at workplace. For researcher, this
research is important for them by improvising their research skills that are data collection, time
4

management, decision making and many others. All these are main skills that helps researcher in
completing each activity of the research in successful manner (Matloob, Shah and Shah, 2021).
For employees, present study is important for them by improving their motivation level at
workplace that turn to impact in improvement of their working performance and productivity. By
gaining higher level of employee motivation this would be easier to acquire skills and
capabilities of employees which is helpful in attaining goals and business objectives. Similarly
motivated staff may work with greater involvement and this could lead the organisation into
acquiring success and market prominence.
1.5 Statement of the Problem
Today’s, increasing motivation among employees is one of the main problems that faced
by most of the organisation. There is a direct impact of this problem on business as well as
workforce performance. In order to overcome this problem, there are various ways and theories.
These are Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, Herzberg's dual factor theory, and
McClelland's acquired needs theory as well as sharing positive feedback, offering rewards etc.
Thus, these are effective ways and theories that are used for increasing employee motivation at
workplace (Polgasdeniya and Gamage, 2021). Along with this, these ways help in reducing the
issue of how to motivate employees as well improving business performance. In the current time
organisation is facing issues of gaining efforts of employees for the purpose of attaining business
objectives along with getting an edge with competitors. When employees are not motivated then
this will hamper image of the organisation and this may resultantly impact goodwill within the
market. So in this manner it would be highly beneficial for the organisation to implement
motivational force so that to gain market prominence and include employees in decision making
as well.
1.6 Aim and Objectives
Research aim:
Main aim of the current research is “To evaluate the significance of employee motivation in
enhancing workforce as well as business performance at workplace: A study on Waitrose LTD
Research objectives:
 To identify the conceptual framework of employee motivation in context with retail
industry
5

 To determine the ways and theories used by Waitrose for motivating their employees
within a workplace
 To analysis the benefits of employee motivation for workforce and Waitrose
 To determine the challenges that would be faced by Waitrose in the absence of motivated
employees at workplace
1.7 Research Questions
 What is the conceptual framework of employee motivation in context with retail
industry?
 What are the effective ways and theories used by Waitrose for motivating their
employees within a workplace?
 What are the benefits of employee motivation for workforce and Waitrose?
 What are the major challenges that would be faced by Waitrose in the absence of
motivated employees at workplace?
1.8 Dissertation structure
There are various chapters that are effective and useful in completing each activity of the
dissertation in systematic and effective manner. These chapters are explained as below;
Chapter 1: Introduction: This is a first chapter that includes various information such as
background to the research, research aim, objectives, research questions, problem statement and
many others. All these are main information that facilitate researcher in completing this chapter
and starting another chapter effectively (Sadewo, Surachman and Rofiaty, 2021).
Chapter 2: Literature review: This is another chapter that assist in collecting secondary data
from different sources that are already exist. These sources are books, journals, articles, journals
and many others. All these are effective sources and helps investigator in accomplishing aim and
objectives through research questions.
Chapter 3: Research methodology: This is another chapter that assist in gathering accurate
information from various methods. These methods are positivism philosophy, deductive
approach, quantitative research, questionnaire and many others. All these are main
methodologies that helps researcher in collecting reliable and valid information.
Chapter 4: Data analysis and findings: This is another chapter that helps in evaluating
gathered information through research analytical tool. Within this research, quantitative data will
be collected from questionnaire and for evaluating this, frequency distribution analysis will be
6

applied (Sulaiman, 2021). There are different reasons behind the selection of frequency
distribution analysis such as providing numerical data, helps in attaining valid outcomes etc.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation: This is a last chapter that includes accurate
information regarding all chapters. In recommendation, some suggestions will be given to the
Waitrose about how to improve employee motivation at workplace.
7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is the process of collecting information through various available sources.
These sources are books, magazines, publication research, journals and many others. All these
are main sources and helps investigator in achieving aim and objectives of the research through
research questions. Main purpose of the literature review is to find out research gap. Within this
research, main gap is there are lack of information about the significance of employee motivation
in enhancing workforce as well as business performance at workplace. In previous studies, there
was lots of data available about the roe of employees motivation at workplace but there was lack
of data regarding the effectiveness of employee motivation in improving business as well as
workforce performance. This is a main gap and for addressing this research questions are used
below;
What is the conceptual framework of employee motivation in context with retail industry?
Employee motivation is defined as the force which helps employees to perform better and
behave in enthusiastic manner. Motivation is such internal force which provide direction to
employees so that they can work more efficiently and acquire an edge over organisational
success. With the help of motivation an individual may be goal directed so that their efforts can
be valued and at the same time in productive manner business objectives can be attained. In the
context of retail industry employee motivation plays essential role as employees are directly
connected with customers and with the help of motivation needs and demands of customers can
be recognised in proper manner. Demotivated employees may affect the organisational image in
negative manner which minimises organisational productivity. This is regarded as the general
business problem in which leader lack behind developing motivational strategies for their
business and this is associated with minimised working capacities. At the time of managing
business transaction this is imperative that to have motivational force within the business and
these are helpful in reaching out to business objectives in most appropriate manner. There are
various factors which are associated with developing motivation and in this manner such forces
are required to be developed so that accurate assistance can be given in attaining business
objectives. Motivation is associated with biological, social and emotional force which activate
behaviour of individual and would be helpful for individual to manage actions of individual.
Motivation is something which direct goal-oriented behaviour in which individual may deal with
8

