Empowering Users in HSC

The current study focuses upon empowering the users of health and social care services. The importance of current legislation practices have been highlighted though the current study. The study conducted over here helps in understanding the contribution of the policies and legislations in safeguarding as well as promoting individual rights.

Running head: EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Empowering Users in hsc
Name of the student
University name
Author’s note

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................2
Background:...........................................................................................................................2
Task 1:....................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Impact of the current legislation..........................................................................................3
1.2 Lists of factors affecting individual rights...........................................................................4
1.3 Communication means to promote and maximise rights.....................................................5
Task 2:....................................................................................................................................7
A) Factors contributing to the loss of independence..................................................................7
B) Current policies, systems and processes available to local authority....................................8
C) Analysis of inherent tensions in adults safeguarding..........................................................10
Case study 2:........................................................................................................................13
Task 3:..................................................................................................................................13
A) Risk of harm of service users at Winterbourne...................................................................13
B) Review of policies, procedures and approaches in lieu of the Winterbourne Case............14
Task 4:..................................................................................................................................15
A) Application of legislation and codes of practice to handing of medication........................15
B) Linking legislations and associated codes of practice to own workplace policies and
procedures................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion............................................................................................................................18
Bibliography.........................................................................................................................20

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Introduction
The current study focuses upon empowering the users of health and social care
services. Some of these are delivered in the form of patient centred care approaches whereby
the patients or the service users are made an integral part of the care planning and decision
making process. The empowerment of the users is done through policy of informed decision
making. Additionally, the importance of current legislation practices have been highlighted
though the current study. The study conducted over here helps in understanding the
contribution of the policies and legislations in safeguarding as well as promoting individual
rights.
Background:
The current study highlights the case study of Solomon and Jamila who are an old
couple in their eighties. The couple had a history of physical and verbal abuse and had often
been contacted by the local authority over the same. The matter had been investigated
through the local authority adult safeguarding procedures. However, any such charges of
abuse have been refuted by the couple when the local adult safeguarding committee would
visit them at home. The couple had been attended by a social worker who suggested the
couple to participate in a family group conference along with regular counselling session at
the local community centre. The couple had been provided a drop in facility for attending the
counselling sessions offered at the local community centres. Additionally, the couple have
also been advised targeted medical sessions at the local community hospitals for additional
support.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Task 1:
1.1 Impact of the current legislation
In the present context, targeted medical sessions have been implemented in order to
promote a person centred approach where care plans are designed taking into consideration
the requirements of individual service users. The counselling sessions could help in
understanding the mental and emotional issues faced by the services users. These could help
in empowering the service users though empathy and effective communication approaches.
The organizations providing services to vulnerable people are entitled to conduct inspection
processes1. The inspection process should be conducted in association with the legal
authorities or bodies. Some of the important legislations which could be applied to the
present case study are the Care Act, 2014, which defines an adult at risk as a person who is
in need of support and is unable to protect themselves against abuse 2. Moreover, the
Mental Health Capacity Act, 2005, provides the patient with the right to decision making. It
is believed that even after old age and presence of certain mental illnesses the cognition and
decision making capacity of an individual may not be completely compromised3. Therefore,
1 Ocloo, Josephine, and Rachel Matthews. "From tokenism to empowerment: progressing
patient and public involvement in healthcare improvement." BMJ Qual Saf (2016): bmjqs-
2015.
2 Glasby, Jon. Understanding health and social care. Policy Press, 2017.
3 Andrews, Nick, John Gabbay, Andreé Le May, Emma Miller, Martin O'Neill, and Alison
Petch. "Developing Evidence Enriched Practice in Health and Social Care with Older
People." (2015).

