Employment as a Tool of Tackling Terrorism and Social Vices: The Australian Model
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Explore the correlation between employment rates and terrorism activities in Australia, comparing with other nations. Analyze the Australian model's success in preventing terrorism through employment opportunities.
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“Employment as a Tool of Tackling Terrorism and Social Vices - The Australian model” 1
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Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................3 Discussion........................................................................................................................................4 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8 References........................................................................................................................................9 2
Introduction The essay will be showing the relationship between low rate of unemployment and low rate of terrorism activities in Australia. Due to high availability of employment opportunities and larger number of individuals being employed has helped in preventing occurrence of terrorism in the nation with reference to other developed and underdeveloped countries. However, the main area of discussion of the essay is to understand the manner in which employment acts as a tool for dealing with terrorism and social vices and the Australian Model. Therefore, the Australian model in the essay refers to decreasing in the number of terrorist activities in Australia by generation of adequate employment prospects. In order to understand the theme of the essay, one needs to have an understanding of the various concepts related to it. The term“employment”refers to a correlation between two entities formed on the basis of a contract, where one individual, known as the employee is given remuneration for the work performed by it, whereas the other entity, a profit or non-profit company or a cooperative company is the employer who gives the work and remuneration to the employee.“Terrorism “refers to that activity of violence, application of force and threats for demoralizing, intimidating and subjugate through political weapon or policy.“Social vices”refers to the bad traits, negative and unhealthy behaviors, which do not comply with the society norms, values and morals and the society members frown at it. The essay has highlighted on the status of terrorism activities across the world, identified the various nations prone to terror and nations less prone to terror, rate of employment in these nations are compared with each other, with occurrences of terror events. Such comparison has been used to establish a link between availability employment opportunity for the people of those nations and occurrences of terror events in those nations. In due course, thus Australia has been compared to other nations like United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, Kenya, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Thailand based on the number of terror attacks taken in these places and the rate of employment prevailing there. 3
Discussion The roots of terrorism can be traced to the period of resistance and political movements when the first terrorist organization, Jewish by nature, was established by Sicarii with the purpose to overthrow the Roman power in the Middle East. The advent of modern terrorism came into existence after the incident of Second World War, due to the increase in the number of nationalist movements against the old European powers. The anti-colonial movements helped in recognizing the potential of the terrorism, for generating publicity, causing, and affecting international policies. In the history of terrorism, the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 or the 9/11 attacks had marked a turning point leading to the birth of War on Terror (Max Roser, Mohamed Nagdy and Hannah Ritchie 2018). It was one of the most deadly terrorist attacks with a record of killing 3000 individuals. Further, the “War on Terror” resulted in Afghanistan and Iraq being invaded in 2001 and 2003 respectively. Research has brought out details that before the occurrence of the 9/11, the area of concentration was in Asia and Latin America but after the 9/11 the incident, the area of concentration shifting to Middle East (Max Roser, Mohamed Nagdy and Hannah Ritchie 2018). Iraq suffered from more than a quarter of the total terrorist attacks between 9/11 and 2008. The attack on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001 was due to the hijacking of two planes. To talk about aviation terrorism, Israeli El Al Flight 426 was hijacked by “Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)” at London while it was enrooting to Tel Aviv via Rome. The flight was diverged to Algiers, where the Israeli where kept a hostage for several days to get the Arab prisoners released. In both these examples of terrorist attacks, no mention of terrorist attack taking place in Australia has been mentioned, which brings into notice that Australia has been safe from terrorism, even during the initial stages of terrorism and Australia has no role to play in the emergence of terrorism. Within the recent 50 years, it has been seen that few regions have experienced high number of fatalities like Caribbean and Central America in 1980s and 1970s respectively. Additionally, there has been an increase in the number of terrors taken place at Africa and Middle East. By looking at the figures of 2016, it was seen that 75 per cent of terrors took place in Africa and Middle East, 1 per cent in Europe, less than 0.5 per cent in America and approximately less than 25 per cent in Southeast and South Asia. Despite the fact that there has been a rise in terror fatalities in Middle East recently, few regions like Spain’s 4