their workings and efforts. Motivation is something which includes desire, want and need of an
individual and in order to meet all these aspects motivation helps an individual to develop their
way in which assistance can be given to them in attaining organisational objectives. This can be
concluded that in terms of gaining efforts of individual this is significant that to develop their
motivation so that they can perform better and deal with organisational activities. Employee
motivation is the leading force which is associated with developing such aspects within
employees in which they can work in appropriate manner so that organisational objectives can be
attained. This is being analysed that for an employee, motivation is regarded as the major force
which is leading employees to manage their efforts within business in such a way that
organisational objectives can be attained. For such aspects motivation plays as vital role in which
by providing motivation employees can be aligned in attaining to develop proper insight as well.
Motivation is one of the significant movement that is used within the business for the objective
of managing employees in such a way that this would develop employees in appropriate manner
so that various benefits can be attained.
Figure 1: conceptual framework of employee motivation
(Source: Shahzad N, 2018)
According to the Shahzad (2018), employee motivation is the process of motivating
employees at workplace. There are different ways that are helps in increasing employee
motivation at workplace. These are work environment, pay and benefits, management systems
9

and organisational vision. Al these are effective and essential for the business in improving
employee motivation within a workplace. According to the above mentioned conceptual
framework, it has been interpreted that employee motivation is important in increasing customer
satisfaction that turn to impact in improvement of business performance.
As per the opinion of, employee motivation is defined as the energy level, commitment,
enthusiasm and the amount of creativity that a worker brings to the company on a daily basis.
There are two types of motivation such as intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Both
innovations are explained below;
 Intrinsic motivation: It is the act of doing something without any obvious external
rewards (Pardoe, Vincent and Conway, 2018). This is an effective type of motivation as it
helps business organisations in increasing motivation level of their employees within a
workplace.
 Extrinsic motivation: This is another type of motivation that is reward-driven behaviour.
In this type rewards and other incentives are provided to the employees with purpose of
increasing their motivation level at workplace.
What are the effective ways and theories used by Waitrose for motivating their employees within
a workplace?
According to the Mahmoud and et. al., (2020), motivation refers to the process that guides,
maintain and initative goal oriented behaviour. There are different theories and ways used by
Waitrose for motivating their employees at workplace. These are shown below in context with
Waitrose;
McClelland's Needs of Theory - McClelland's Needs Theory drives by psychologist David
McClelland's, who believed that the specific needs of the employees should moulded with one's
life experiences. McClelland's Needs of Theory also known as Three Need Theory. McClelland's
has identified three basic need of motivation i.e., need for Power, Need for Affiliation and Need
for achievement. Need for Power- Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of others. The people
with high power is at higher level positions whereas with low power the people are at
medium and lower level position (MacDonald, Kelly and Christen, 2019). Generally, the
10

people with high power likes to communicate with other people. They have an authority
and responsibility towards the organisation. Need for Affiliation- The people who have an urge of affiliation wants a friendly and
supportive environment. These people want to be in good books of others. They like to
work in a friendly environment and to participate in activities organised by the
organisation. These people generally can't be a good leader they can be good performer.
 Need for Achievement- Need for achievement is the urge of the people to struggle and get
success in their life. They like to compete and accept challenging work. These people
give their best to the organisation and also have an urge to get feedback on their work so
that they can improve their performance. McClelland's calls these people gamblers as
they accept the challenges and also try to achieve their target.
Therefore, McClelland's Need Theory helps to guide the manager to identify and categorised
the individuals among the three needs. The Manager of Waitrose should know the needs of the
employees so that it helps to meet the expectations and also helps to run the team smoothly
(Tokarz and Malinowska, 2019). A friendly environment should be developing between
employees and the superior, it helps the employees to ask their doubts freely. Time to time
feedback is required for the employees it helps them to improve their performance. The
challenges should be allotted to the employees, to identify the skills and knowledge.
McGregor's Participation Theory- In 1960, Douglas McGregor's formulated this theory
suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, the two different views of individual are
negative and positive. McGregor's Participation theory also known as Theory X and Theory Y
(Steinbauer and et. al., 2018). The Theory X is a negative view of individual whereas Theory Y is
a positive view of individuals. Theory X assumptions-The employees didn't like the work and escape from the
responsibility given by the managers. they are lazy towards their work. These people are
negative towards their work and requires a close supervision by the manager. Sometimes
they also get punished by the managers for not completing their target on a given time.
The employees need a change in the working pattern of the organisation.
 Theory Y assumptions- The employees accept the responsibility and challenges given by
the manager. The employee’s like their job, they feel normal and comfortable.
Employees doesn't require any threat or punishment for completion of their target, they
11

willingly perform their task and gives best output. The employees’ skills and capabilities
should be utilised by the manager and they also get rewarded for their hard work and
dedication towards the organisation.
Therefore, there are many few organisations which apply theory X. Theory X implies a tight
look out on employees’ performance. People are negative towards the organisation. Employees
needs a change in a working pattern of the organisation (Kim, 2019). Many organisation apply
Theory Y technique. Theory Y implies that a manager should create a friendly environment and
give opportunities to the employees to take initiatives and self-direction. Theory Y searches the
way in which the employees can make a contribution in the organisation.
What are the benefits of employee motivation for workforce and Waitrose?
According to the Reizer, Brender-Ilan and Sheaffer (2019), if the organisation has
motivated staff, then they could gain so much advantages. Some of the benefit that Waitrose gain
by motivating their employee are:
Lower level of absenteeism: One of the greatest advantage that they received is their
employees are taking less leaves and are willing working to increase the production. This also
help the Waitrose in increase the level of production and profit. When employees are motivated
then they will perform their workings with higher involvement and this way business objectives
can be attained. Employee presence would be helpful in gaining business insight as employees
will render efforts in developing business objectives. Similarly when employee absenteeism is
low then employees would be able to provide their efforts to the business without any barriers
and this is one of the greatest aspects in which overall benefits can be attained by the business
and employees as well.
Retention of talent: For every organisation retaining employee for longer time is the most
important. So by adopting various strategy to motivate their employee the staff of the Waitrose is
retaining for longer time period. This retention helps the company to cut the recruiting cost
which was earlier high because the retention rate of the staff is low at that time. The retention
also helps the organisation to hold the experienced employee for longer time and reduce the
expenses that was occurred while providing the training to the newer employee. Motivation is
helping the employees to retain in an organisation for longer period of time as employees are
satisfied and this will reflect in higher employee retention. Talent retention is major thing which
12