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
practising the right to decision making and informed consent taking can lead to optimum
patient inclusion. Since the condition of Solomon was deteriorating as he was being subjected
to increasing domestic abuse there was a need for urgent intervention. Some of the guidance
within the policies has been revised to maximise the well being of the older adults receiving
care, reducing the incidence of delay in supplying their basic needs and services. The local
authorities are responsible for implementing the policies and codes of practice effectively4. In
case of a breach of the same legal action could be taken against the local authorities 5.
1.2 Lists of factors affecting individual rights
Some of the factors which could affect the individual rights of the patients are age,
changing health conditions, level of dependence. A number of health complications may arise
in the patient due to increasing age. Some of the age related issues are heart and kidney
related disorders6. The disorders of the skeletal system are most common as the patient may
develop conditions such as gout and osteoarthritis. Some of these may make activities of
4 Faiola, Anthony, and Richard J. Holden. "Consumer health informatics: Empowering
healthy-living-seekers through mHealth." Progress in cardiovascular diseases 59, no. 5
(2017): 479-486.
5 Rolls, Kaye, Margaret Hansen, Debra Jackson, and Doug Elliott. "How health care
professionals use social media to create virtual communities: an integrative review." Journal
of medical Internet research 18, no. 6 (2016).
6 Cameron, Ailsa, Rachel Lart, Lisa Bostock, and Caroline Coomber. "Factors that promote
and hinder joint and integrated working between health and social care services: a review of
research literature." Health & social care in the community 22, no. 3 (2014): 225-233.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
daily life difficult for the patient. Additionally, a number of mental health disorders may
develop in the patients due to advancing age such as depression, bipolar depression. The
bipolar depression is often subjected to environmental circumstances and could develop
mood swings within the patient. In this respect, some of the contributory factors are old age
and loneliness. Solomon and Jamila have been fighting amongst themselves, which could be
attributed to emotional stress. Hence, the counselling sessions would have been effective in
providing the couple with old age mental health support. The changing health conditions may
make an individual dependent upon others7. Some of aspects such as continuing professional
development could help in enriching the standards of the care services by training the
healthcare professionals further8.
1.3 Communication means to promote and maximise rights
In order to promote maximum patient inclusion a number of communication
approaches could be used such as therapeutic communication. The therapeutic
communication is based upon the skills of apathy and cultural intelligence present within a
nursing professional. As mentioned , the cultural intelligence helps to take into consideration
the faith and religious paradoxes of the patients which often prevents them from approaching
7 Naslund, J. A., K. A. Aschbrenner, L. A. Marsch, and S. J. Bartels. "The future of mental
health care: peer-to-peer support and social media." Epidemiology and psychiatric
sciences 25, no. 2 (2016): 113-122.
8 Woolham, John, Guy Daly, Nicole Steils, and Katrina Ritters. "The evolution of person-
centred care to personalised care, personal budgets and direct payments in England: some
implications for older users of social care services." Sociologia e Politiche Sociali (2015).