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Basque separatist movement, the ETA, were successful in combating it. A comparison of the initial stage of terrorism with the current status has shown various terrorism attacks being taken place at both developed and underdeveloped countries. Based on the data presented above, a developed nation like USA has been a constant target for terror attacks and developing nations like Africa and Asia have shown high growth of terror. On the other hand, Australia, a developed nation has shown no sign of terrorism in these years, which signifies the high economic stability and growth of the territory, thereby generation of huge employment opportunities, further referred to as the Australian model. Hence, unlike the nations of Spain, Middle East, who were taking initiatives to combat terror fatalities, Australia did not have to take any such initiative. One of the maps provided by (Max Roser, Mohamed Nagdy and Hannah Ritchie 2018) in ("Terrorism") also showed that Australia had faced a terrorists attacks around 5-10 in comparison to other developed nations like America, showing 100-250 incidents or developing Asian nations, facing more 2500, less than 5000 terrorist attacks. The“Global Terrorism Index (GTI)”refers to a comprehensive study of investigating the manner in which tourism has affected 163 countries, which approximately covers 99.7 per cent of the total world population. The current GTI results showed that there was an improvement in case of 76 countries in 2016 whereas a worsening in case of the other 53 nations. Moreover, there was a deterioration of 6 per cent in comparison to the last year’s GTI rate, due to large number of nations undergoing terror attacks. Among the 163 nations, the top five countries that were affected by these attacks are Nigeria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Syria with deaths contributing to 72 per cent of the total deaths in 2015. In comparison to 2010, there was a decrease of 10 per cent in the total death number, amounting to 29,376 in 2015. In case of OECD member nations, there has been increase in the number of deaths resulting from terrorism activities in 2015, showing an increase of 650 per cent, I comparison to 2014. Alternatively, in case of Australia, a developed nation, the GTI as per the 2016 results, holds 59thposition, with a score of 2.742. Developing nations like Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Kenya, India, Pakistan, Thailand and Bangladesh have been ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 19th, 8th, 4th, 15thand 22ndwith scores like 9.96, 9.444, 9.314, 6.578, 7.484, 8.613, 6.706, and 6.497 respectively (Global Terrorism Database. 2018). 5
The“Global Terrorism Database (GTD)”refers to an open-source database that includes information on various terrorist incidents across the globe from 1970 to 2016 and offers additional information on planned annual updates for the future. It comprises of domestic, international and transnational terrorist attacks that have taken place during the time span mentioned above. Currently, the database offers more than 170,000 cases with details like date and location of the fatality, nature of the targets, weapons used, individual or group responsible for the case. As per the data collected and offered by the Global Terrorism Database 2015, various trends or terror attacks have been identified. On comparing the data of 2014 and 2015, the amount of terrorist attacks and deaths has decreased by 12 per cent across the world as the number of attacks in developing nations like Nigeria, Iraq and Pakistan has decreased. On the other hand, other nations like Afghanistan, Egypt, Bangladesh, Syria, Philippines, Turkey both attacks and number of deaths has significantly increased. As per the data of (Central Intelligence Agency. 2018), in 2015 100 countries had suffered from terrorist attacks. Among these, half of the incidents happened in the developing nations of India, Iraq, Pakistan, Philippines and Afghanistan whereas the 69 per cent of the total deaths were in the regions of Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Yemen and Syria. With the help of the GTD Data River, the sequential trends in terrorism can be investigated. Data.un.org. (2018) has reported that the amount of terrorist attack between the periods of 1970 to 2013 can be examined in the regions of Australasia & Oceania, Central America & Caribbean, Eastern Europe, East Asia, North America, South America, Western Europe, Central Asia, South Asia & Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Russia & the Newly Independent States (NIS) and Middle East & North Africa. By focusing on certain regions like Australasia & Oceania,North America, South America,Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia,Central Asia,East Asia,Southeast Asia, thenumber of attacks added to 1, 454, 65, 4, 1, 10, 0, 2 and 1 respectively in 1970. On the other hand, in 2000, the number of attacks in the same order of the countries amounted to 6, 42, 192, 355, 11, 19 and 256. Further, in as per the data of 2013, following the same order of the regions as mentioned above, the number of terrorist attacks identified was 0, 26, 176, 975, 4598, 4, 14 and 1193 (Global-Terrorism-Index-2016. 2018). The GTP data drivers clearly depict that Australasia & Oceania has suffered the least within these 44 years from terrorist attacks, with number of attacks starting at 1 and ending at 0. On the contrast, Africa has shown a continuous increase starting at 4 with the numbers reaching 975. 6
The term“employment rate”refers to the measurement of the degree of availability of labor resources being used by the individuals who are available for work. In order to calculate the rate of employment, the ratio between the working age population and employed individuals is calculated. As already understood from the data available in lieu with the Australian model, high rate of employment in the country has helped in preventing any form deadly terror incident from taking place. According to the data provided in (The OECD. 2018), in the financial year 2016- 17, the percent of working age population in the regions of South Africa, United States, Australia, Canada and United Kingdom was 43.5, 70.3, 73.2, 73.8 and 74.1 respectively. On one hand, developed nations like Australia and United States have shown a flourishing employment in industries. On the other hand, developing nations like Nigeria have shown unemployment rate of 13.90 per cent in 2016. Kenya has shown an even higher rate accounting to 40 per cent in 2013. Afghanistan had an unemployment rate of 35 per cent in 2008. India was