is helping the business to grow and inhale such capabilities of employees in which sucession
opportunities can be inhaled.
Improve communication: Highly motivated employee will effectively communicate with
the superior and the subordinate. This effective communication helps the Waitrose to share the
information in best manner without losing any information which will hinder the decision
making process. Employee motivation provide the advantage in improving the relationship
between the management and the workers. This communication also helps the employee to adopt
the changes without any disputes (Brooks and Fenner, 2018). In fact, the grievance and conflict
within the Waitrose is also reduce because employee are so busy in performing their job in more
appropriate manner. With the help of employee motivation communication can be improved as
in the context of motivated employees they will execute their roles and responsibility in
appropriate manner and in the same side internal communication can be improved as well.
Communication is the key to organisational success and when employees are motivated then
they will be able to perform communication in appropriate manner along with this employees
will not face any complications in interacting with each other. This is the major aspect which can
be covered by individual in developing motivation level so that business succession opportunities
can be acquired.
Increasing the production: Staff motivation help the Waitrose to increases their
production. The employee is so energetic that they are performing their duties in such a way that
will help the Waitrose in increasing their production and earning more profit. The enthusiasm
level in the staff is so great that they work towards the goals and objectives of the company.
Energetic staff is more likely to work with the higher standards and put more efforts so that they
can provide the qualitative product to the organisation and help them to gain more market share.
When employees are motivated then this is the situation when they will try to include their
efforts into business succession. This is the reason that motivated employees are helpful for the
business in improving the production so that in overall manner business prominence can be
attained and at the same time aims and objectives can also be attained.
Provide better customer service: One of the greatest benefit that is obtained by the
Waitrose is that they are attaining the consumer in more excellent manner. They are solving the
query of their buyers in more effective manner and with their skills and knowledge they are
satisfying their customer in more attractive way. They are putting lot of energy and efforts
13

through which they can solve the buyer query in shorter time period and fulfil them by the
amount that they pay for the specific product and services. In the current time there are various
competitors which are available into the market and this is the major reason that differential edge
is required to be attained by the business so that to stand way behind with the competitors. In
order to manage this condition, providing better customer service is the option which can be used
by businesses so that to deal with market scenario. In this manner when employees are motivated
then this would lead them into providing better customers so that market edge can be attained.
These are the methods in which proper sustainability can be attained by the business.
Achievement of organisation goals: Staff motivation helps the organisation in attain g
their goals and objective in most effective and efficient manner. Motivated employee helps in
utilising the resources in more efficient manner. They are reducing the wastage so that cost of
production can be decrease and Waitrose can earn more profit. With the employee motivation
company can also gain more market and expand their market. Competitive advantage can also be
earning by the company with the effective staff. Employees are treated as asset by the
organisation in which when employees are satisfied then this is imperative that to provide efforts
to the organisation in which goals and objectives to the business can be attained. This is one of
the major aspect which is essential for the business and would be helpful in acquiring business
objective and this is that significant reason for which motivation is one of the driving force.
What are the major challenges that would be faced by Waitrose in the absence of motivated
employees at workplace?
According to Spoorthy, Pratapa and Mahant, (2020), motivation is regarded as the
driving force which helps employees and the business to reach out to business objectives and
developing opportunities fir succession. This is defined as an internal force which helps
employees to perform in better manner and align their efforts in attaining business objectives.
Lack of motivation is one of the major issue within an organisation as this leads into creation of
underdeveloped employees which may affect mental state of employee. In terms of employees
when they are not motivated then this is the state of creating mental stress to them and
developing obstacle in their working. Demotivation is regarded as the real obstacle in which
employees do not feel like to provide their fuller abilities to the business. In this manner for
Waitrose some of the challenges are elaborated as under which can be faced by the business in
the absence of motivated employees:
14

Mental abilities: In the absence of motivation employee may loose their mental abilities and can
be stressed out which is one of the tarnishing situation. An employee cannot work when they are
not working with free mind. So as in this context when employees are not able to work properly
this is related with the situation of facing organisational issues. In the context of Waitrose when
employees are stressed out then they will not be able to render fuller efforts within the
organisation and delays can be faced in attaining overall goals. Mental abilities are required to be
analysed by the organisation so that to develop motivation within the organisation. With the help
of analysing mental abilities of individual this is helping the business to grow and acquire
sustainability but this is regarded as one of the challenge which is related with developing
motivation within employees.
Productivity concerns: When employees are not motivated then they will just do their minimal
best which is easy for them to pass the work day. This is the situation when employees try to
avoid their work which is related with productivity concerns. This is the situation when
employees can be diverted with their workings and would involved in non-working activities.
One of the major issue within workplace is related with no handling of responsibilities in which
employees are not able to perform their workings and this is the situation of creating resentment
within workplace. This is required that to develop productivity with the help of motivational
force but sometimes this becomes the threat to the organisation that to manage such dimensions
along with motivating employees.
Unable to overcome from adversity: When employees are not motivated then various
challenges can be faced by them such as not finding solution to complex business problems.
Demotivated employees never search to find solution of their problem which means that they
get attached with problems in such a way that they do not find any ways to reaching out to a
solution (Mishra, Gupta and Shree, 2020). Motivation is an intrinsic value which helps the
employees to stay energetic and manage their enthusiasm in particular way in which they can
deal with business challenges in most appropriate manner.
Lack of interest: An employee exhibits motivation as their interest which works as driving force
for them and persuades them in taking significant actions related with managing organisational
working in most appropriate manner. Due to absence of motivation employees are attempted to
minimise their efforts in attaining organisational objectives. Instead this is the scenario in which
particular tasks are avoided by individual and this may result into undervalued involvement.
15