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
the right channels for health and support care services9. The therapeutic communication
means are also aimed at making the patients a part of the decision making process. This helps
in promoting informed planning which reduces the chances of disputes within an
organization.
There are five important communication aspects which could be applied within a
healthcare sector. Some of these are- listening, verbal and non-verbal, questioning and
written modes of communication. One of the communication means which could be applied
by the nursing professional over here when dealing with both Solomon and jamila over here
is patient listening. It had been revealed in studies listening actively to the grievances and the
worries of the patient are a part of therapeutic communication approaches10. The nursing
professional can also engage the patient in verbal queries such as the hobbies and the likes of
the patient. This level of communication can help in unwavering important character sides of
the patient. These could be used by the nursing professional to design counselling strategies
for the patient. It has been seen that recording information helped in continuous
improvement11.
9 Calvillo, Jorge, Isabel Román, and Laura M. Roa. "How technology is empowering
patients? A literature review." Health Expectations 18, no. 5 (2015): 643-652.
10 Lewis, Jane, and Anne West. "Re-shaping social care services for older people in England:
policy development and the problem of achieving ‘good care’." Journal of Social Policy 43,
no. 1 (2014): 1-18.
11 Naslund, J. A., K. A. Aschbrenner, L. A. Marsch, and S. J. Bartels. "The future of mental
health care: peer-to-peer support and social media." Epidemiology and psychiatric
sciences 25, no. 2 (2016): 113-122.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Task 2:
A) Factors contributing to the loss of independence
Some of the factors which may be contributed to loss of independence within the
patients are increase in age. With increase in age an individual may develop certain physical
and mental ailments12. Some of these may affect the activities of daily living of the patients
and make them more dependent on others. As mentioned, financial instability may also make
a person dependent upon others13. In this context, both Solomon and Jamila were in their
eighties and were dependent upon their daughter who used to visits them regularly.
Additionally, the couple have been living isolated without much participation in social
groups. This could be attributed to their old age which often makes an individual feel less
contributing to the society. This could be also attributed to the reduce cognition within an
individual. In old age a person is often seen to develop mental illness such as depression,
Alzheimer’s etc. The Alzheimer’s have been seen to affect the thinking and decision making
capabilities within an old age person14. The lack of job and financial engagements also makes
12 Holroyd-Leduc, Jayna, Joyce Resin, Lisa Ashley, Doris Barwich, Jacobi Elliott, Paul
Huras, France Légaré et al. "Giving voice to older adults living with frailty and their family
caregivers: engagement of older adults living with frailty in research, health care decision
making, and in health policy." Research involvement and engagement 2, no. 1 (2016): 23.
13 Faiola, Anthony, and Richard J. Holden. "Consumer health informatics: Empowering
healthy-living-seekers through mHealth." Progress in cardiovascular diseases 59, no. 5
(2017): 479-486.
14 Faiola, Anthony, and Richard J. Holden. "Consumer health informatics: Empowering
healthy-living-seekers through mHealth." Progress in cardiovascular diseases 59, no. 5

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
a person more dependent in old age. Therefore, in order to empower the service users some of
the policies and legislations could be applied over here which are the Mental Health Capacity
Act, 2005 and the Equality Act, 2010.
The Mental Health Capacity Act helps in ensuring that the support users are provided
maximum independence so that they could participate in their care planning and decision
makes process. Additionally, the implementation of the Equality Act, 2010, helps in ensuring
that the patients are not subjected to any forms of discrimination either in the place of care or
within the community. Here, the patients could be facing discrimination owing to old age.
Hence, the implementation of the law could reduce the chances of social exclusion and
encourage well being and good living conditions for the patients.
B) Current policies, systems and processes available to local authority
In this respect, a number of policies, systems and processes could be mentioned over
here which play a crucial role in safeguarding the adults. One such policy is the Care Act,
2014, which protects an adult’s right to live safely free from abuse and neglect. It is aimed at
supporting the adults in making choices and having optimum control in the way they would
want to live their own lives. It also covers the aspect of making the surroundings and people
aware of the incidents of older people abuse and take precautionary measures. In this respect,
Solomon was at risk of harm from physical abuse. Hence, effective strategies should have
been implemented in place to prevent the patient from further abuse. Some of these were
regular inspection of the patient condition along with provision of help through family
support units15.
(2017): 479-486.
15 Woolham, John, Guy Daly, Nicole Steils, and Katrina Ritters. "The evolution of person-
centred care to personalised care, personal budgets and direct payments in England: some

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
The Care Act could be divided into six principles of safeguarding which could be
used to support user empowerment. Some of these are- empowerment, prevention,
proportionality, protection, partnership and accountability. The empowerment aspect focuses
upon making the service users a part of the decision making process. The service users need
to be helped by the nursing professional in taking appropriate decisions16. Whistle blowing
serves as another important aspect of prevention programs where the healthcare staff looking
after the patient needs to inspect the incidences of abuse and report it the concerned
authorities17. Some of the risk mitigation strategies which could be applied over here are
conducting regular internal audits whereby a comprehensive check up of the patient could be
conducted which help sin identification of the grievances faced by the patient. The services
should act proportionately to the identified risks and may range from single agency responses
to steps undertaken by joint agencies. The safeguarding agencies need to take the necessary
steps such as calling the police if they think that an incidence of abuse has taken place and
that the safety concerns of the services users have been jeopardised.
implications for older users of social care services." Sociologia e Politiche Sociali (2015).
16 Gibbs, S., Mann, G., & Mathers, N. (2018, April). Child-to-Child: a practical guide:
empowering children as active citizens. In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific
Meeting & European Congress of Epidemiology.
17 Batterham, R. W., M. Hawkins, P. A. Collins, R. Buchbinder, and R. H. Osborne. "Health
literacy: applying current concepts to improve health services and reduce health
inequalities." Public Health 132 (2016): 3-12.