with an unemployment rate of 8 per cent in 2016.Bangladesh was with an unemployment rate of 4.10 per cent in 2016 and Thailand was with 1 per cent of unemployment rate. Pakistan had an unemployment rate of 6.30 in 2016 (The OECD. 2018). The huge differences in the rate of employment in a developed nation like Australia and developing and underdeveloped nations like Nigeria, Kenya, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Thailand clearly highlight the major reason behind the high rate of terror activities in these regions with negligible terror numbers in Australia. In order to prevent itself from the increasing rate of terrorism and threat to the nation, the Australian government has increased the need for disruption of terrorist plans at an earlier stage, keeping in mind the safety of the public. Currently, the nation has seen an increase in the number of citizens becoming a part of extremists groups, use of sophisticated techniques and methods by the terrorists, use of social media for distribution of propaganda products, a few of the prevailing trends in the nation (Review of Australia's Counter-Terrorism Machinery. 2018). Hence, the counter terrorism (CT) strategy has been built by the Government of Australia, which focuses on giving a proper direction to the National Security Community for enhancing their teamwork with the communities at risk, has designated a National CT Coordinator. National CT Coordinator will play the role of the leading advisor on CT matters, formulation of a COAG strategy for counter violating extremism, management of resources by contracting their prioritiesand decreasing the pressure on the national security agencies for efficiency. National CT Coordinator 7
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will enhance their communication system with the public regarding the CT threats (Stewart and Mueller, 2014). According to the theory of terror management, the fear of death can be overcome by self-esteem acting as a tool of self-defence. Various events that have taken place recently, have successfully highlighted the threats possessed by airports from terrorism, thereby increasing the number of police present at the airports. The Australian Model of Terror has highlighted on the area that developed countries are more prone to terror attacks in comparison to underdeveloped or developing nations like Nigeria, Afghanistan, India, to name a few. The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is one of the strategies adopted by Australian government for combating terrorism at airports (Sarre, 2013). A 25 per cent decrease in the risks of terror activities is an indication of the cost-effectiveness of the policy. In order to contradict the theory of the Australian Model of Terror, the example of the incident of 26/11 attacks that took place in Mumbai, India can be taken. The terrorists behind the attack were a group of 10 members belonging to an Islamic terrorist group, namely Lashkar-e-Taiba, based in Pakistan (Sharma, 2013). Hence, this terrorist attack had no association with the rate of employment in India, thereby contradicting the theory mentioned by Australian Model of Terror, which mentions that higher is the development of the country, higher is the number of terrorist attacks. Conclusion The essay has presented a comparison between the developed nation of Australia and other developed, developing and underdeveloped nations of USA, U.K., Nigeria, Afghanistan, Kenya, India, Bangladesh and Thailand on the grounds of terrorist attacks. By initially focusing on the history of terrorism in the world, the essay brings into light the number of terrorist attacks that have taken place across the world, concentrating on these regions specifically. The high rate of employment and employment opportunities have been given the credit the low rate of terrorism and social vices in Australia, which has shown a positive growth in its rate of employment, whereas the developing nations like Afghanistan and Kenya, which have shown high rate unemployment. In addition, the Australian Model of Terror has been criticized with reference to the 26/11 Mumbai attacks of India. Following the example, the Australian Model of Terror can 8
be stated as imperceptible. The essay has also discussed the planned future initiatives to be undertaken by the Australian government for combating terror in their country. 9
References CentralIntelligenceAgency.(2018).[online]Availableat:7. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2129rank.html [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018]. Data.un.org.(2018).UNdata|recordview|Unemploymentrate.[online]Availableat: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=unemployment&d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a121[Accessed24 Jan. 2018]. GlobalTerrorismDatabase.(2018).[online]Availableat: http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/features/GTD-Data-Rivers.aspx [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018]. Global-Terrorism-Index-2016. (2018). 2nd ed. [ebook] Institute for Economics and Peace. Availableat:2.http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism- Index-2016.2.pdf [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018]. Max Roser, Mohamed Nagdy and Hannah Ritchie (2018) - "Terrorism".Published online at OurWorldInData.org.Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism' [Online Resource] ReviewofAustralia'sCounter-TerrorismMachinery.(2018).[ebook]Commonwealthof Australia2015.Availableat: https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/190215_CT_Review_1.pdf [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018]. Sarre, R., 2013. Public-private cooperation in policing crime and terrorism in Australia. Sharma, D., 2013. Growing overlap between terrorism and organized crime in India: A case study.Security Journal,26(1), pp.60-79. Stewart, M.G. and Mueller, J., 2014. A risk and cost–benefit analysis of police counter-terrorism operations at Australian airports.Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism,9(2), pp.98-116. The OECD. (2018).Employment - Employment rate - OECD Data. [online] Available at: https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate.htm [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018]. 10