Poor customer service: Customer service may be suffered due to under motivated employees in
which employees do not care about their works within the workplace. When employees are not
worried about vision of the organisation the company will face issues in their succession. In the
context of retail industry as the employees are directly linked with customers so in this manner it
is significant that to have appropriate customer service but in case of demotivated employees no
efforts are exerted by employees in context of meeting needs and demands of their customers.
Demotivated employees are not inclined in doing extra efforts and devote their time to customers
so that they may satisfy their needs and demands.
Reluctant to communication: Communication is regarded as key for the organisation in which
various aspects can be communicated to related party so that to develop constructive
relationship. There are various obstacle to employees when they are not motivated towards the
working. This is the scenario in which different dimensions are examined and one of the major in
this is related with communication. When employees are not motivated then they will be
reluctant for any sort of communication within the workplace and this is associated with
minimising employees efforts in such a way that they will be leading to provide issues in
business management.
16

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Research methodology is regarded as one of the important chapter within research and
this is associated with aspects of data collection and such methods by which aims and objectives
within research can be attained (Snyder, 2019). This assists the researcher in designing the
research in such a manner that systematic development can be seen within research. This is
helpful in developing the research in such a manner that using various methods research can be
executed and in similar manner that relevant and accurate information can be gathered. Some of
the methods are elaborated as under:
Research Approach: Research approach is categorised as the process which is used by the
investigator in order to finish the research in systematic manner. In order to finish this research
this is required that to choose appropriate approach. Research approach is of two types such as
inductive and deductive approach. In order to attain research objective related with the current
research the researcher is using inductive approach so that to develop the research in well
defined manner (Walseth, Engebretsen and Elvebakk, 2018). The other reason behind selecting
this research approach is related with its time duration as the research can be executed in easy
and timely manner. This is associated with developing clear relationship between variables and
concepts so that researcher may get to know regarding happening of certain events within
research.
Research Philosophy: Research philosophy is set of such convictions in which results are
predicted and helpful for researcher in taking out proper outcomes and results. There are two
types of research philosophies which can be used by researcher such as interpretivism and
positivism. In the current research interpretivism research philosophy is used in which subject
form can be understood and at the same time process of data collection can be made easier
(Žukauskas, Vveinhardt and Andriukaitienė, 2018). This is a scientific philosophy in which
qualitative research information can be analysed which is helpful in attaining research objectives
in significant manner. This research philosophy is chosen for the major purpose of its relation
with qualitative research methods and to develop the research in-depth manner. This is an
effective philosophy in which subjective and in-depth information related with research can be
17

examined. This would be helpful for researcher to take significant decisions and to develop
understanding as well in precise manner.
Research Strategy: Research strategy is such methods which are used by the researcher in order
to gather and evaluate information which is related with research and research topic. With the
help of effective research strategy, research can be executed in right manner which would be
helpful in taking out right outcomes (Widdersheim, 2018). There are various research strategies
that can be used within research such as case study, survey and many others. Under the current
research systematic literature review research strategy is followed in which appropriate
assistance can be given to researcher in which research objectives can be attained.
Research Choice: Research choice is the process which is related with determining research
information in such a way that desired objectives and aims can be attained in specific manner. In
order to develop research this is requisite that to select appropriate research choice. There are
two types of research choice such as qualitative and quantitative. In order to attain research
objectives within current research qualitative research choice is used so that to acquire in-depth
information related with research (Wittek, Snijders and Nee, 2020). This research choice is
associated with managing its objective which is related with research and at the same time need
of the research can be satisfied.
Data Collection: Data collection is regarded as such process which is used to collect significant
information related with research topic. This is helpful for researcher to gather such specific
information in which research can be developed and at the same time research can be proceeded.
Data collection is that step within research which holds higher degree of importance and in this
research can be managed in required manner. Data collection is of two types such as primary and
secondary data collection methods (Basu and Maciejewski, 2019). Under the current research
secondary methods of data collection so that to generate and gather new insight within research
and to manage the research within low cost manner. This data collection method helps in saving
time and efforts so that gaps and defiances within research can be managed and removed as well.
Data collection instrument: Data collection instrument are defined as such instruments by
which data can be collected and acquired in order to attain aims and objectives within research.
In terms of secondary data collection method books and journals are used so that to acquire
information related with research. These are the methods which are related with gaining in-depth
information related with research so that objectives within research can be attained.
18