10
EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Another aspect which could be implemented over here is supporting the service users
through multiple agency channels such as family group conference and local community
centre. Therefore, attending the family group conference would have helped Jamila and
Solomon address their mutual difference which had often taken violent turns between the
two. The community centres could acts as effective counselling centres of the couple.
The communication aspects play a pivotal role in promoting and maximising the
rights of the patients. Effective communication practices helps in connecting with the patients
on a personal level. It helps in understanding the mental and emotional dilemmas faced by
them. In order to provide proper support to the care service users a number of different
communication approaches could be used.
C) Analysis of inherent tensions in adults safeguarding
There are a number of barriers faced in the safeguarding of adults. For instance an
inherent tension lies in balancing risk with protection. In old age, an individual may need
support from one or more health care channels. The implementation of the healthcare policies
and procedure has been seen to be effective in promoting the rights of the services users18.
However, often a lack of knowledge regarding the same could affect the quality of the
support care services. One of the most inherent risk factors which could be faced is with
regards to facing ethical dilemmas in adult care. It had been seen that the older adults often
depict violent or aggressive behaviour towards the healthcare providers, as they may not
18 Martinez, Omar, Elwin Wu, Theo Sandfort, Brian Dodge, Alex Carballo-Dieguez, Rogeiro
Pinto, Scott Rhodes, Eva Moya, and Silvia Chavez-Baray. "Evaluating the impact of
immigration policies on health status among undocumented immigrants: a systematic
review." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 17, no. 3 (2015): 947-970.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
agree with the care plan or services provided to them19. This results in a situation of dispute
within the healthcare environment and could affect the care delivery process. For instance,
both Solomon and Jamila had called up the local authorities on several occasions reporting
domestic abuse. However, when the local authorities have arrived they have declined any
such incidences. Therefore, some of the factors such as lack of sufficient participation and
cooperation from the patients can affect the quality of the care services. One such policy
which could be highlighted over here is the Mental Health Capacity Act, 2005. It provides the
patient population sufficient opportunity to participate in their own care plan. An old age
patient undergoing care for dementia and other related sickness may exhibit reduced
cognition and decision making abilities20. The mental capacity act allows patients to take
important decision pertaining to their healthcare. As argued, the patients with reduced
cognitive abilities may not be capable of taking the right decision which may affect their
19 Dahlgren, D., and Margaret Whitehead. "European Strategies for tackling social
inequalities in health: levelling up part 2." In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific
Meeting & European Congress of Epidemiology. 2018.
20 Glasby, Jon, and Helen Dickinson. Partnership working in health and social care: what is
integrated care and how can we deliver it?. Policy Press, 2014.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
overall safety standards21. It has been seen that provision of too much freedom to a mentally
unstable patient may endanger the safety of the others around him22.
In this respect, the underpinning principles of the Mental health capacity act could be
discussed with respect to Solomon and Jamila. Some of these are – a presumption to
capacity where every individual is considered to possess sufficient ability to make their own
decisions; in this respect Solomon and Jamila should be given all support to make effective
decisions pertaining to their life and care; an individual has the right to make an eccentric
and an unwise decision; the actions which are taken on behalf of the patients must be in their
best interests; the interventions implemented for supporting the people with reduced
cognitive abilities should be in their best interests.
21 Castro, Eva Marie, Tine Van Regenmortel, Kris Vanhaecht, Walter Sermeus, and Ann Van
Hecke. "Patient empowerment, patient participation and patient-centeredness in hospital care:
a concept analysis based on a literature review." Patient education and counseling 99, no. 12
(2016): 1923-1939.
22 Conklin, Annalijn, Zoë Morris, and Ellen Nolte. "What is the evidence base for public
involvement in health‐care policy?: results of a systematic scoping review." Health
Expectations18, no. 2 (2015): 153-165.