Time Horizon: Time horizon is regarded as the time frame which is needed by the
researcher in order to finish the research and to attain research objectives in appropriate manner.
There are two types of time horizon such as cross-sectional and longitudinal. Under the current
research cross-sectional time horizon is adopted as this method links with various dimensions so
that researcher may execute various activities at a single time frame (Flick, 2018). With the help
of this researcher can target over attaining research objectives and at the same time various
aspects can be covered. So this is helpful in choosing the right technique within research so that
activities can be executed in best manner and at the same time variables within research can also
be compared.
Reliability: A reliable information is helpful in developing the research in significant and
precise manner. The existing investigation is associated with quantitative research methods in
which questionnaire is used in order to acquire in-depth information from respondents. In the
current investigation the aspect of reliability is dependent over instrument used for data
collection which is questionnaire (George, 2016). This will be helpful for the researcher to
collect data in statistical manner so that overall study can be executed. The current investigation
is considered as reliable as this is associated with various questions in which the investigation
can be executed in appropriate manner.
Validity: The investigation which can easily be measured in regarded as valid research.
The participants of the current investigation is playing significant role in managing the research
in valid manner so the whole research can be executed in desired manner (Miracle, 2016). The
participants are focused on views and opinion only in which chosen respondents are giving their
opinion. Under the research large number of respondents are needed so that investigation can be
executed in valid and reliable manner.
Ethics: Ethics are defined as set of values and rules which are used within the research
for the major purpose of managing the research in systematic and ethical manner. There are
various ethical principles which are required to be followed within research so that to execute the
investigation in appropriate manner such as confidentiality of the information, informed consent,
anonymity of research and minimising of deceptive practices used within the research (Cor,
2016). With the help of following ethical principles in significant manner current investigation
can be executed in such a manner that aim and objectives to the research can be attained in
simple manner. In other words research ethics are followed in appropriate manner so that
19

researcher may get to objectives within research (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2017). The
other principle is related with gaining information in which investigator is having power to attain
significant results. The another principle is related with keeping high confidentiality in which
researcher may follow safe laws and lead not to disclose information and credentials by any
media.
Limitations of the research: The current investigation is based on collecting information
related with impact of motivation within the organisation (Newton and Baird, 2016). One of the
prominent limitation is related with collection of first hand information without facing any
biasness (O’Connor and Joffe, 2020). The other limitation is related with seeing number of
resources in order to collect data and this consumes longer duration of time.
Conclusion
From the above chapter this can be summarised that research methodology is regarded as
one of the major aspect which is used within research so that to acquire results within research.
In this manner the chapter is holding higher degree of significance and helps the researcher in
attaining overall objectives.
20

CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Introduction
This is the chapter which is significant for evaluating and analysing information. The
present investigation has assembled secondary information using books, journals and various
other sources so that to gather related and apt information within research. Using secondary data
collection methods information can be gathered in appropriate and in lesser cost.
Conceptual framework of employee motivation in context with retail industry
From the above gathered information using literature review this can be summarised that
motivation is regarded as one of the major force which is leading the employees to perform in
appropriate manner along with executing their roles and responsibilities with higher degree of
commitments. Motivation is an intrinsic force which is related with providing direction to
individual so that they can give their efficiency and effectiveness within provided roles and
responsibilities within the organisation which may lead the business to touch new business
succession heights. Using motivation goal centric behaviour can be created within the individual
and this is helping the business to render full efforts within generating productivity of the
business. In order to attain business objectives motivation helps the employees to develop their
manner of working and align the same into attaining the same organisational and personal
objectives (Shahzad 2018). For retail industry employee motivation is playing immense role as
this leads the employees to stay connected with their customers and boost employees to perform
out of their comfort zone so the needs and demands of customer can be recognise and fulfilled
easily. Demotivated employees are not able to perform their obligation in apt manner and this
may affect image of the organisation in long run and through this overall organisational
productivity can be tarnished. For any business the major problem could be demotivated
employees and for this several motivational strategies are required to be introduced so that
working capabilities of employees can be enhanced. For managing the business employees are
regarded as the premium asset for the organisation and for attaining business objectives
employees are needed to be motivated. For getting efforts of employees some motivational force
is needed so that such driving force can be used by employees in order to develop their efforts
within the organisation and path of organisational success can be prepared. There are different
factors which are helping the organisation to develop motivation within individual and using
21

these factor assistance can be given to the employees for attaining business objectives. There are
various forces which are included in motivation such as biological, social and emotional force
and these are activating individual's behaviour and helping them to manage their action in
connection with overall business objectives. Motivation in creating goal centric approach for
individual in which working and efforts of the employees can be maximised. Using motivation
needs, wants and desires of an individual can be fulfilled by their own efforts and at the same
time using such level of satisfaction employees may provide their efforts to the organisation in
order to attain overall business objectives (Pardoe, Vincent and Conway, 2018). This is
concluded that using motivation individual is able to perform at desired manner and pace for
managing organisational activities in better manner and at the same time business performance
can also be boosted. Employee motivation is such force which is related with various dimensions
within employees so that they can work in the path to accomplish overall objectives within the
organisation. This is analysed that for employees motivation is such essential and important force
which lead employees to manage their efforts and manage organisational objectives as well. In
this manner motivation plays vital and essential role by which proper business insights can be
attained and at the same time employees get significant edge to render their capabilities within
the organisation. Motivation is the movement that can be used by individual which provide them
major benefits in sharpening overall skills and using the same in accomplishing personal and
professional objectives. There are various ways that can be used by the organisation in order to
motivate their employees and to manage business proceedings as well. Using such methods
employees motivation can be developed and at the same time proper working environment can
be created. There are such factors by which employee get motivated such as pay scale,
management system, organisational vision and many more. These aspects are essential for the
organisation in order to develop level of motivation within employees and at the workplace as
well. When employees are motivated then this may boost customer satisfaction and resultantly
business performance can also be improved. There are two types of motivation such as intrinsic
and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is the act which is related with doing an activity without
having external rewards. This is the type of motivation which is helping the business to develop
efforts of employees within organisational activities. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is
the another type of motivation which is regarded as reward-driven. In this type of motivation
22

various aspects are added such as rewards and high pay to employee and could help employees
to develop their efforts in attaining organisational objectives.
Effective ways and theories used by Waitrose for motivating their employees within a
workplace
According to gathered information using literature review this can be summarised that
motivation is regarded as the process which helps employees to gain guidance and taking such
initiatives by which they can develop their goal oriented behaviour. There are different theories
and ways that can be used by Waitrose in order to execute the major role of motivating
employees and manage their working at workplace (Mahmoud and et. al., 2020). Some of the
theories are defined as under:
McClelland's Needs of Theory is defined as the theory which was propounded by David
McClelland's and the and the author believed that there are various needs which are required to
be maintained by the individual in order to manage their life experiences. McClelland's Needs
Theory is also called as Three need theory as there are three types of needs which are included in
the approach. Primal aspect in the theory is related with need for power which means that power
is regarded as the ability in which behaviour of others can be influenced. McClelland has
recognised that there are three basic needs such as need for power, need for affiliation and need
for achievement. The person those are having increased high power are always managing higher
authority level within the organisation (Tokarz and Malinowska, 2019). Whereas people with
low power are always managing lower level management within an organisation. People those
are at high power are always willing to communicate and they have significant responsibility
within the organisation. Need for affiliation is regarded as the urge which is related with coping
up with friendly environment and to create supportive environment as well. These are the people
those are having urge to be presentable to each other so that they create such environment with
each other. These are the people who can not execute their role when they are assigned to be a
leader. Need for achievement denotes such person those are associated with a struggling life and
be successful from their efforts. These are the people those are ready to take challenges and
always receive positive feedbacks.
McGregor's Participation Theory: This theory was formulated by McGregor's and the theory
is associated with two aspects in which a normal human is behaving. For an individual there are
two differential view such as negative and positive. There are two elements within the theory
23

such as theory X and theory Y. Theory X is associated with such employees those are not willing
to work and always tries to escape themselves from working. These people are lazy and this may
create negative impression in front of their managers (Steinbauer and et. al., 2018). These people
are not able to complete given tasks within specified time limit that means these people are not
meeting their targets. In theory Y such people are added those are always taking responsibilities
and challenges from their managers and this helps them to meet targets and goals on timely and
efficient manner. In this employees are not needed to show any kind of punishment in order to
complete their tasks. On the other hand, they are being rewarded from their managers at every
stage which boosts their level of motivation. Therefore Waitrose is using such theories in order
to examine behaviour of individual and use the same in order to develop self-direction approach.
Benefits of employee motivation for workforce and Waitrose
According to the collected information using literature review this can be analysed that
motivated employees are having positive role within the organisation and this will help the
business to grow. For Waitrose when employees are motivated then various aspects are seen by
the organisation and these helps the organisation to attain business objectives in easy and
efficient manner. The prominent advantage of motivated employees is that they take lesser leaves
which means that overall productivity of the organisation can be increased. This helps the
organisation to manage their level of production and profits and would lead the organisation in
attaining overall productivity in appropriate manner (Brooks and Fenner, 2018). When
employees are motivated then this will lead their higher involvement within the organisation and
in the same manner business objectives can be attained in the organisation in easy manner.
Employee presence is helping the business to gain such employee insight by which business
objectives can be attained and at the same time low absenteeism can help the business to gain
greatest benefits within the organisation in terms of employee and objectives as well. Talent
retention is another benefit which is attained by Waitrose when they are developing employee
motivation at workplace and by using various strategies employees are motivated and at the
same time employees can be retained for longer duration of time. Employee retention helps in
minimising cost of recruitment and at the same time using experience of employees business
benefits can also be attained. When experienced employees are retained in the business then this
will lead into cutting the cost of training for new employees. With the help of motivation
employees can be retained for longer duration of time and similarly this will reflect high
24

employee satisfaction as well. When employees are motivated then this will lead into improving
communication in overall manner so that employees within Waitrose can share information in
best manner and at the same time decision making process can also be optimised. With the help
of effective communication. Without losing any information whole the process of interaction can
be made easier and this will lead into improving overall relationship within employees in drastic
manner. Using communication at higher pace grievance of employees can be solved in early
stage and this is the reason by which overall conflicts can be sorted out within the organisation.
Using employee motivation, communication can also be improved and so that roles and
responsibilities of employees can be executed in optimised manner. Appropriate communication
may lead into increasing the level of production within Waitrose as the organisation is able to
manage energy level of their employees which will lead them into performing duties and
obligations in appropriate manner. The employee enthusiasm is helping the business to attain
goals and objectives of the organisation in supple manner (Spoorthy, Pratapa and Mahant, 2020).
With the help of appropriate communication customer service can be enhanced and at the same
time differential edge can be attained. In this manner when employees are motivated then this
will lead into developing overall productivity of the employees. At last when employees are
highly motivated the this will lead the business to attain overall organisational objectives in
appropriate manner. Motivated employees help the business to manage and use available
resources in optimal manner. They are reducing wastages in cost of production in which more
profits can be earned by the organisation. With the help of motivation market edge can also be
attained within an organisation and in this manner competitive edge can be attained and in such
manner effective staff can be created in appropriate manner. Employees are treated as asset by an
organisation and this is imperative that to manage such motivation in significant manner.
Major challenges that would be faced by Waitrose in the absence of motivated employees at
workplace
According to the gathered information using literature review this can be concluded that
motivation is considered as the driving force within the organisation and this is helping the
organisation to reaching out to organisational objectives. On the other side, using motivation
opportunities for succession can be developed within the organisation so that business goals and
objectives can be developed in proper manner. Motivation is an internal force which is leading
the perform in better manner and at the same time underdeveloped employees can also be
25