13
EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Case study 2:
Task 3:
A) Risk of harm of service users at Winterbourne
The current study highlights the incident at winterbourne where the service users were
regularly abused, insulted, harmed. The incidents of abuse continued within the current
workplace as there was proper inspection. Additionally, the legal rights were breached during
the patient care. The winterbourne view hospital was responsible for supporting people with
difficult needs and complex behaviour. The winterbourne hospital belonged to the Castlebeck
Care Ltd. which left the vulnerable adults in the hands of the poorly trained and poorly
supervised staff. There were incidences of torment and abuse towards the one entrusted in
care. For instance, a senior support worker was punished for sitting and stamping on an 18
year old patient. There were incidences of regular ill treatment and abuse against the clients.
The residents had been pinned down, slapped and doused in water.
There were a number of loopholes which affected the quality of the care services.
Some of these were lack of trained professionals, poor supervision of the services and quality
offered at the hospital. Hence, the biggest issue which have been faced over here is an
irresponsible management23. It was found that the management conducted little or no
inspection which resulted in the healthcare staff violating the rules. Additionally, an
23 Stirling, Robert, and Carolyn Day. "The policy and practices of New South Wales drug
treatment providers in responding to the possession of illicit substances on premises." Drug
and alcohol review 35, no. 5 (2016): 644-649.