managed to have better involvement in the organisation. Lack of motivation is associated with
creation of various issues in which mental state of employees can be tarnished and at the same
time they may face various working obstacles. When employees are not motivated then this is
the stage in which mental abilities of employees are restricted in developing their mental stage.
Employees are not able to work when they are not motivated and in the same manner
organisational issues are faced by the employees. Employee may face productivity concern when
employees are not motivated. In this manner employees are diverted from their goals and
objectives and in the same manner productivity issues are faced as employees are not giving their
fuller contribution to the organisation which is one of the greatest reason of developing
significant issues (Mishra, Gupta and Shree, 2020). Due to lack of motivation employees are
not able to overcome from diversity and in t his manner solution can't be seen by employees.
Using motivation employee may work with greatest synergy and involvement which is the
positive aspect for the business to get success.
Conclusion
From the above chapter this can be summarised that motivation is regarded as one of the
driving force which helps the employees to grow and develop their business functions. For an
organisation this is significant that to develop employee motivation so that to acquire success and
to develop the business. On the other hand there are various challenges which are being faced by
the organisation in the absence of employee motivation such as poor customer service, higher
employee turnover and many more.
26

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
From the analysis it can be concluded that a motivated employee is a valuable asset that
can provide the company with immense value in maintaining and strengthening business and
sales growth. This paper concludes that employee motivation is important to achieve business
success. If not properly driven, management cannot easily and effectively achieve its
organizational goal. Employee motivation is very important to a successful business, so the
company should focus on it in order to stay competitive in the market and avoid some issues
such as high employee turnover that affect the business. Therefore, effective motivational
techniques should be practised in the workplace. For the organisational success the employee
motivation is an key which is related to drive, energy that company workers brings in their role.
The important role is played by the motivation in improving organisation performance or
ourselves. The motivation in employee is important as the motivated employee is enthusiastic
and takes prides in their work. Motivation is an important concept that has received a lot of
attention from academics, researchers, and practising human resource managers. Motivated
employees come up with new ways of working as they are quality oriented, more productive.
Every technology needs motivated employees in order to introduce it successfully. It is analysed
that motivation for an employee is seen as the most important force that prompts employees to
steer their efforts in the company in such a way that the company goals can be achieved. For
such aspects, motivation plays a decisive role, in which the employees can be geared towards
developing the right insights by providing motivation. Motivation is one of the essential
movements used within the company to lead employees in such a way that it promotes the
employees in an appropriate manner so that various benefits can be achieved. Motivated
employee take initiatives on their own. They bring efficiency in a particular organisation by
taking responsibility of their own work. Employee Motivation reduces absenteeism and increases
turnover. Celebrating small victories- Appreciation is the best key to increase employee
motivation so each and every small victory must be celebrated. Democratic environment-
decision-making should involve each and every employee which works as a factor of motivation.
Motivation is one of the significant aspect which is used by the organisation in order to manage
their development opportunities and to manage their employees. In this manner it can be said that
27

when employees are using such efforts in which employee motivation can be developed and in
the same manner overall business objectives can be attained. Motivational force is regarded as
such force which is related with developing employee strengths and capabilities in such a manner
that aim and objectives can be attained in appropriate manner. There are various methods which
can be used within the organisation in order to develop motivation within employees so that such
efforts can be used within attaining business objectives. For businesses such measures are
holding such degree of existence in which employees can be boosted to work with higher
motivation so that overall aim and objectives can accomplished in prominent manner.
Recommendation
Employee motivation comprises two words employee and motivation. Elaborating these
two terms,employee is an asset to every organisation and motivation means movement which
needs to channelise towards a specific goal. Employee motivation can be categorised into two
types- Intrinsic motivation- Motivation which comes itself I.e, it does not require any external
push. Extrinsic motivation- motivation which depends upon the external stimuli for
example,perks or rewards. The employee motivation is related to commitment level and
innovation which companies staff holds in working day. The improve in employee motivation
leads to success to Waitrose and through several ways it can be improved. Employee motivation
is one of the major force which is holding significant and this is helping the organisation in
dealing with various measures.
The Recognising of great work is one of the important factor contributing in employee
motivation by improving their morale with an increased recognition from managers. The
employee recognition through bonus leads to an connection among satisfied employers, retention
and productivity. To improve motivation of employees in workplace, it is required to have an
positive attitude. The employee are required to lead vision as destination helps in motivating
them and company career path is made clear. By offering the team autonomy leads to
improvement in motivation as in workplace allowing some freedom such as flexible working
hours shows trust from leaders to employees which brings satisfaction of doing job in well
manner in context to Waitrose. By giving such measures within the business this would be
leading in providing benefits in terms of business management.
The teamwork is encouraged leading to motivation as collaboration among teams in
organisation leads to development of further ideas. The more innovative results are created by
28

working with different skill sets. By setting small, clear and measurable goals it provides to real
boost of motivation by keeping teams on correct track. It can also be suggested that positive
working environment can improve employee motivation in all respective fields in context to
Waitrose. The Organizations need to try to support, encourage, and sometimes implement the
new ideas of employees. It can be suggested that motivation can be increased by offering
incentives towards the work. In context to Waitrose the individual incentive can be created for
each employee or team incentives for the encouragement of employees as team. Financial
incentives can include cash prizes, gift cards, or restaurant vouchers. Non-financial incentives
can include additional vacation days, compressed working weeks or office space of your choice
or parking spaces.
It is recommended to recognise achievements and accomplishments through employee-
of-mouth or star entertainer awards. The team accomplishments along with individual efforts can
be recognised by print certificates, celebrating employee conferences etc. The performance can
be improved by sharing profits that motivate employees with the incentive of a profit sharing
program. This means that employees increase income and at the same time help to increase
company income. This approach promotes common goal setting and teamwork at the same time.
It also gives employees a sense of pride in their property and can improve performance and
reduce turnover, as well as increase morale. The offering of professional enrichment encourages
employees to continue their education or to participate in industry organizations. Provide school
fees or send employees to skills workshops and seminars. When an employee is propelled up a
career path, offer mentoring and job shading opportunities. Whenever possible, encourage from
within and create opportunities to help. All this helps in improving employee motivation in
context to Waitrose. The Waitrose uses severalm effective theories for motivating employees
such as McClelland's needs of theory, McGregor's participation theory etc.
29

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Ali, B.J. and Anwar, G., 2021. An Empirical Study of Employees’ Motivation and its Influence
Job Satisfaction. Ali, BJ, & Anwar, G.(2021). An Empirical Study of Employees’
Motivation and its Influence Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering,
Business and Management, 5(2), pp.21-30.
Basu, A. and Maciejewski, M.L., 2019. Choosing a time horizon in cost and cost-effectiveness
analyses. Jama. 321(11). pp.1096-1097.
Bhardwaj, P., 2019. Types of sampling in research. Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular
Sciences. 5(3). p.157.
Brooks, L.M. and Fenner, C., 2018. The effect of materialistic behavior on the workplace
motivation in business managers. Academy of Business Research Journal, 4, pp.26-41.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2017. Validity and reliability. In Research methods in
education (pp. 245-284). Routledge.
Cor, M.K., 2016. Trust me, it is valid: Research validity in pharmacy education
research. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 8(3), pp.391-400.
Dixit, S., 2021. Performance Management Practices: A Decisive Approach to Improve Employee
Productivity. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education
(TURCOMAT), 12(3), pp.3318-3324.
Flick, U., 2018. Triangulation in data collection. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data
collection. pp.527-544.
George, A.J., 2016. Research ethics. Medicine, 44(10), pp.615-618.
Kim, S., 2019. Workaholism, motivation, and addiction in the workplace: A critical review and
implications for HRD. Human Resource Development Review, 18(3), pp.325-348.
Leonova, I.S. and et. al., 2021. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF THE MOTIVATION ON
EMPLOYEES'PRODUCTIVITY: A COMPENSATION BENEFITS, TRAINING AND
DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20,
pp.1-11.
MacDonald, P., Kelly, S. and Christen, S., 2019. A path model of workplace solidarity,
satisfaction, burnout, and motivation. International Journal of Business
Communication, 56(1), pp.31-49.
Mahmoud, A.B. and et. al., 2020. “We aren't your reincarnation!” workplace motivation across
X, Y and Z generations. International Journal of Manpower.
Matloob, S., Shah, S.A. and Shah, M.H., 2021. Employee Motivation in Light Oncial, Non-
Financial Rewards and Employee Commitment among Pharmaceutical SMEs of
Indonesia. The Economics and Finance Letters, 8(1), pp.82-91.
Miracle, V.A., 2016. The Belmont Report: The triple crown of research ethics. Dimensions of
Critical Care Nursing, 35(4), pp.223-228.
Mishra, L., Gupta, T. and Shree, A., 2020. Online teaching-learning in higher education during
lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational
Research Open. 1. p.100012.
Newton, P.E. and Baird, J.A., 2016. The great validity debate. Assessment in education:
principles, policy & practice, 23(2), pp.173-177.
30

O’Connor, C. and Joffe, H., 2020. Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: debates and
practical guidelines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19,
p.1609406919899220.
Pardoe, J., Vincent, K. and Conway, D., 2018. How do staff motivation and workplace
environment affect capacity of governments to adapt to climate change in developing
countries?. Environmental Science & Policy, 90, pp.46-53.
Polgasdeniya, P.M.C.P.B. and Gamage, P., 2021. Impact of Rewards on Employee Job
Performance: Mediating Role of Employee Motivation. FUTURE OF WORK, p.125.
Reizer, A., Brender-Ilan, Y. and Sheaffer, Z., 2019. Employee motivation, emotions, and
performance: a longitudinal diary study. Journal of Managerial Psychology.
Sadewo, I.P., Surachman, S. and Rofiaty, R., 2021. The influence of working environment to
employee performance mediated by work motivation: A study of Malang, Indonesia
retails stores. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-
4478), 10(3), pp.213-222.
Snyder, H., 2019. Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and
guidelines. Journal of business research. 104. pp.333-339.
Spoorthy, M.S., Pratapa, S.K. and Mahant, S., 2020. Mental health problems faced by healthcare
workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review. Asian journal of psychiatry. 51.
p.102119.
Steinbauer, R. and et. al., 2018. Workplace ostracism, self-regulation, and job performance:
Moderating role of intrinsic work motivation. The Journal of social psychology, 158(6),
pp.767-783.
Sulaiman, G., 2021. THE ROLE OF MOTIVATION AND JOB SATISFACTION IN
IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIZATION. Available at SSRN
3789634.
Tokarz, A. and Malinowska, D., 2019. From psychological theoretical assumptions to new
research perspectives in sustainability and sustainable development: Motivation in the
workplace. Sustainability, 11(8), p.2222.
Walseth, K., Engebretsen, B. and Elvebakk, L., 2018. Meaningful experiences in PE for all
students: An activist research approach. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 23(3).
pp.235-249.
Widdersheim, M.M., 2018. Historical case study: A research strategy for diachronic
analysis. Library & Information Science Research. 40(2). pp.144-152.
Wittek, R., Snijders, T.A. and Nee, V., 2020. Introduction: Rational choice social research.
In The handbook of rational choice social research (pp. 1-30). Stanford University
Press.
Žukauskas, P., Vveinhardt, J. and Andriukaitienė, R., 2018. Philosophy and paradigm of
scientific research. Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility, 121.7
31