14
EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
ineffective management resulted in the staff depicting autocratic leadership whereby the
patient interests were not considered.
B) Review of policies, procedures and approaches in lieu of the Winterbourne
Case
The policies and procedures at workplace play a crucial role in the effective delivery
of healthcare services. Some of the legislations and codes of practices have been highlighted
before such as the Care Act, 2014 and the Mental Health Capacity Act, 2005. The
implementation of the policies helps in ensuring that some of the aspects such as person
centred care could be implemented which gives the patients sufficient right to participate in
planning and designing making pertaining to their own care. Some of the aspects which
should be revised over here are implementing effective administration and recording
standards. There has been violation of a number of policies and procedures which could
amount to legal action being initiated against the hospital staffs. Some of these are
safeguarding adults and children policies and procedure. This aims at acting in the best
interest of the service user. The Care Act, 2014, on the other hand provides the service user
with a number of features such as empowerment, protection, prevention, proportionality etc.
It mainly aims at empowerment of the service users through a person centred approach. It
was seen that a person centred approach promotes the aspect of care planning with regards to
the consent of the support use24. The Mental Capacity Act, 2005, on the other hand provides
the service users sufficient right to undertake their own decisions. In this respect, the
24 Union, Innovation. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the
Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.
Brussels, 2014.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
vulnerable people who have difficulty in decision making should be helped by the support
carer in effective planning. Hence, there was a breach of the Mental Capacity Act as the
patients were tormented and abused within the winterbourne care hospital. Additionally, the
leadership styles also play a crucial role in the management of healthcare practices25. It had
been highlighted through a case study over here that a laissez faire leadership style could
affect the healthcare quality and overall well being of the patients. On the other hand, a
transformational leadership style could help in bringing about changes within the current
working frame of the organization as per the current healthcare requirements26.
Task 4:
A) Application of legislation and codes of practice to handing of medication
There was a clear lack of effective leadership and management styles which affected
the overall quality and standards of care being delivered at the winterbourne hospital. There
was a breach of the important legilastions and policies such as the Care Act, 2014; and the
Mental Capacity Act, 2005. Additionally, inappropriate auditing and control measures were
implemented as there was lack of proper whistle blowing and effective documentation
procedures.
25 Bruce, David, and Bob Parry. "Integrated care: a Scottish perspective." London journal of
primary care 7, no. 3 (2015): 44-48.
26 Francer, Jeffrey, Jose Zamarriego Izquierdo, Tamara Music, Kirti Narsai, Chrisoula
Nikidis, Heather Simmonds, and Paul Woods. "Ethical pharmaceutical promotion and
communications worldwide: codes and regulations." Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in
Medicine 9, no. 1 (2014): 7.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
The winterbourne incidents of abuse had been followed closely by a number of
institutes of national, international stature. Some of these were the National Health Service
commission (NHS) and the Care quality commission (CQC). Some of the associated
healthcare regulating organizations which were directly responsible for viewing and
monitoring the activities at interview were- the healthcare commission, the mental health act
commission, and the care quality commission. It was found that the Healthcare commission
failed to follow up on the outcomes of safeguarding alerts and incorporate theme within the
regulatory records. Hence, in order to deal with the whistleblowing allegations at
winterbourne hospital a specialist team had been put into place. Form the COC perspectives
there were process and management failures27. The goal was to ensure that the dignity and the
rights of the vulnerable are protected.
In this regard, the National Health Service Commission had laid down a number of
policies and procedures which were based upon the protecting the rights and interests of the
service users. The number of guidelines stated over here was that the patient should be able to
excise choice and control in decision making and should be treated with equal dignity and
respect. The patients need to be provided with personalised support along with access to
improved infrastructure. Some of the aspects which have been highlighted over here are
providing the staff with positive behavioural support. Some of the aspects which could go
against the interest of the care workers are long working hours, insufficient pay, limited scope
of growth, low appraisal. Some of the factors such as compassion fatigue have long been
27 Liguori, Gabriel R., Bertus F. Jeronimus, Tácia T. de Aquinas Liguori, Luiz Felipe P.
Moreira, and Martin C. Harmsen. "Ethical Issues in the Use of Animal Models for Tissue
Engineering: Reflections on Legal Aspects, Moral Theory, Three Rs Strategies, and Harm–
Benefit Analysis." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 23, no. 12 (2017): 850-862.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
associated with the nursing profession. The overworked staff may often develop feelings of
burnout which may affect their mental and psychological well being, which affects the kind
of behaviour adopted by theme with the patient population.
B) Linking legislations and associated codes of practice to own workplace policies and
procedures
In my workplace more focus is placed upon documentation standards. In my
opinion, the effective documentation standards help in keeping track with the present health
conditions of the patient along with the past records. The documentation also places sufficient
importance upon the rules and regulations which are pivotal in ensuring that the patient
rights are maintained28. Some of these are also aimed at provision of optimum environment
for the patient well being. However, I find there are number of loopholes such as there should
have been more focus on the protection and safety rights of the patients. As mentioned, the
installation of additional security features such as CCTV cameras can help in arresting the
incidents of abuse and torment within the healthcare units29. In this regard, for winterbourne
hospital there was no effective management overseeing the safety features as a result many
patients were abused and tormented.
28 Pandya-Wood, Raksha, Duncan S. Barron, and Jim Elliott. "A framework for public
involvement at the design stage of NHS health and social care research: time to develop
ethically conscious standards." Research involvement and engagement 3, no. 1 (2017): 6.
29 Nissanholtz-Gannot, Rachel, and Ariel Yankellevich. "Regulating the relationship between
physicians and pharmaceutical companies: a qualitative and descriptive analysis of the impact
of Israeli legislation." Israel journal of health policy research 6, no. 1 (2017): 45.

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EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
In my current workplace, a transformational leadership style is being followed which
helps in training the staff as per the organizational needs. The adoption of the
transformational leadership helps in the development of an industry ready staff30. It also helps
in the development of a culturally sensitive workplace where the cultural and the religious
beliefs of the individual workers are taken into consideration.
In this respect, a number of codes and regulations apply in the handling of medication.
Some of which have been discussed over here such as The Medicines Act, 1968; the Misuse
of Drugs Act, 1971; The controlled drugs regulations 2013; Drug Protection Act, 1998. With
response to the administering of medications a number of areas could be improved further.
The Data Protection Act, 1998 regulates the manner in which the confidential medical history
and details of a person are shared. In my opinion the staff needs to be trained appropriately
regarding the data protection rights as leakage of confidential details of the patient could
lead to breach of the confidentiality concerns.
Conclusion
The current study focuses upon the aspect of empowering users in health and social
care. It focuses upon the legislation, policies, procedures and individual rights. The policies
focus upon advocating the individual patient rights by implementing a person centred
approach. The person centred approach provides the service users with sufficient choice and
control over their own care and medication plan. Some of the legislations have been
highlighted over here such as the Care Act, 2014 which promotes the empowerment of the
30 Pereira, Carla, Lillian Barros, and Isabel CFR Ferreira. "Dietary supplements: foods,
medicines, or both? A controversial designation with unspecific legislation." Current
pharmaceutical design 23, no. 19 (2017): 2722-2730.

19
EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
service users through a number of objectives such as protection, prevention and
proportionality etc.

20
EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Bibliography
Andrews, Nick, John Gabbay, Andreé Le May, Emma Miller, Martin O'Neill, and Alison
Petch. "Developing Evidence Enriched Practice in Health and Social Care with Older
People." (2015).
Batterham, R. W., M. Hawkins, P. A. Collins, R. Buchbinder, and R. H. Osborne. "Health
literacy: applying current concepts to improve health services and reduce health
inequalities." Public Health 132 (2016): 3-12.
Bruce, David, and Bob Parry. "Integrated care: a Scottish perspective." London journal of
primary care 7, no. 3 (2015): 44-48.
Calvillo, Jorge, Isabel Román, and Laura M. Roa. "How technology is empowering patients?
A literature review." Health Expectations 18, no. 5 (2015): 643-652.
Cameron, Ailsa, Rachel Lart, Lisa Bostock, and Caroline Coomber. "Factors that promote
and hinder joint and integrated working between health and social care services: a review of
research literature." Health & social care in the community 22, no. 3 (2014): 225-233.
Castro, Eva Marie, Tine Van Regenmortel, Kris Vanhaecht, Walter Sermeus, and Ann Van
Hecke. "Patient empowerment, patient participation and patient-centeredness in hospital care:
a concept analysis based on a literature review." Patient education and counseling 99, no. 12
(2016): 1923-1939.
Conklin, Annalijn, Zoë Morris, and Ellen Nolte. "What is the evidence base for public
involvement in health‐care policy?: results of a systematic scoping review." Health
Expectations18, no. 2 (2015): 153-165.

21
EMPOWERING USERS IN HSC
Dahlgren, D., and Margaret Whitehead. "European Strategies for tackling social inequalities
in health: levelling up part 2." In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting &
European Congress of Epidemiology. 2018.
Faiola, Anthony, and Richard J. Holden. "Consumer health informatics: Empowering
healthy-living-seekers through mHealth." Progress in cardiovascular diseases 59, no. 5
(2017): 479-486.
Francer, Jeffrey, Jose Zamarriego Izquierdo, Tamara Music, Kirti Narsai, Chrisoula Nikidis,
Heather Simmonds, and Paul Woods. "Ethical pharmaceutical promotion and
communications worldwide: codes and regulations." Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in
Medicine 9, no. 1 (2014): 7.
Gibbs, S., Mann, G., & Mathers, N. (2018, April). Child-to-Child: a practical guide:
empowering children as active citizens. In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific
Meeting & European Congress of Epidemiology.
Glasby, Jon, and Helen Dickinson. Partnership working in health and social care: what is
integrated care and how can we deliver it?. Policy Press, 2014.
Glasby, Jon. Understanding health and social care. Policy Press, 2017.
Holroyd-Leduc, Jayna, Joyce Resin, Lisa Ashley, Doris Barwich, Jacobi Elliott, Paul Huras,
France Légaré et al. "Giving voice to older adults living with frailty and their family
caregivers: engagement of older adults living with frailty in research, health care decision
making, and in health policy." Research involvement and engagement 2, no. 1 (2016): 23.
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